TCW

1. Introduction to the
Study of
Globalization
Topic 1

2. 1.Define what globalization is and what it stands for in
our contemporary world;
2.Differentiate the competing conceptions of
globalization and undermine the various schools of
thought and paradigms on globalization;
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Intended learning outcomes

3. 3. Understand the reason of globalization, its
goals and aspirations; and
21st
4. Equip students with century learning and
develop higher order thinking skills that will lead
towards a deeper understanding of globalization and
its role in the world; in the Philippine society as well as
its role in the individual formation of the students in
relation to their future respective professions.
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Intended learning outcomes

4. The contemporary world

5. The contemporary world

6. The contemporary world

7. THE W O R L D H A S SHRUNK!!!
The Contemporary World:
An Introduction
Modern
T
ransportation
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
MEDICAL
ADVANCEMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATIONS
“The world appears smaller today than it actually is”

8. THE W O R L D H A S SHRUNK!!!
The Contemporary World:
An Introduction
COMPUTERIZATION
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
DIGITIZATION MINIATURIZATION
“The world appears smaller today than it actually is”
FIBER OPTICS
AND THE
INTERNET

9. Many views Globalization as an economic
process
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Globalization:
?
When activists allude to the “anti-globalization”
movement during the 90’s, they mean defying trade
deals facilitated by organizations like the World Trade
Organization (WTO)

10. Intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant
localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many miles away and vice versa
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Globalization:
Academe
?
Steger
A concept that refers both to the compression of the world
and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a
whole
ROBERTSON

11. The compression of the time and space and annihilation of
distance
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Globalization
?
HARVEY
A process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology
Sunny Levin
institute

12. Internationalization and multinationalization are phases that
precede globalization because the latter heralds the end of
the state system as the nucleus of human activities
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Globalization
?
Group of
Globalization
scholars
Dominated by global economic activities like the neoliberal
regime, the reduction of tariffs, the creation of transnational
corporations, and improvement of multilateral trade
organizations
others

13. existence of competing definitions of globalizations
Examined globalization
using analytical tools and
methods provided by
their respective
disciplines
(DISCIPLINES: economics,
history, sociology, philosophy)
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
?
Scholars from different
disciplines
More interested in
determining whether
globalization is really a
modern phenomenon
historians

14. existence of competing definitions of globalizations
Look into changing patterns
of international trade and
commerce as well as the
unequal distribution of
wealth
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
?
economists
Focus more on the impact
of the forces of
globalization, such as the
international non-
governmental organizations
and international
organizations, on the state
and vice versa
POLITICAL
SCIENTISTS

15. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of Globalization
Globalization
according to
Steger (2005)
A PROCESS
A CONDITION
An IDEOLOGY

16. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of Globalization
Globalization
according to
Steger (2005)
Globalization is viewed as a multidimensional set of
social processes that generate and increase “worldwide
social interdependencies and exchanges while at the
same time fostering in people a growing awareness of
deepening connections between the local and the
distant”
A PROCESS
Argues that globalization is about compression of time and
space brought about by changes in technology and the political, cultural,
and economic aspects of human existence

17. • 1970s with the formation of global value chains and
accelerated communication
• Neoliberal Globalization (1980-2000)
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of Globalization
WHEN DID globalization START?
Scholars
(international relations,
political science, media
studies, and economics)
Globalization A PROCESS
?
• Point of interest in modernity began during the Period of
Renaissance , followed by the Enlightenment, then the
French Revolution and lasted up until the period of
Industrialization in the late 1700s and throughout the
1800s.
Sociology

18. • 1500s and 1800s
• “the conquest of the world market marks the birth of
modern capitalism”
The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
WHEN DID globalization START?
Political Economy
and Marxist
Perspective
globalization A PROCESS
?
• 1820s when the commodity prices across continents
converged
Economists

19. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
WHEN DID globalization START?
Globalization A PROCESS
?
• 1571, the year Manila was founded as Spanish entrepot
connecting Asia and the Americas
• Globalization is synonymous to permanent global trade
which began when all the major regions of the world
“exchange products continuously… and on a scale that
generated deep and lasting impacts on all trading
partners”
Flynn and
Giraldez
• 1200s, the year Manila was founded as Spanish entrepot
connecting Asia and the Americas
Baudel and
abu-lughod

20. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
WHEN DID globalization START?
globalization A PROCESS
?
• Emergence of the world economy to 3500 BCE and the big
global expansion of trade happened in post-600 period
• 500 CE was the beginning of globalization, which he
particularly refers to as oriental globalization.
John Hobson
(2004)
• 1000 BCE
• Complex commercial ties links a vast portion of the world
including eastern Mediterranean, South China, India,
Europe, West Africa, East Africa, Indonesia, Central Asia,
the North Pacific, and the Western Pacific
Commercial
Revolution

21. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
WHEN DID globalization START?
globalization A PROCESS
?
• Coincided with a revolution in metaphysical, intellectual,
ethical, and religious aspects of man’s life.
• Major new traditions developed in religion and ethical
philosophy: Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and
the teachings of Lao Tzu, Judaism, Greek Philosophy, and
Christianity.
Commercial
revolution
These significant developments indicate growing global
consiousness

22. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
•
•
Goes beyond the economic and material
Includes other aspects of human existence
like culture, politics, and society.
Globalization is a process according to
Steger

23. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
globalization
according to
Steger (2005)
according to
Steger (2005)
Establishment of social
links between people
located at different places
of our planet
Social connections that
transcend territorial
geography
A condition
Globalization (globality) as social condition
characterized by and supra-
TRANSPLANETARY Supra-territoriality

24. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Globalization
according to
Steger (2005)
A condition
Globalization (globality) as a social condition is
characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that render political
borders and economic barriers irrelevant.

25. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
globalization
according to
Steger (2005)
Globalization
because it consists
exists in people’s consciousness
a set of coherent
complementary ideas
of and
and beliefs about global order
.
An ideology
(Mich•ael Freeden)
Is a political belief system that benefits a certain
class
• Argues that globalization as an ideology is defined
by six core claims

26. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
globalization
As an ideology according to Steger
(2005)
SIX CORE
CLAIMS
Globalization is about the liberalization and global interaction of markets.
Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
Nobody is in charge of Globalization.

27. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
globalization
As an ideology according to Steger
(2005)
SIX CORE
CLAIMS
Globalization benefits everyone in the long run.
Globalization furthers the spread of democracy.
Globalization requires a global war on terror.

28. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Globalization
according to
Steger (2005)
A PROCESS
A CONDITION
An IDEOLOGY

29. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
What is the impact of globalization to academe?
?
Globalization gained the interest and attention of most social
scientists.
Surge in the number of scholarly work about Globalization.
Wide array of globalization-related research topic that scholars can choose from points
to the ubiquity of the effects of Globalization.

30. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Domain Questions about Globalization
?
When did globalization begin?
Is the core of the process economic, political or cultural?
Does globalization refer to a process or a condition?
What is the relationship between globalization and nation state?
To what extent is the relationship between social structure and
territoriality being redefined by globalization

31. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Theoretical paradigms associated with globalization
?
World systems paradigm
THE NETWORK SOCIETY OF SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT
World systems paradigm
GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM
THE NETWORK SOCIETY OF SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT
SPACE, TIME AND
GLOBALIZATION
TRANSNATIONALITY AND TRANSNATIONALISM
GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM

32. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Theoretical paradigms associated with globalization
?
World systems paradigm
Immanuel Wallerstein
Proponent • Views globalization not as a recent phenomenon but as
synonymous with the birth and spread of world capitalism
(1500)
• Adheres to the idea that capitalism has created a global
enterprise that swept the 19th century leading to the present
time
GLOBALIZATION is not at all a new process but
something that is just continuing and evolving.

33. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Theoretical paradigms associated with globalization
?
Global capitalism paradigm
• Treats globalization as a novel stage in the evolving system of world capitalism
(capitalist globalization)
• Focus on new global production and financial system; both are seen to have
superseded earlier national forms of capitalism.
• Three planks related to global capitalism: (1) Transnational production; (2)
Transnational capitalists; (3)Transnational state.
GLOBALIZATION creates new forms of transnational class relations across borders and
new forms of class cleavages globally and within the countries, regions, cities, and local
communities, in ways quite distinct from the old national class structures and international class
conflicts and alliances.

34. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Theoretical paradigms associated with globalization
?
The network society school of thought
• Does not subscribe to the contention that capitalism fuels globalization
• Puts forth the premise that technology and technological changes are the
underlying causes of the several processes that comprise globalization
• Advances the notion of “new economy”: (1) informational,
knowledge-based; (2) global, in that production is organized in
global scale; and (3) networked, in that productivity is generated
through global networks of connection.
“the network enterprise makes material the culture of the
informational, global economy it transforms signals into
commodities by processing knowledge”
Manuel Castells
The Rise of Network Society

35. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Theoretical paradigms associated with globalization
?
Space, time and globalization
Anthony
Giddens
• Time-Space Distanciation – intensification of worldwide social relations which link
distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice versa.
• Proposes that a new spatial order is emerging under globalization based on a
network of global cities and led by New York, London and Tokyo; these global
cities are sites of specialized services for transnationally mobile capital that is so
central to the global economy
Saskia
Sassen
“Glocalization” – ideas about home, locality and community have ben extensively
spread around the world in recent years, so that the local as been globalized; and
the stress upon the significance of the local or the communal can be viewed as
one ingredient of the overall globalization process
Roland •
Robertson

36. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Theoretical paradigms associated with globalization
?
Transnationality and transnationalism
• Transnationalism – an umbrella concept encompassing a wide variety of
transformative processes, practices and developments that take place
simultaneously at the local and global level.
• Transnational – multiple ties and interactions – economic, political, social and
cultural – that link people, communities and institutions across the borders of
nation-states.

37. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
GLOBALIZATION VS GLOBALISM
?
GLOBALIZATION VS GLOBALISM
• Globalization – the many processes that allow for the expansion and
intensification of global connections.
• Globalism-a belief among powerful/privileged people that the global
integration of economic markets its beneficial for everyone because its
spreads freedom and democacry across the world

38. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION
?
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• Financial globalization: can be linked with the rise of a global
financial system withinternational financial exchanges and
monetary exchanges.
• Cultural globalization: refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a consequence,
means nations adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique
culture to a unique, globalized supra-culture;
• Political globalization: the development and growing influence of international
organizations such as the UN or WHO means governmental action takes place at an
international level. There are other bodies operating a global level such as NGOs like
Doctors without borders;

39. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION
?
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• Sociological globalization: information moves almost in real-time,
together with theinterconnection and interdependence ofevents
and their consequences. People move all the time too, mixing and
integratingdifferent societies;
• Technological globalization: the phenomenon by which millions of people are
interconnected thanks to the power of the digital world via platforms such as Facebook,
Instagram, Skype or Youtube.
• Geographic globalization: is the new organization and hierarchy of different
regions of the world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying
made so easy and affordable, apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is
possible to travel the world without barely any restrictions;

40. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION
?
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• Ecological globalization: accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single global entity –
a common good all societies should protect since the weather affects everyone and we are all
protected by the same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said that the poorest countries that
havebeen polluting the least will suffer the most from climate change.

41. ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
The Contemporary World:
An Introduction
DIVERSE
UNEVEN
VARIOUS FORMS OF CONNECTIVITY
ENABLED BY
VARIOUS
FACTORS

42. ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
The Contemporary World:
An Introduction
NGOs
Government
Associations
EXPANSION AND STRETCHING OF SOCIAL RELATIONS
Friendship/relationships
Multinational
Companies

43. ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
The Contemporary World:
An Introduction
From snail mail to
Facebook
Live
Television
INTENSIFICATION AND ACCELERATION OF SOCIAL EXCHANGES AND ACTIVITIES
Increased travel(cheap
travels)

44. ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
The Contemporary World:
An Introduction
We think about the
world Ex:
#BlacLiveMatters
We associate
ourselves with
global trends
ex. BTS, EXO
IT OCCURS SUBJECTIVELY
We feel some sense of
responsibility ex.
Boracay clean up
drive, Adopt a
Mangrove

45. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Advantages of Globalization:
?
World systems paradigm
Globalization broadens our minds
It helps us be familiar with different manners, habits and customs around the
globe
Globalization helps us fight illiteracy promotes education
Helps us shed or combat burning social issues,
Globalization had helped the global community against poverty
Because of globalization, people around theworld are connected through mobile phones and

46. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Advantages of Globalization:
?
World systems paradigm
Globalization contribute in proving international relations and friendliness among different nations.
The human life becomes global.
Students can study anywhere in the world.

47. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Disadvantages of Globalization:
?
World systems paradigm
1. Increase the gap between the rich and thepoor.
Caused environmental pollution.
Globalization tends to make the world amore homogenous place
The local industries could not compete withtheir global counterpart
The global economy is now inter-connected.
Globalization has caused specialization oflabor.

48. The Contemporary World:
Introduction to the Study of
Globalization
Disadvantages of Globalization:
?
World systems paradigm
1. The less developed countries becomedependent upon the superior nations.
Spread of diseases from one country toanother country.
Globalization can pressure us to act in acertain way.

