This document discusses responsible journalism and summarizes the NUJ (National Union of Journalists) code of practice. It provides examples of news articles that violated aspects of the code by misrepresenting groups, failing to fact-check, including personal biases, intruding on privacy, and more. The code aims to ensure journalism is conducted ethically, accurately and avoids discrimination. It also establishes protections for journalists who refuse assignments violating the code.
Fall 2020 JOU 1000 16th Class October 15, 2020Michael Rizzo
This document summarizes a journalism class lecture on truth and ethics in reporting. It discusses the importance of context, verification of facts, and transparency in reporting. It also describes different types of journalism like verification, assertion, aggregation, and affirmation. The lecture uses examples like the NY Times' reporting on Brett Kavanaugh to illustrate the importance of thorough fact checking and providing full context to avoid misinforming readers or perceptions of "fake news." Students are assigned to watch a 60 Minutes segment on fake news and review guidelines for broadcast news writing.
This document provides an introduction to issues surrounding representation, credibility, and readability in journalistic writing. It examines regulatory bodies like OFCOM and the Press Complaints Commission that journalists must follow. Examples are given of how journalists can consider cultural awareness, use credible sources, and make their writing accurately readable for audiences. Factors like race, gender, sexuality and audience interpretation are also discussed in the context of fair representation in news articles.
The document discusses whether factual writing should contain bias. It argues that factual writing is meant to inform readers without opinion so they can form their own views based on facts. Bias undermines this goal by selectively presenting information that supports one side over others. Examples are given of media outlets like the BBC and The Independent omitting important details or angles in their coverage of events like the Scottish independence referendum and a terrorist attack in Jerusalem in ways that appeared to show bias. The document concludes that factual writing should not contain bias as the media's role is to fully and fairly inform the public without manipulation.
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is the largest union for journalists in the world. It was founded in 1907 and represents journalists across various media. The NUJ protects media freedom and promotes professional standards and ethics for journalists. It has established principles that journalists should uphold, including defending freedom of expression, ensuring accuracy and fairness, avoiding harm, and protecting confidential sources.
This document discusses various types and styles of journalism. It begins by defining journalism as the craft of conveying news, descriptions, and commentary through various media like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. It then discusses different styles of journalism like investigative journalism, sports journalism, science journalism, new journalism, gonzo journalism, and celebrity or "people" journalism. It also covers topics like article writing, professional standards in journalism, and recognition of excellence in the field.
The New Media and Democracy, Sir Peter Luff MP.Matt Gourd
Sir Peter Luff MP spoke about how his experience in public relations consulting proved invaluable in his 23 years as a Member of Parliament. He discussed an example from 1994 where he successfully campaigned against sexually explicit content in magazines aimed at young girls by applying communication best practices he had learned in PR, such as focusing on a clear message and repeating it until the audience was tired of hearing it. His one-man campaign resulted in publishers capitulating and improving the magazines' standards. He argued that PR professionals can play an important role in challenging the status quo and gaining attention for causes and that, contrary to some views, those with PR backgrounds can serve democracy effectively.
Fall 2020 JOU 1000 16th Class October 15, 2020Michael Rizzo
This document summarizes a journalism class lecture on truth and ethics in reporting. It discusses the importance of context, verification of facts, and transparency in reporting. It also describes different types of journalism like verification, assertion, aggregation, and affirmation. The lecture uses examples like the NY Times' reporting on Brett Kavanaugh to illustrate the importance of thorough fact checking and providing full context to avoid misinforming readers or perceptions of "fake news." Students are assigned to watch a 60 Minutes segment on fake news and review guidelines for broadcast news writing.
This document provides an introduction to issues surrounding representation, credibility, and readability in journalistic writing. It examines regulatory bodies like OFCOM and the Press Complaints Commission that journalists must follow. Examples are given of how journalists can consider cultural awareness, use credible sources, and make their writing accurately readable for audiences. Factors like race, gender, sexuality and audience interpretation are also discussed in the context of fair representation in news articles.
The document discusses whether factual writing should contain bias. It argues that factual writing is meant to inform readers without opinion so they can form their own views based on facts. Bias undermines this goal by selectively presenting information that supports one side over others. Examples are given of media outlets like the BBC and The Independent omitting important details or angles in their coverage of events like the Scottish independence referendum and a terrorist attack in Jerusalem in ways that appeared to show bias. The document concludes that factual writing should not contain bias as the media's role is to fully and fairly inform the public without manipulation.
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is the largest union for journalists in the world. It was founded in 1907 and represents journalists across various media. The NUJ protects media freedom and promotes professional standards and ethics for journalists. It has established principles that journalists should uphold, including defending freedom of expression, ensuring accuracy and fairness, avoiding harm, and protecting confidential sources.
This document discusses various types and styles of journalism. It begins by defining journalism as the craft of conveying news, descriptions, and commentary through various media like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. It then discusses different styles of journalism like investigative journalism, sports journalism, science journalism, new journalism, gonzo journalism, and celebrity or "people" journalism. It also covers topics like article writing, professional standards in journalism, and recognition of excellence in the field.
The New Media and Democracy, Sir Peter Luff MP.Matt Gourd
Sir Peter Luff MP spoke about how his experience in public relations consulting proved invaluable in his 23 years as a Member of Parliament. He discussed an example from 1994 where he successfully campaigned against sexually explicit content in magazines aimed at young girls by applying communication best practices he had learned in PR, such as focusing on a clear message and repeating it until the audience was tired of hearing it. His one-man campaign resulted in publishers capitulating and improving the magazines' standards. He argued that PR professionals can play an important role in challenging the status quo and gaining attention for causes and that, contrary to some views, those with PR backgrounds can serve democracy effectively.
News must be factual, recent, and interesting to readers. It should provide balanced coverage of important events and prominent figures while avoiding subjective opinions. Different types of news can appeal to readers through elements like proximity, consequence, prominence, drama, conflict, emotions, and impact on people's lives. Accuracy, objectivity, conciseness and clarity are important principles for journalists.
The document outlines six key roles that modern journalists should serve: the ethical role by raising standards of ethics and guidance; the guide/filter role by helping audiences navigate important news; the understanding and context role by providing context and explanation of news; the conversation leader role by starting and guiding discussions; the aggregator role by gathering and making community data accessible; and the straight news role by still uncovering and reporting important news.
