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- 1. Temperament and Character Inventory 2 March 2012 DOPP, MWI Bermuda Marcel Westerlund Consultant Forensic and Adult Psychiatrist
- 2. Physiognomy and personality 1930’s Kretschmer: Physical types – Psychological disorder Pycnic, Asthenic and Athletic types 1950’s Sheldon: Physical types Ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph Personality Cerebrotonic, somatotonic & viccerotonic Trait theories 1921 Allport – Frequency, intensity & range of solutions 1922 1963 1965 Norman Cattel – Neurotiscism, extravcersion, openness, agreeableness & conscientiousness (based on language) Factor analysis on personality traits 1923 1970’s Eysenck - Neurotiscm & extraversion/introversion later included psychotism Gray Behavioural approach system (BAS) / Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) + Impulsiveness and Anxiety Zuckerman – Senasation seeking traits
- 3. Neuroscience and personality Dopamin – Reward, pleasure and feeling good Serotonin – Mood Noradrenalin – Action Behavioural genetics – Monozygotic & dizygotic twins studied according to heritability of personality traits Evolutionary psychology – History, evoloution and genetics. Adaptation. Temperament 40 - 60 % genetically dependant ( Loehlin 1982 )
- 4. Biological personality models Temperament defined as: 1973 Sjöbring – Solidity vs impulsivity, validity vs compulsivity, stability vs moody sociability 1977 Thomas & Chess – Behavioral style rather than the content or purpose of behavior 1981 Rothbart & Derryberry – Traits relatively stable , cross situations consistent and evident throughout the age span and diverse cultures 1984 Buss & Plumin – Components of personality are biological in origin 1990 Goldsmith & Campos – Affective components and individual differences 1986 Cloninger – Unified biosocial personality theory. Temperament represents automatic responses in information processing and learning, presumed to be heritable, whereas character reflects personality development in the context of insight learning and environmental experiences. Professor Robert Cloninger Washington University School of Nedicine St Louis, USA
- 5. Personality Instruments Year Scale 1942 1970 Abbr. Questions Subscales Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI Revised 1989 and 2001 Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor 16PF 1975 Karolinska Scale of Personality (rev. 2000) 211 q KSP 91 q 567 q 10 subscales 24 subscales factors 13 subscales • 1975 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire rev. 1985 EPQ 420 q 24 subscales 1976 1982 Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen) MPQ 276 q 18 subsclaes 1985 1985 Californian Psychological Inventory (Gough) CPI 480 q 18 subscales 1976 1988 Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (Cloninger) TPQ 100 12 subscales 1989 1994 Temperament & Character Inventory (Cloninger) TCI 240(284) 25 subscales
- 6. Requirements • • Reliability – The accuracy with which the questionnaire measures a given quality • • Stability – Test and retest correlation. • • Validity – The measure actually does assess what it purports to assess.
- 7. Projections of dopamine neurons Amfetamines, opiats, cocaine, and alcohol are all dopamine agonists. Prefrontal cortex, central amygdala, LC, habenula, nc of striae terminalis, nc accumbens, hypothalamiska kärnan nära eminentia medialis
- 8. Projections of serotonin neurons Septo-hippocampal area, amygdala, Substantia nigra, VMH, nc raphe & accumbens, and frontal tegmental area.
- 9. Projections of noradrenalin neurons LC, Tegmental area, hypothalamus, and limbic system.
- 10. Actions of neuro-transmittors on stimulus-response Neur onal syst em • • Monoam inerg m od. Relevant st im uli Behaviour al r esponse Behavioral activation Dopamine Curiosity. Explorative habit Potential reward Potential release from punishment and monotony Hunger Avoidance, flight Serotonin Learning to inhibit behavior to avoid punishment. Passive avoidance Extinction. Bonding * Noradrenalin Reward and maintain or resist behavior previously associated with rewards or relief from punishment. Vigilance * Novelty seeking Behavioral inhibition Harm avoidance Behavioral maintenance Reward dependance * Added by MW From ” Neurogeneteic mechanisms of learning: A phylogenetic perspective Cloninger & Gilligan
- 11. Stress Inhibition DA Inhibition 5-HT activation Ach/5-HT 5-HT Downregulation of HPA NA CRF Stimulation Cortisol HPA Inhibition DA/NA Inhibition ACTH Inhibition -endorfin Stress-induced analgesia Chatecholamin activation Sedation Active avoidance Behavior activation Increased visual discrimination & activation Tyrosinhydroxylas activated Sustained stress reduce type-II glucoc.receptors in Hippocampus = dexometason does not affect glucocorticoider
- 12. Temperament Associative learning Unconscious automatic reactions Personality Novelty Seeking Dopamine Exploratory excititment vs stoic rigidity Impusiveness vs reflection Extravagance vs reserve Disorderliness vs regimentation
- 13. Temperament Associative learning Unconscious automatic reactions Personality Harm Avoidance Serotonin Worry vs unhibited optimism Fear of uncertainty vs confidence Shyness vs gregariousness Fatigability vs vigour