49. The structure of globalization
BY: ARNEL G. PEREZ, MS

50. The Global Economy
Market Integration
The Global Interstate
System
Contemporary Global
Governance
THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
Intended Learning Outcomes:
economic globalization; market integration; modern
world system; and contemporary global governance
• Explain the effects of globalization on governments
and differentiate internationalism and globalism
• Explain the roles and functions of the United Nations;
challenges of global governance in the twenty-first
century; and the relevance of the state amid
globalization

52. Global economy or economic globalization refers to
the increasing interdependence of world economies
as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade
of commodities and services, flow of international
capital, and wide and rapid spread of technologies
(Shangquan, 2000).

53. Global economy or World economy refers
to the international exchange of goods and
services through the use of monetary units of
money
Global economy means the free movement of
goods, capital, services, technology, and
information
Global economy or economic globalization is
concerned on the globalization of production,
finance, markets, technology, organizational
regimes, institutions, corporations, and labor

54. Globalization of Production Globalization of Finance
Globalization of Markets
Globalization of Technology
Globalization of Organizational Regimes
Globalization of Corporation
Globalization of Labor

55. Globalization of Production refers to the
sourcing of goods and services from location
around the globe to take advantage of national
differences in the cost and quality of factors of
production like land, labor and capita
Outsource - obtain (goods or a service) from
an outside or foreign supplier, especially in
place of an internal source
Business Process Outsourcings or BPOs (Call
Center Agencies)
Globalization
of Labor

56. Increase job
opportunities
Upgrade education
system and leads
to more training
Increase labor
standard
Increase labor
productivity
Pressure firms to
correct labor
abuses
Effect of
Globalization
on Labor
Conditions

57. Globalization of Technology
The global sourcing of research and development
(R&D) through alliances and joint ventures with
foreign companies or universities through the
implication of technologies
The global production of research and
development through overseas subsidiaries.
Digital World

58. Financial Globalization refers to:
The liberation of trade in financial assets
It is the flow of capital and corporate
investments between various countries
World allocation of money leading to
exchange of services and goods
International Monetary Funds (IMF)
World Bank

59. Globalization of Corporation refers to a company or group of people
authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such law that operates
globally or internationally
Global corporation refers to a company or corporation that operates in more
than one country which has significant investments and facilities in multiple
countries but lack dominant headquarters
Global business (as mentioned by Michael Porter) refers to business that
maintains a strong headquarters in one country but has investments in
multiple foreign location.
International company is one that has headquarters likewise it does business
overseas and might have a large presence in multiple areas.
Multinational company/ corporation (Coca Cola/ Pepsi/ Samsung/ Apple/
Nestle/ Lacoste/ Penguins/ Guess/ Nike/ Gap)

60. Globalization of Markets
• Globalization of markets refers to
the process of integrating and
merging of the distinct markets into
a single market
• This involves the identification of
some common norms, value, taste,
preference and convenience and
slowly enables the cultural shift
towards the use of common
product or service.

61. Globalization
of
Markets

62. Broader access to wider variety of
products and services than
neighborhood offers
Greater vendor diversity leads to
better buying opportunities lower
prices; eg. Comparison shopping
via internet
Lost allegiance to domestic
producers
More volatile labor market with
stronger competition from global
labor supply
Impact of
Globalization
on
Consumers

63. International
Financial
Institutions
(IFIs)
They are chartered by more than one country and they are subjects to
international law
The owners or shareholders are generally national governments
The first IFIs are established after the WWII to assist in the reconstruction
of Europe and to provide mechanism for international cooperation in
managing the global financial system
European Investment Bank

64. INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS (IFIs)
Multilateral
Development
Banks (MDBs)
World Bank Group
African Development
Bank
Asian Development
Bank
Inter-American
Development Bank
European Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development
International
Monetary Bank
(IMF)
Global in Scope
Regional
Development Banks

65. Market Integration refers to:
Prices among different location or related goods
follow the same patterns over a long period of
time
Group of prices that often moves proportionally to
each other and relation is very clear among
different markets
Thus, it can be concluded that market integration is
an indicator that explains how much different
markets are related to each others
❑ A situation in which separate markets for the
same product become one single market.

66. Between 1882 and 1936 – labor market
integration occurred in the area of Asia
extending from South India to Southeastern
China and encompassing the three Southeast
Asian countries of Burma, Malaya, and
Thailand
Late 19th century – mass migration of Indians and
Chinese to Southeast Asia gave rise to both
integrated Asian labor market and period of
real wages convergence (divergent trends in
unskilled real wages)
Brief Historical
Background of
Global Market
Integration in
the 20th
Century

67. 1880s – steamships had largely replaced sailing
vessels for transport within Asia as well as to
Western markets (shipping fares had begun to fall)
1880s – mass migration of Indian (Mandras, India),
and Chinese workers (provinces of Guandong,
Fukien, and Southeast Asia)
Burma, Malaya, and Thailand are the chief
immigrant-receiving countries in Southeast Asia
Late 19th century (early 20th century) – global
migration movement/ European immigration.
Brief Historical
Background of
Global Market
Integration in
the 20th
Century