The top information source providing details on MBA, Engineering, Medical, Architecture, Hotel Management, Law, Commerce, Science, Arts, Diploma courses and Vocational training courses, institute data, related articles, educational videos, education projects and online tests, forum and student discussion board
Managing perceptions: the care and feeding of the mediaMartin Hatchuel
This document provides guidance on managing media perceptions and relationships with the media. It discusses the role of the media as conveyors of news rather than creators of events. It also emphasizes that the media is a business and its practitioners should be respected as professionals. The document advises understanding what makes a story newsworthy from the media's perspective and how to plan effective media campaigns through developing a media resource database and media plan. It cautions that the media has its own processes and rules that businesses must understand when working with the media.
Managing perceptions: The care and feeding of the mediaMartin Hatchuel
A paper prepared for a tourism law and management seminar. Discusses how the tourism industry should interact with the media for mutual benefit. Also how to manage the media in the case of critical or tragic incidents
The document discusses the key elements and principles of journalism according to Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel. It states that the primary purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information to be self-governing. Additionally, it asserts that journalism's main obligations are to the truth, independence from powerful entities, and serving as a monitor of those in power. The document also emphasizes that journalism should maintain verification, make stories relevant and interesting, and allow for public criticism and comment.
The document discusses how journalism ethics have changed over time as new media has emerged. It notes that while objectivity is currently the norm, standards were more flexible in the past. It raises questions about how internet media may further impact journalism business and ethics, and how these changes should influence how journalism is taught. The document advocates preserving the best of traditional journalism training while adapting instruction to new media skills and embracing citizen journalism.
The document summarizes various guidelines and ethical standards for journalists as outlined by the National Union of Journalists (NUJ). It discusses principles like accuracy, truthfulness, fairness, privacy, and public interest. The NUJ expects journalists to uphold media freedom, avoid discrimination, correct inaccuracies, and get consent when interviewing children. Photographing people without permission or intruding on private grief would violate codes of ethics. Overall, the document outlines best practices for journalists to follow to produce credible, balanced and ethical reporting.
This document discusses how crime news is reported in the media. It notes that media's roles are to inform, entertain, and educate audiences. Crime reporting focuses on hard news and sensationalism due to competition for viewers/readers. Crime shows are popular, and media often reenacts crimes or portrays stereotypes. Reporting methods can influence criminal behavior and stereotypes through imitation or glamorizing crime. Laws and ethics provide some guidelines for objective and responsible reporting, though these are not always followed, especially on social media.
- The science reporting beat has declined sharply in newspapers over the past few decades, with many papers dropping their dedicated science sections or reducing science coverage. Only about 10% of newspaper editors view science reporting as very essential.
- This is occurring as public interest in science remains high and the topics science covers are increasingly complex, raising ethical issues. However, newspapers face economic pressures and have shifted resources to other beats. Specialized science media now play a larger role in science communication.
Influences on content from outside of media orgraniztion (assignment)AbdulWakeel26
Outside influences can significantly impact media content. Sources that journalists rely on, like government officials and interest groups, can shape coverage through the information they provide or withhold. Advertisers also wield influence as media organizations rely on advertising revenue, and may suppress unfavorable stories. Government policies like regulations and licensing can pressure media as well. Market forces also impact content as media organizations compete for audiences and adapt to new technologies to remain commercially viable. Overall, multiple social institutions outside of media organizations can influence the information that is reported and how stories are covered.
This document outlines 9 principles of journalism according to Ani Asatiani's public relations course. The principles are: 1) Journalism's first obligation is to truth 2) Its first loyalty is to citizens 3) Its essence is discipline of verification 4) It must maintain independence 5) It serves as an independent monitor of power 6) It provides a forum for public criticism 7) It makes the significant interesting 8) It keeps news comprehensive and proportional 9) Its practitioners exercise personal conscience. The document then provides further explanation and context for each principle.
Sensationalism has existed in news media since humans began sharing stories, often focusing on sex and violence. While some see sensationalism as undermining quality journalism, others argue it fulfills important cultural functions by spreading information and strengthening social bonds. Sensational stories attract large audiences, putting pressure on journalists to produce sensational content to please advertisers, yet risk providing an uninformed public. To avoid sensationalism, freelance writers must distinguish objective journalism from attention-grabbing stories lacking full context or accuracy, and use representative anecdotes to support statistical claims rather than outlier examples.
This document contains a SWOT analysis for a proposed new MP3 player that allows streaming music from Spotify. Some strengths identified include the innovative streaming feature, ability to undercut Apple's prices, and potential to break into the market. Weaknesses include potential issues streaming without internet and lack of brand recognition. Opportunities lie in partnerships, future product iterations, and resurrecting the MP3 format. Threats include over-reliance on Spotify, technical issues, inability to compete with Apple, and unresolved issues from past MP3 players like battery life.
James Argent is a 55-year-old rock artist launching his first solo album "In the Wind" after previously being in the band Masonic Temple. The objectives for the album are to establish Argent as a solo artist with his own fanbase rather than being associated with his previous band, regain some fans of Masonic Temple who may have been divided after the band split, and sell 200,000 copies of the album within 3 months. The target audience includes previous Masonic Temple fans aged 50-55 as well as new, younger fans attracted by the album's soft rock and alternative genres. Publicity for the album would focus on magazines like MOJO and Q, TV shows on mainstream channels, and radio stations like Radio 2
This document provides an evaluation of a photography project aimed at capturing architectural photographs that emulate the styles of influential photographers Julius Shulman and Karl Schmolz. The student aimed to produce high-quality images and experiment with different angles, vantage points, and post-production techniques. While some of the initial photos were more documentary in style, the student ultimately selected shots that fit the architectural genre. Key techniques emulated included Shulman's use of monochrome coloring and both photographers' tendencies to photograph architectural features rather than entire buildings. The student realized most of their intentions, though encountered some issues with image quality and degree of post-processing. Overall, the photos fit the intended architectural application and emulated the chosen influences despite
The document discusses creating mood boards for different target demographics of a product range for Surfers Against Sewage (SAS). It analyzes including social media posts to appeal to younger audiences, using bright colors and professional/amateur surfers to inspire women, and focusing on challenges and competition to attract men. Color schemes and fonts are selected accordingly - bright for youth, pastel for women, and darker tones for men. Images of clean beaches and SAS advocacy are included to showcase the charity's goals and impact. The document emphasizes using clear, readable fonts and experimenting with combinations of imagery, colors and styles to determine the most effective design.
This document summarizes the influences and decisions that went into designing recipe cards. It discusses existing recipe card products that were influences, including their use of large images, branding strips, and multiple small images. The document reflects on how these elements were emulated or adapted for the author's own recipe card designs. Key influences included a wave-shaped branding strip and cut-out pieces of the main image. The author also discusses choices around font, color palettes, and layout to appeal to target audiences like younger demographics while maintaining a mass market appeal.