- 14. Temperament Associative learning Unconscious automatic reactions Personality Reward Dependance Noradrenaline Sentimentality vs insensitiveness Attachment vs detachment Dependance vs independance
- 15. Temperament Personality Associative learning Habitual system Novelty Seeking Harm Avoidance Reward Dependance Persistence Passive activation Passive avoidance Social attachment Partial reinforcement Dopamin Serotonin Noradrenalin Noradrenalin
- 16. Character Conceptual insight Conscious planning Self-directedness Individual Responsibility Purposefulness Resourcefulness Self-acceptance Congruent second nature
- 17. Character Conceptual insight Conscious planning Cooperativeness The Environment Social acceptance Empathy Helpfulness Compassion Integrated conscience
- 18. Character Conceptual insight Conscious planning Self-Transcendence The World Self-forgetfulness Transpersonal identity Spiritual acceptance
- 20. TCI Personality Associative learning Unconscious automatic reactions Conceptual insight Temperament Character Habitual system Novelty Seeking Passive activation Harm Avoidance Passive avoidance Conscious planning Cognition Reward Dependence Social attachment Persistence Partial reinforcement Self-directedness Individual Cooperativeness Social environment Self-transcendence The World
- 21. TCI profile Validitetsskalor Råvärde Normal T-värde Percentil Namn: Missing 0 0 47 35 Ålder: Vaksam/Kontrollerande 22 20 56 70 SLI Kön: Pedantisk 12 10 57 75 SUI Karaktär: Icke önskvärt 9 3 101 99 RareTemptyp: Spänstig/Uthållig 130 111 70 97 RunsBDI: Erkännande 122 101 66 94 Tru BAI: NUMTRUE REV 73 69 59 80 Trev Self-Dir: Eftergiven/Medgörlig 8 6 61 85 Acq DSQ-40: INTERmediacy 13 12 48 40 Intm Praktisk 8 9 43 20 PrevMogen Nyckfull/Oberäknelig 6 9 37 10 Up2 Tvivlande 2 4 36 8 Dou Narcissistisk/Självtillfredställd 0 4 31 3 Tri ANTRARE 5 5 48 40 Ant INTPREV 8 10 41 15 Inpr INTDOUBLE 5 5 51 55 Indo Oberoende 0 2 34 5 Intr Ledare 6 10 32 3 Insu RAREUP 12 12 48 40 Rup Proaktiv 9 10 43 25 Rne Impairment 2 1 65 93 Imp EMBU L-scale 2 1 71 98 L-s Variance of T 2387 Novelty Seeking (NS) Excitabilitet/upprymd (NS1) Impulsivitet (NS2) Extravagans (NS3) Oorganiserad (NS4) 22 5 4 8 5 19 6 4 5 4 54 44 48 66 59 65 25 40 94 80 Harm Avoidance (HA) Oro &Pessimism (HA1) Rädsla för osäkerhet (HA2) Blyghet (HA3) Lätt uttröttbar & Asteni (HA4) 13 4 3 2 4 14 4 4 3 3 48 51 40 46 58 40 50 15 30 75 Reward Dependence (RD) Social Känslighet (RD1) Anknytningsförmåga (RD3) Osjälvständighet (RD4) 13 6 5 2 15 7 5 4 35 42 44 35 6 20 25 7 Persistence (P) 1 4 33 4 Self-Directedness (SD) Ansvarsfullhet (SD1) Målmedvetenhet (SD2) Resursmogen (SD3) Självaccepterande (SD4) Kongruent karaktär (SD5) 23 2 4 5 9 3 33 6 6 4 8 9 33 22 43 57 55 24 4 1 25 75 65 1 Cooperativeness (C) Socialt accepterande (C1) Empati (C2) Stödjande (C3) Barmhärtighet (C4) Principfasthet (C5) 27 7 5 5 2 8 34 7 5 6 8 7 26 46 47 33 9 56 1 30 35 4 0 70 Self-Transcendence (ST) Tankspridd (ST1) Transpersonell ident. (ST2) Andligt accepterande (ST3) 24 7 4 13 13 4 3 5 66 61 55 68 Neurotisk Immature Immature Father Rejecting Father Emotional WarmthMother Emotional Warmth TCI Profil 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 NS HA RD PE SD CO ST Åter CRI Profil 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 94 85 65 96 SD+CO 50 På fråga 230: "Jag har inte varit helt ärlig i detta formulär" svarar respondenten: SANT 45 k Disorganized Disorganized Anti-social 6,1/10,2 Ingen depression Ej suicidrisk Ingen ångest Sannolikhet Immature SD+CO % 60 Kognitiv Emotionell Fysisk EMBU Profil 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 T-Värde Far T-Värde Mor Normal Åter
- 22. Reliability and validity Rarity scale: Sum of the least frequently endorsed item response from each of the 25 subscales. Endorsement across all indicates a deliberate effort to depict oneself in a highly unlikely way or careless disregard for the content of items being endorsed. Runs: Number of sequences of consecutive true/false answers. Average 120. Fewer than 5 % have as many as 134 or as few as 100 of all 240. Number of true endorsements: Tendencay to answer yes more or less frequently than usual. Scale of like items and Scale of Unlike Items Extent of which respondent is consistent in responding.
- 23. Cronbach Alpha Cronbach's alpha measures how well a set of items (or variables) measures a single unidimensional latent construct. It is a reliability test. Most variables show values around or above 0.70 but persistence and empathy generally shows poor values.
- 24. Lack of evidence Does the Dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory Map a Simple Genetic Architecture? Evidence From Molecular Genetics and Factor Analysis Jeffrey H. Herbst, Ph.D., Alan B. Zonderman, Ph.D., Robert R. McCrae, Ph.D. and Paul T. Costa, Jr., Ph.D. Am J Psychiatry 157:1285-1290, August 2000
- 26. A tool in your pocket
- 27. TCI in 3 dimensions Passion vs Histrionic Sensitive vs Narcissistic Adventurous vs Antisocial Y Explosive vs Borderline Stable vs Cyclothymic Z Avoidant vs Schizoid Cautious vs Passive-dependant X Methodical vs Obsessional
- 28. Now assess this person!
- 29. And this leader!
- 30. What about our next leader?
- 31. Results George W Bush Dalai Lama David Cameron