68. STATE
Body of people politically organized under a
government within a definite territory.
A nation or territory considered as an organized
political community under one government
Organization of political positions
and the structure of political
relation in
society.
• World
• A community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, independent of external
control, and possessing an organized
government to which the great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience.
Global Interstate
System

69. WORLD-SYSTEM
It refers to existence of the division of labor
It deals with inter-regional and transnational division of labor,
which divides the world into:
➢ Core countries
➢ Semi-periphery countries
➢ Periphery countries
• Modern world-system has a multi-state political
structure (interstate system). Thus, the division of labor
are considered international/ global division of labor
• GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM – means:
✓ Multi-state political structure and
✓ the international or global division of labor of the core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries
World System
• World System Theory (World Systems Analysis/ World
Systems Perspectives – is a multidisciplinary, macro-
scale approach to the world history and social change
which emphasizes the world-system as the primary unit
of social analysis

70. Global Interstate
System
World System
• CORE COUNTRIES
✓Higher Skills
✓Capital Intensive Production
Core
Countries
Core Countries
Semi-Periphery
Countries
Periphery Countries
• SEMI-PERIPHERY/ PERIPHERY
COUNTRIES
✓ Low Skills
✓ Labor Intensive Production
✓ Extraction of Raw Materials

72. Contemporary Global
Governance
• World Governance
✓Movement towards political
cooperation among
transnational actors, aimed at
negotiating responses to
problems that affect more than
one state or region
• Institution of Global Governance
✓United Nations
✓International Criminal Court
✓World Bank
❑ These have limited
or demarcated
power to enforce
compliance

73. •Functions of United Nations
✓The main function of UN is to
maintain peace and security for all of
its member-states.
✓The UN does not have its own
military but it has peacekeeping force
which are supplied by the member
states
✓The UN aims to protect human rights
and provide humanitarian assistance
when needed
Institution of Global Governance
United Nations

74. •Functions of United Nations
✓The UN plays an Integral part in social
and economic development through its
UN Development Program
✓The UN likewise annually publishes the
Human Development Index to rank
countries in terms of poverty, literacy,
education, and life expectancy
✓UN General Assembly – occupies the
central position as the chief deliberative,
policymaking, and representative
organs of the United Nations.
Institution of Global Governance
United Nations

75. •Functions of United Nations
✓The UN plays an Integral part in social
and economic development through its
UN Development Program
✓The UN likewise annually publishes the
Human Development Index to rank
countries in terms of poverty, literacy,
education, and life expectancy
✓UN General Assembly – occupies the
central position as the chief deliberative,
policymaking, and representative
organs of the United Nations.
Institution of Global Governance

76. • Climate Change, Poverty, Violent
Conflict, Intolerance, and
Extremism present direct threats
to the unity and well-being of the
International or Global Community
• Attacks on cultural rights and
cultural heritage, particularly in
Syria, Iraq, and Mali threaten the
Inter-Cultural Tolerance
Challenges of Global
Government in the 21st
Century
(Irina Bokova, Director General of UNESCO, 2016)

77. • First, openness of mind and out-of-box thinking is crucial.
New ideas must be transformed into norms (Efforts to
teach people about the history of the Holocaust/ program
promoting internet literacy/ help to instill common values
to the youth/ create environments that are conducive to
respectful dialogue)
• Second, the international community must build resilient
societies (Fighting exclusion and fostering inclusion/
Participation of women in all sectors)
• Third, new thinking about peacebuilding. (The world
urgently needs legitimate and effective peace efforts,
before, during, and after conflicts. Preventive measures
are key and must involve the soft power embodied by
UNESCO’s educational and inter-cultural program)
3 Points to Address the
Challenges of Global
Government in the 21st Century
(Irina Bokova, Director General
of UNESCO, 2016)

78. Globalization
Internalization
VS

79. ❑ Globalization refers to global
economic integration of
many and formerly national
economies into one global
economy – mainly by free
trade and free capital
mobility.
❑ Globalization refers to the
interconnectedness of
people and business across
the world that eventually lead
to global, cultural, political,
and economic integration
❑ Global means worldwide
❑ Internalization refers to the
increasing importance of
international trade,
international relations,
treaties, alliances and others
❑ International means between
or among nation
❑ Globalism refers to the
operation or planning of
economic and foreign policy
on a global basis
VS

80. Start here… be successful everywhere…