The document discusses the development of a campaign poster for a client. It considers whether to use positive or negative themes, and decides on positive themes to appeal to a wider audience. Font, color, and image choices are explored to target multiple demographics and present a cohesive product range. Various fonts, colors, and images are considered before narrowing options down based on testing designs and ensuring appeal across age, gender, and social groups.
This document discusses several posters and logos created by Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) to raise awareness about the dangers of littering and dumping waste in oceans and waterways.
The first poster uses imagery of a plastic bag shaped like a shark to personify the threat of litter to surfers. It aims to build relationships and raise awareness among the general public. Another poster employs dark colors and negative imagery like a piece of litter shaped like a noose to strongly impact viewers.
The document analyzes the visual design elements, intended messages, and effectiveness of SAS's branding over time as the organization worked to establish recognition and expand from a local to national initiative on a limited budget. It provides suggestions for experiment
This document provides information about different graphic narrative types including fables, folktales, fairy tales, comic books, and graphic novels. It gives examples and short summaries of each type and includes analyses of sample narratives. Fables are short stories that teach a moral lesson, often using animals as characters. Folktales are passed down over generations to communicate a culture's characteristics. Fairy tales use magic and fantasy elements and tend to be created for children. Comic books tell stories through illustrations and speech bubbles while graphic novels are more substantial works bound like books. [/SUMMARY]
This document describes the development process of an advertisement for an energy drink called BOLT. The author experimented with different design elements like backgrounds, fonts, shapes, and colors to make the advertisement visually appealing and effective. Key elements included a lightning bolt shape, the BOLT font in orange, and an image of the drink can. The author also added elements like a tagline, website URL, and social media icons to provide important product information to consumers. Through an iterative process, the author refined the layout, design elements, and use of techniques like blurring and gradients to create a polished advertisement.
News must be factual, recent, and interesting to readers. It should provide balanced coverage of important events and prominent figures while avoiding subjective opinions. Different types of news can appeal to readers through elements like proximity, consequence, prominence, drama, conflict, emotions, and impact on people's lives. Accuracy, objectivity, conciseness and clarity are important principles for journalists.
The document outlines six key roles that modern journalists should serve: the ethical role by raising standards of ethics and guidance; the guide/filter role by helping audiences navigate important news; the understanding and context role by providing context and explanation of news; the conversation leader role by starting and guiding discussions; the aggregator role by gathering and making community data accessible; and the straight news role by still uncovering and reporting important news.
The top information source providing details on MBA, Engineering, Medical, Architecture, Hotel Management, Law, Commerce, Science, Arts, Diploma courses and Vocational training courses, institute data, related articles, educational videos, education projects and online tests, forum and student discussion board
Managing perceptions: the care and feeding of the mediaMartin Hatchuel
This document provides guidance on managing media perceptions and relationships with the media. It discusses the role of the media as conveyors of news rather than creators of events. It also emphasizes that the media is a business and its practitioners should be respected as professionals. The document advises understanding what makes a story newsworthy from the media's perspective and how to plan effective media campaigns through developing a media resource database and media plan. It cautions that the media has its own processes and rules that businesses must understand when working with the media.
Managing perceptions: The care and feeding of the mediaMartin Hatchuel
A paper prepared for a tourism law and management seminar. Discusses how the tourism industry should interact with the media for mutual benefit. Also how to manage the media in the case of critical or tragic incidents
The document discusses the key elements and principles of journalism according to Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel. It states that the primary purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information to be self-governing. Additionally, it asserts that journalism's main obligations are to the truth, independence from powerful entities, and serving as a monitor of those in power. The document also emphasizes that journalism should maintain verification, make stories relevant and interesting, and allow for public criticism and comment.
The document discusses how journalism ethics have changed over time as new media has emerged. It notes that while objectivity is currently the norm, standards were more flexible in the past. It raises questions about how internet media may further impact journalism business and ethics, and how these changes should influence how journalism is taught. The document advocates preserving the best of traditional journalism training while adapting instruction to new media skills and embracing citizen journalism.
The document summarizes various guidelines and ethical standards for journalists as outlined by the National Union of Journalists (NUJ). It discusses principles like accuracy, truthfulness, fairness, privacy, and public interest. The NUJ expects journalists to uphold media freedom, avoid discrimination, correct inaccuracies, and get consent when interviewing children. Photographing people without permission or intruding on private grief would violate codes of ethics. Overall, the document outlines best practices for journalists to follow to produce credible, balanced and ethical reporting.
This document discusses how crime news is reported in the media. It notes that media's roles are to inform, entertain, and educate audiences. Crime reporting focuses on hard news and sensationalism due to competition for viewers/readers. Crime shows are popular, and media often reenacts crimes or portrays stereotypes. Reporting methods can influence criminal behavior and stereotypes through imitation or glamorizing crime. Laws and ethics provide some guidelines for objective and responsible reporting, though these are not always followed, especially on social media.
- The science reporting beat has declined sharply in newspapers over the past few decades, with many papers dropping their dedicated science sections or reducing science coverage. Only about 10% of newspaper editors view science reporting as very essential.
- This is occurring as public interest in science remains high and the topics science covers are increasingly complex, raising ethical issues. However, newspapers face economic pressures and have shifted resources to other beats. Specialized science media now play a larger role in science communication.
Influences on content from outside of media orgraniztion (assignment)AbdulWakeel26
Outside influences can significantly impact media content. Sources that journalists rely on, like government officials and interest groups, can shape coverage through the information they provide or withhold. Advertisers also wield influence as media organizations rely on advertising revenue, and may suppress unfavorable stories. Government policies like regulations and licensing can pressure media as well. Market forces also impact content as media organizations compete for audiences and adapt to new technologies to remain commercially viable. Overall, multiple social institutions outside of media organizations can influence the information that is reported and how stories are covered.
This document outlines 9 principles of journalism according to Ani Asatiani's public relations course. The principles are: 1) Journalism's first obligation is to truth 2) Its first loyalty is to citizens 3) Its essence is discipline of verification 4) It must maintain independence 5) It serves as an independent monitor of power 6) It provides a forum for public criticism 7) It makes the significant interesting 8) It keeps news comprehensive and proportional 9) Its practitioners exercise personal conscience. The document then provides further explanation and context for each principle.
Sensationalism has existed in news media since humans began sharing stories, often focusing on sex and violence. While some see sensationalism as undermining quality journalism, others argue it fulfills important cultural functions by spreading information and strengthening social bonds. Sensational stories attract large audiences, putting pressure on journalists to produce sensational content to please advertisers, yet risk providing an uninformed public. To avoid sensationalism, freelance writers must distinguish objective journalism from attention-grabbing stories lacking full context or accuracy, and use representative anecdotes to support statistical claims rather than outlier examples.
This document contains a SWOT analysis for a proposed new MP3 player that allows streaming music from Spotify. Some strengths identified include the innovative streaming feature, ability to undercut Apple's prices, and potential to break into the market. Weaknesses include potential issues streaming without internet and lack of brand recognition. Opportunities lie in partnerships, future product iterations, and resurrecting the MP3 format. Threats include over-reliance on Spotify, technical issues, inability to compete with Apple, and unresolved issues from past MP3 players like battery life.
James Argent is a 55-year-old rock artist launching his first solo album "In the Wind" after previously being in the band Masonic Temple. The objectives for the album are to establish Argent as a solo artist with his own fanbase rather than being associated with his previous band, regain some fans of Masonic Temple who may have been divided after the band split, and sell 200,000 copies of the album within 3 months. The target audience includes previous Masonic Temple fans aged 50-55 as well as new, younger fans attracted by the album's soft rock and alternative genres. Publicity for the album would focus on magazines like MOJO and Q, TV shows on mainstream channels, and radio stations like Radio 2
This document provides an evaluation of a photography project aimed at capturing architectural photographs that emulate the styles of influential photographers Julius Shulman and Karl Schmolz. The student aimed to produce high-quality images and experiment with different angles, vantage points, and post-production techniques. While some of the initial photos were more documentary in style, the student ultimately selected shots that fit the architectural genre. Key techniques emulated included Shulman's use of monochrome coloring and both photographers' tendencies to photograph architectural features rather than entire buildings. The student realized most of their intentions, though encountered some issues with image quality and degree of post-processing. Overall, the photos fit the intended architectural application and emulated the chosen influences despite
The document discusses creating mood boards for different target demographics of a product range for Surfers Against Sewage (SAS). It analyzes including social media posts to appeal to younger audiences, using bright colors and professional/amateur surfers to inspire women, and focusing on challenges and competition to attract men. Color schemes and fonts are selected accordingly - bright for youth, pastel for women, and darker tones for men. Images of clean beaches and SAS advocacy are included to showcase the charity's goals and impact. The document emphasizes using clear, readable fonts and experimenting with combinations of imagery, colors and styles to determine the most effective design.
This document summarizes the influences and decisions that went into designing recipe cards. It discusses existing recipe card products that were influences, including their use of large images, branding strips, and multiple small images. The document reflects on how these elements were emulated or adapted for the author's own recipe card designs. Key influences included a wave-shaped branding strip and cut-out pieces of the main image. The author also discusses choices around font, color palettes, and layout to appeal to target audiences like younger demographics while maintaining a mass market appeal.
The document discusses the development of a campaign poster for a client. It considers whether to use positive or negative themes, and decides on positive themes to appeal to a wider audience. Font, color, and image choices are explored to target multiple demographics and present a cohesive product range. Various fonts, colors, and images are considered before narrowing options down based on testing designs and ensuring appeal across age, gender, and social groups.
This document discusses several posters and logos created by Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) to raise awareness about the dangers of littering and dumping waste in oceans and waterways.
The first poster uses imagery of a plastic bag shaped like a shark to personify the threat of litter to surfers. It aims to build relationships and raise awareness among the general public. Another poster employs dark colors and negative imagery like a piece of litter shaped like a noose to strongly impact viewers.
The document analyzes the visual design elements, intended messages, and effectiveness of SAS's branding over time as the organization worked to establish recognition and expand from a local to national initiative on a limited budget. It provides suggestions for experiment
This document provides information about different graphic narrative types including fables, folktales, fairy tales, comic books, and graphic novels. It gives examples and short summaries of each type and includes analyses of sample narratives. Fables are short stories that teach a moral lesson, often using animals as characters. Folktales are passed down over generations to communicate a culture's characteristics. Fairy tales use magic and fantasy elements and tend to be created for children. Comic books tell stories through illustrations and speech bubbles while graphic novels are more substantial works bound like books. [/SUMMARY]
This document describes the development process of an advertisement for an energy drink called BOLT. The author experimented with different design elements like backgrounds, fonts, shapes, and colors to make the advertisement visually appealing and effective. Key elements included a lightning bolt shape, the BOLT font in orange, and an image of the drink can. The author also added elements like a tagline, website URL, and social media icons to provide important product information to consumers. Through an iterative process, the author refined the layout, design elements, and use of techniques like blurring and gradients to create a polished advertisement.
The king sends for Mamad, a man known for never lying. Mamad promises he will never lie. James, a nobleman who wants power, plots against Mamad. James tricks the king into sending Mamad away and having him executed for lying. James then poisons the king and takes the throne. James abuses his power by heavily taxing citizens. The people rise up against James' rule and overthrow the monarchy, capturing and killing James.
The document discusses different types of audience responses to media texts, including preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings. A preferred reading is when the audience understands and agrees with the message. A negotiated reading is when the audience generally accepts but sometimes alters the message to fit their own experiences. An oppositional reading is when the audience understands the message but rejects and has an alternative view. The document also discusses participatory media like social media which allows audience interaction, and fan culture where audiences actively create content related to media properties.
This document provides an evaluation of a recipe card design project. It discusses the layout, imagery, and visual language choices made for the recipe card. The front of the card has a simplistic design with few objects and well-spaced text to attract viewers, while the back contains the recipe ingredients and instructions in a busier layout due to space constraints. Images are used more on the front to entice viewers, while text outweighs images on the back to inform about the recipe. The document reflects on image choices, use of color, and how semiotics and connotations were created to evoke meaning and suggest themes like Italian heritage. An audience profile targets ages 15-25 due to the experimental design, and those in
The document provides a critical analysis of four existing vegetarian recipe cards:
- Recipe 1 uses a restrained black font that is professional but could benefit from brighter colors. The photography is too small.
- Recipe 2 lacks photography altogether, which reduces its effectiveness.
- Recipe 3 has dull colors that do not stand out. Its photography is not very visible.
- Recipe 4 uses bold colors and prominent photography that make it more appealing.
The analysis examines fonts, headings, photographs, languages, colors, and other design elements to determine best practices to emulate for the author's own recipe cards. Features like clear instructions, easy-to-read fonts, and high-quality images are favored over overly decorative or
This document summarizes a case study about a campaign by the University of Kent to promote careers in media for ethnic minority students. The purposes of the campaign are to bring about national change by increasing diversity in UK media, change attitudes about racial inequality in employment, raise awareness of the lack of representation of ethnic minorities in media jobs, and create more access and opportunities for non-traditional groups. The campaign aims to both inform ethnic minority students about career opportunities and educate non-ethnic groups about the inequality faced by ethnic minorities in media industries. Key techniques used in the campaign materials include using bold text to clearly communicate the purpose upfront and providing information and resources to build relationships with target audiences.
Pitch is a short summary of an idea or product in order to interest investors or customers. It should be brief and highlight the problem, solution, and call to action in 3 sentences or less. The document provides the name "Pitch" and "Task 10" as the title with "Patrick Gouldsbrough" likely being the author or presenter.
The king sends his trusted advisor Mamad to deliver a message to the queen, but a jealous nobleman named James plots to get rid of Mamad. James convinces the king that Mamad lied, and the king sentences Mamad to death. James then poisons the king and takes the throne, ruling cruelly and demanding high taxes until the people overthrow and kill him.
This document outlines the responsibilities and obligations of journalists according to the National Union of Journalists (NUJ). It discusses the importance of representing people and groups in a fair, unbiased, and truthful manner by using accurate facts rather than opinions. It also covers specific ethical issues journalists should consider, such as privacy, accuracy, defamation, copyright, and representing vulnerable groups like children appropriately. The overall message is that journalists have a duty to report news in a socially responsible way and follow codes of conduct to avoid harming individuals or groups.
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is a union founded in 1907 that represents over 38,000 members. It aims to promote ethical journalism and protect media freedom. The NUJ provides guidelines for journalists on topics like terrorism, race, and disability. It also offers an ethics hotline for journalists to seek advice. The union supports journalists who uphold the NUJ code of conduct.
Codes of ethics are meant to guide journalists and ensure truth, accuracy, impartiality and other standards. They help journalists deal with ethical dilemmas and provide accountability. The codes emphasize getting facts right, presenting all sides, maintaining credibility, and correcting errors. Case studies show how codes can be applied, such as protecting sources in the Watergate story or deciding whether to publish a decades-old accusation before an election. Overall, codes are intended to support ethical journalism and avoid issues like paid news or unnecessary religious provocation.
The document discusses the importance of social and cultural awareness for journalists. It notes that journalists often write about groups they may not be familiar with, so it is important they do not create biased representations. The National Union of Journalists has prepared ethical guidelines for journalists covering topics like terrorism, race, disability, and others. Journalists must consider how their writing may influence readers' perceptions of different groups.
This document discusses several key topics related to social networks and online communities:
1. It defines different types of online communities including personal communities, cybercommunities, and how relationships and connections can form within these spaces.
2. It also discusses important aspects that define a community such as membership, influence, needs fulfillment, and emotional connection.
3. The document then examines the concept of a personal community and identifies three defining properties - numbers, constancy, and involvement. It provides examples to illustrate these different properties.
National Union of Journalists Presentation Part 2 (improved)cloestead
1) Journalists must maintain credibility by being objective, accurate, truthful, fair and balanced according to guidelines from the National Union of Journalists.
2) To be objective, journalists must present facts impartially and differentiate facts from opinions. However, some newspapers slant stories to appeal to readers with certain political views in a way that compromises objectivity.
3) Journalists must ensure information is honestly conveyed and correct any inaccuracies to maintain accuracy and truthfulness. Failing to do so can result in fines or legal consequences.
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is a union that represents over 38,000 members, including journalists, photographers, and media workers. The NUJ was founded in 1907 and aims to protect media freedom and promote high professional standards. It provides resources and guidelines for journalists on ethics and represents members across the UK and parts of Europe. The NUJ code of conduct and conscience clause protect journalists' right to refuse assignments that violate their ethics without facing repercussions.
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is a union that represents over 38,000 members, including journalists, photographers, and media workers. The NUJ was founded in 1907 and aims to protect media freedom and promote high professional standards. It provides resources and guidelines for journalists on ethics and represents members across the UK and parts of Europe. The NUJ code of conduct and ethics guidelines help ensure responsible and unbiased reporting.
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is a union that represents over 38,000 members, including journalists, photographers, and media workers. The NUJ was founded in 1907 and aims to protect media freedom and promote high professional standards. It provides resources and guidelines for journalists on ethics and represents members across the UK and parts of Europe. The NUJ code of conduct and ethics guidelines help ensure responsible and unbiased reporting.
This document provides an overview of journalism law, regulation and ethics as covered in Unit 3 of the GCSE Journalism course. It defines key legal terms like defamation and libel and outlines legal defenses journalists can use if sued for defamation. It also discusses ethical principles from codes of conduct like the NUJ code. Regulations like the Freedom of Information Act that support investigative journalism are explained. The purpose is to help students develop knowledge of important legal and ethical considerations in journalism.
The document discusses journalism ethics and how journalists should approach sensitive topics and stories. It emphasizes seeking the truth, minimizing harm, acting independently, being accountable, and covering difficult stories like suicide or disabilities in a sensitive manner. Journalists are encouraged to show compassion to victims, respect privacy, and deliver facts in an unbiased way when reporting on topics like crime or tragedies.
This document summarizes the key outcomes and objectives of a seminar on journalism issues. The seminar aims to help students learn about current issues in journalism, understand how media shapes public opinions and produces stories, and reflect critically on media structures and content. It also aims to help students demonstrate understanding of journalistic practices, critically analyze media content and major outlets, and develop guidelines to improve reportage on journalism issues.
The document provides guidelines for writers on their social and cultural responsibilities when reporting stories. It discusses the importance of being fair, unbiased, and respecting differences. It outlines 12 rules from the National Union of Journalists' code of conduct that writers should follow, including striving for accuracy, differentiating facts from opinions, avoiding intrusion or causing harm, and not plagiarizing. The code helps writers avoid producing material that could lead to discrimination or hatred based on attributes like age, gender, race, religion, disability, and sexual orientation.
This chapter discusses news gathering and reporting in the digital age. It covers the main theories of the press, qualities that characterize news, types of news stories, and how digital technologies have impacted news media. The chapter also describes the news business, reporting process, news flow, role of the Associated Press wire service, and similarities/differences between print, broadcast and online journalism.
Factual writing should not contain bias. Bias undermines the goal of factual writing, which is to inform readers with accurate information and allow them to form their own opinions. Examples are given of media outlets like the BBC and The Independent demonstrating bias through omission of important facts, skewed story selection, or slanted wording of headlines. This misleads readers rather than giving a balanced presentation of all sides of an issue. Factual writing works best when it presents information and arguments objectively, without being influenced by a writer's personal views, so readers can make up their own minds based on all the facts.
The document discusses whether factual writing should contain bias. It argues that factual writing is meant to inform readers without opinion so they can form their own views based on facts. Bias undermines this goal by selectively presenting information that supports one side over others. Examples are given of media outlets like the BBC and The Independent omitting important details or angles in their coverage of events like the Scottish independence referendum and a terrorist attack in Jerusalem in ways that appeared to show bias. The document concludes that factual writing should not contain bias as the media's role is to fully and fairly inform the public without manipulation.
The document outlines the responsibilities and obligations of journalists as members of the National Union of Journalists (NUJ). It discusses the importance of representing people and groups accurately and without bias. It also covers issues like privacy, defamation, copyright, and the need for objective, truthful and balanced reporting. The NUJ provides guidelines and support to help journalists uphold high ethical standards in their work.
The document provides guidelines for writers on their social and cultural responsibilities when reporting stories. It discusses the importance of being fair, unbiased, and respecting differences. It also outlines 12 rules from the National Union of Journalists' code of conduct that writers should follow, such as obtaining accurate information and avoiding intrusion into people's private lives. The rules aim to guide writers to consider topics like terrorism, race, and disability sensitively and avoid producing material that could incite discrimination or hatred.
The document provides guidelines for writers on their social and cultural responsibilities when reporting stories. It discusses the importance of being fair, unbiased, and respecting differences. It also outlines the 12 rules of the NUJ code of conduct, including obtaining information honestly, avoiding intrusion into people's private lives, not producing discriminatory material, and avoiding plagiarism. The code helps writers report accurately while upholding media freedom and the public's right to information.
The document provides guidelines for writers on their social and cultural responsibilities when reporting stories. It discusses the importance of being fair, unbiased, and respecting differences. It also outlines the 12 rules of the NUJ code of conduct, including obtaining information honestly, avoiding intrusion into people's private lives, not producing discriminatory material, and avoiding plagiarism. The code helps writers report accurately while upholding media freedom and the public's right to information.
Pitching is an important skill for entrepreneurs. To create an effective pitch, focus on clearly explaining your product or service, how it benefits customers, and how it will generate revenue. Keep the pitch concise by highlighting only the most important details in 3 minutes or less to engage potential investors or partners.
Here is a comparison of the original intentions versus the resulting outcomes for the key elements of this project:
Logo Design:
- Original intention was for a literal design featuring litter in the shape of a surfer to directly represent Surfers Against Sewage.
- Resulting outcome was a more abstract wave design using contrasting colors to make it eye-catching while positively representing surfing.
Poster:
- Originally wanted to use only positive imagery to promote SAS in a positive light
- Realized negative imagery works better to grab attention and elicit an emotional response, so resulting poster used slogans and listing of threatened beaches.
Merchandise:
- Initially wanted to directly adapt unused logo designs onto products
This document discusses case studies of Greenpeace and the NHS and their social media campaigns. For Greenpeace, the purposes of their campaigns are to raise awareness of environmental issues like global warming, change attitudes towards pollution, and challenge agendas that don't prioritize protecting the planet. Their techniques use bold colors and fonts to emphasize key messages and graphic images to depict potential consequences of inaction. For the NHS, the purposes of their anti-smoking campaigns are to change public attitudes towards smoking and raise awareness of health risks, like the link between smoking and cancer. Both campaigns aim to educate the public and encourage behavior change on important social issues.
The document discusses the evaluation of various logo, membership form, merchandise, and poster designs created for Surfers Against Sewage. For the logo design, the author notes that their initial design featuring litter in the shape of a surfer fulfilled the purpose but was not eye-catching enough. Their subsequent surf-themed logo was more positive and customizable. For the membership form, the author's initial leaflet design fulfilled the content purpose but had layout issues. They improved it by changing to a booklet format. Some merchandise designs like a cushion were not effective. The author realized posters needed negative imagery to stand out, against their initial goal of positive imagery.
The document discusses final designs for Task 8. It was authored by Patrick Gouldsbrough and appears to pertain to a design project involving multiple tasks. The brief title and author name provide limited contextual information about the specific contents or purpose of the document.
The document outlines plans for a poster design. It discusses choosing simple sans serif fonts for readability. Potential color choices are considered, including lighter blues that appeal to all demographics or incorporating the logo's blue. Text amount is debated - too much bores readers but some information is needed to explain the charity's work and goals. Mockups show main copy over or within the logo with social media/website details. The final design may differ from these initial concepts.
The document discusses potential merchandise ideas for an environmental charity called SAS. It analyzes t-shirts, bags, posters, coffee cups, phone cases, and towels as potential merchandise options. T-shirts are identified as a popular, profitable option while bags would be more difficult to mass produce. Posters are suggested as an inexpensive impulse purchase. Coffee cups could sell through convenience rather than impulse. Phone cases are deemed inappropriate due to environmental concerns. Towels may not have high enough demand compared to other options. The document also notes some existing logo and design ideas that could be applied to merchandise, as well as other potential product types not featured on the mood board.
The document discusses the design of a membership form for a charity called SAS that works to reduce beach litter. It will include imagery to appeal to a mass market, short statistics and social media comments to encourage membership, enticing offers for new and existing members, direct debit information and payment methods to allow donations, and the charity's tagline and logo to increase familiarity. The goal is to promote the charity and increase its followers and popularity through an effective membership form and rebranding.
The document discusses final designs for Task 8. It was authored by Patrick Gouldsbrough and appears to pertain to a design project involving multiple tasks. The document title and author provide high-level context but no other details about the specific designs or task are included in the short document.
The document discusses ideas for promotional posters for Surfers Against Sewage (SAS), a charity that campaigns against ocean pollution. It considers whether the posters should use positive or negative imagery. It also discusses whether the layout should be busy or clear, and what type of fonts would be most effective. While negative imagery and bold fonts have traditionally worked well for SAS, the document notes that a fresh approach using positive messaging or a clearer layout could help SAS expand its reach and impact. Any design choices would need to be carefully considered to avoid losing recognition or interest from the target audience.
This document summarizes a case study about a campaign by the University of Kent to promote careers in media for ethnic minority students. The purposes of the campaign are to bring about national change by increasing diversity in UK media, change attitudes about racial inequality in employment, raise awareness of the lack of representation of ethnic minorities in media jobs, and create more access and opportunities for non-traditional groups. The campaign aims to both inform ethnic minority students about career opportunities and educate non-ethnic groups about the inequality faced by ethnic minorities in media industries. Key techniques used in the campaign materials include using bold text to clearly communicate the purpose upfront and providing information and resources to build relationships with target audiences.
James Argent is a 55-year-old rock artist launching his first solo album "In the Wind" after previously being in the band Masonic Temple. The objectives for the album are to establish Argent as a solo artist with his own fanbase rather than being associated with his previous band, target both existing fans of Masonic Temple as well as new fans interested in soft rock/alternative genres, and sell over 200,000 copies of the album within 3 months. The key messages that will be communicated are that this album shows Argent's ability to adapt genres and should be viewed as the work of a solo artist rather than a continuation of Masonic Temple.
This SWOT analysis examines a proposed new MP3 player that would stream music from Spotify. Strengths include the innovative streaming feature, ability to undercut Apple's prices, and potential to break into the market. Weaknesses are lack of offline functionality, potential need for dual storage of personal music, and lack of advanced features. Opportunities exist to compete with Apple on price and emulate Spotify's success, while threats include increased royalty demands and hacking risks from internet reliance.
This document discusses marketing and public relations issues for various companies across different industries. It analyzes advertising strategies used by Audi, Kia, John Lewis, Primark, Pretty Green, BMW, and Compare the Market. Key points made include:
- Audi focuses on quality over price in its advertising to target luxury car buyers.
- Kia includes more text, prices, and extras in its ads to appeal to budget-conscious buyers rather than relying solely on quality.
- John Lewis stands out from competitors with Christmas ads emphasizing family values rather than just product features.
- Primark heavily promotes low prices in ads to compensate for its lower quality products compared to brands like H&M.
This document discusses key concepts in marketing and public relations, including understanding clients and their requirements, market research techniques, audience profiling, and the four elements of the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion).
It emphasizes the importance of understanding client needs and specifications when doing work for them. It discusses tools for researching markets like SWOT analysis and explains how understanding the target audience through profiling techniques like demographics, income levels, and geodemographics can help tailor products and marketing.
Finally, it provides an in-depth explanation of each element in the marketing mix - product features, pricing strategies, placement considerations, and promotional approaches - and how understanding these elements is essential for a successful marketing strategy.
Jamie Oliver conducted market research on childhood obesity rates and the health of British school children. He found shocking statistics that he used to launch a campaign promoting healthy eating in schools. His strategy focused on children to try to correct unhealthy eating habits early. Oliver received initial government funding for the project. He promoted his campaign through a television advert and series. While the goal was not profit, the campaign promoted Oliver's brand and businesses. Oliver worked to effectively message and advertise to children to make healthy eating appealing to them. The campaign received widespread positive publicity that helped drive changes to school meals in the UK.
The document provides a self-evaluation by Patrick Gouldsbrough of a factual writing project. It discusses several areas where Patrick evaluated his own work and identified areas for improvement. This included making a fanzine task less formal, starting layout tasks more easily by emulating existing designs, and incorporating tutor feedback to better meet task requirements. Patrick also explains how he effectively managed his time, completing tasks ahead of schedule by applying feedback quickly and emulating techniques from other publications. He reflects on reviewing drafts of each task and making improvements based on self-evaluation and tutor feedback.
This document discusses responsible journalism and summarizes the NUJ (National Union of Journalists) code of practice. It provides examples of news articles that violated aspects of the code by misrepresenting groups, failing to fact-check, including personal biases, intruding on privacy, and more. The code aims to ensure journalism is conducted ethically, accurately and avoids discrimination. It also establishes protections for journalists who refuse assignments violating the code.
This document discusses responsible journalism and summarizes the NUJ (National Union of Journalists) Codes of Practice. It analyzes examples where some media outlets have failed to adhere to the codes when reporting on groups like asylum seekers and benefit claimers. The codes aim to ensure reporting is fair, accurate, and avoids intrusion into private lives. However, some tabloids have published biased or inaccurate stories without facts, misrepresenting groups and breaking the codes. If journalists follow the guidance, it can help produce balanced coverage that considers social and cultural issues.
This document discusses responsible journalism and summarizes the NUJ (National Union of Journalists) Codes of Practice. It analyzes examples where some media outlets have failed to adhere to the codes when reporting on groups like asylum seekers and benefit claimers. The codes aim to ensure reporting is fair, accurate, and avoids intrusion into private lives. However, some tabloids have published biased or inaccurate stories without facts, misrepresenting groups and breaking the codes. If journalists follow the guidance, it can help produce balanced coverage that considers social and cultural issues.
Jason Kozup is a versatile figure whose impact spans numerous sectors. From the realms of entertainment and security, he has thrived as a producer, actor, stuntman, model, and aerospace defense contractor, showcasing excellence across the board.
SERV is the ideal spot for savory food, refreshing beverages, and exciting entertainment. Each visit promises an unforgettable experience with daily promotions, live music, and engaging games such as pickleball. Offering five distinct food concepts inspired by popular street food, as well as coffee and dessert options, there's something to satisfy every taste. For more information visit our website: https://servfun.com/
Explore Treydora's VR economy, where users can trade virtual assets, earn rewards, and build digital wealth within immersive game environments. Learn more!
The Evolution and Impact of Tom Cruise Long Hairgreendigital
Tom Cruise is one of Hollywood's most iconic figures, known for his versatility, charisma, and dedication to his craft. Over the decades, his appearance has been almost as dynamic as his filmography, with one aspect often drawing significant attention: his hair. In particular, Tom Cruise long hair has become a defining feature in various phases of his career. symbolizing different roles and adding layers to his on-screen characters. This article delves into the evolution of Tom Cruise long hair, its impact on his roles. and its influence on popular culture.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Tom Cruise long hair has often been more than a style choice. it has been a significant element of his persona both on and off the screen. From the tousled locks of the rebellious Maverick in "Top Gun" to the sleek, sophisticated mane in "Mission: Impossible II." Cruise's hair has played a pivotal role in shaping his image and the characters he portrays. This article explores the various stages of Tom Cruise long hair. Examining how this iconic look has evolved and influenced his career and broader fashion trends.
Early Days: The Emergence of a Style Icon
The 1980s: The Birth of a Star
In the early stages of his career during the 1980s, Tom Cruise sported a range of hairstyles. but in "Top Gun" (1986), his hair began to gain significant attention. Though not long by later standards, his hair in this film was longer than the military crew cuts associated with fighter pilots. adding a rebellious edge to his character, Pete "Maverick" Mitchell.
Risky Business: The Transition Begins
In "Risky Business" (1983). Tom Cruise's hair was short but longer than the clean-cut styles dominant at the time. This look complemented his role as a high school student stepping into adulthood. embodying a sense of youthful freedom and experimentation. It was a precursor to the more dramatic hair transformations in his career.
The 1990s: Experimentation and Iconic Roles
Far and Away: Embracing Length
One of the first films in which Tom Cruise embraced long hair was "Far and Away" (1992). Playing the role of Joseph. an Irish immigrant in 1890s America, Cruise's long, hair added authenticity to his character's rugged and determined persona. This look was a stark departure from his earlier. more polished styles and marked the beginning of a more adventurous phase in his hairstyle choices.
Interview with the Vampire: Gothic Elegance
In "Interview with the Vampire" (1994). Tom Cruise long hair reached new lengths of sophistication and elegance. Portraying the vampire Lestat. Cruise's flowing blonde locks were integral to the character's ethereal and timeless allure. This hairstyle not only suited the gothic aesthetic of the film but also showcased Cruise's ability to transform his appearance for a role.
Mission: Impossible II: The Pinnacle of Long Hair
One of the most memorable instances of Tom Cruise long hair came in "Mission: Impossible II" (2000). His character, Ethan
Enhance Your Viewing Experience with Gold IPTV- Tips and Tricks for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In the ever-evolving landscape of digital entertainment, IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV services. Offering unparalleled flexibility, a vast selection of channels, and affordability, IPTV services like Gold IPTV have revolutionized the way we consume television content. This comprehensive guide will delve into everything you need to know about Gold IPTV, its features, benefits, setup process, and how it can enhance your viewing experience.
The cats, Sunny and Rishi, are brothers who live with their sister, Jessica, and their grandmother, Susie. They work as cleaners but wish to seek other kinds of employment that are better than their current jobs. New career adventures await Sunny and Rishi!
Taylor Swift: Conquering Fame, Feuds, and Unmatched Success | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
From country star to global phenomenon, delve into Taylor Swift's incredible journey. Explore chart-topping hits, feuds, & her rise to billionaire status!
Morgan Freeman is Jimi Hendrix: Unveiling the Intriguing Hypothesisgreendigital
In celebrity mysteries and urban legends. Few narratives capture the imagination as the hypothesis that Morgan Freeman is Jimi Hendrix. This fascinating theory posits that the iconic actor and the legendary guitarist are, in fact, the same person. While this might seem like a far-fetched notion at first glance. a deeper exploration reveals a rich tapestry of coincidences, speculative connections. and a surprising alignment of life events fueling this captivating hypothesis.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction to the Hypothesis: Morgan Freeman is Jimi Hendrix
The idea that Morgan Freeman is Jimi Hendrix stems from a mix of historical anomalies, physical resemblances. and a penchant for myth-making that surrounds celebrities. While Jimi Hendrix's official death in 1970 is well-documented. some theorists suggest that Hendrix did not die but instead reinvented himself as Morgan Freeman. a man who would become one of Hollywood's most revered actors. This article aims to delve into the various aspects of this hypothesis. examining its origins, the supporting arguments. and the cultural impact of such a theory.
The Genesis of the Theory
Early Life Parallels
The hypothesis that Morgan Freeman is Jimi Hendrix begins by comparing their early lives. Jimi Hendrix, born Johnny Allen Hendrix in Seattle, Washington, on November 27, 1942. and Morgan Freeman, born on June 1, 1937, in Memphis, Tennessee, have lived very different lives. But, proponents of the theory suggest that the five-year age difference is negligible and point to Freeman's late start in his acting career as evidence of a life lived before under a different identity.
The Disappearance and Reappearance
Jimi Hendrix's death in 1970 at the age of 27 is a well-documented event. But, theorists argue that Hendrix's death staged. and he reemerged as Morgan Freeman. They highlight Freeman's rise to prominence in the early 1970s. coinciding with Hendrix's supposed death. Freeman's first significant acting role came in 1971 on the children's television show "The Electric Company," a mere year after Hendrix's passing.
Physical Resemblances
Facial Structure and Features
One of the most compelling arguments for the hypothesis that Morgan Freeman is Jimi Hendrix lies in the physical resemblance between the two men. Analyzing photographs, proponents point out similarities in facial structure. particularly the cheekbones and jawline. Both men have a distinctive gap between their front teeth. which is rare and often highlighted as a critical point of similarity.
Voice and Mannerisms
Supporters of the theory also draw attention to the similarities in their voices. Jimi Hendrix known for his smooth, distinctive speaking voice. which, according to some, resembles Morgan Freeman's iconic, deep, and soothing voice. Additionally, both men share certain mannerisms. such as their calm demeanor and eloquent speech patterns.
Artistic Parallels
Musical and Acting Talents
Jimi Hendrix was regarded as one of t
You know you're an adult when every check-up gets you down. View What Going to the Doctor is Like as an Adult and more funny posts on salty vixen stories & more-saltyvixenstories.com
2. Social and cultural awareness
Writing about a group that the consumer don’t have first hand experiences of is something that is commonly done
in journalism. Even though you would think this would be an uninteresting news story, media producers will be
trying to communicate their ideologies on certain groups that may become a big issue in the UK and therefore, it
will be in the public interest. In this scenario, these journalists must ensure that they aren’t creating an untrue or
biased account of this group.
In news reporting, there has been many examples of where groups haven’t been portrayed in the best light and
therefore this group have been misrepresented to the consumer of that particular media product. Some examples
include:
Asylum Seekers
As you can see from the image on the top right, The Daily Telegraph have misrepresented Asylum Seekers in a bad
light and therefore hasn’t thought about social and cultural awareness when producing this story. This particular
news producer has published other stories on the matter and each time they have misrepresented the asylum
seekers. Even though this group might have a bad name amongst some British people, when reporting the news,
which should be in a factual manner, you can’t bring personal ideologies into the story. On the other hand, some
media producers look at it the other way and show how asylum seekers can be positive in terms of economy and
financial stability of the country. This is all well and good if it’s factual and hasn’t been take out of context.
Therefore, the right thing to do when trying to represent a group is what the Daily Express have done on this
occasion (bottom right) they have reported what is happening in terms of asylum seekers and is communicating the
situation in a factual manner.
Benefit claimers
Even though The Daily Express got it right in the last section, on this occasion, they have fallen short of representing
benefit claimers in a balanced and fair nature. This article by the media producer features no facts to back up their
claims and no expert opinions communicating some form of statistic to the consumer to try and make this headline
that The Daily Express have gone with more credible. Instead, the news report has jumped to conclusions and
reported the negative side to the story. Even though migrant benefits have been banned, they fail to mention that
some migrants can still claim benefits and some migrants actually earn an honest wage in some of the most highly
regarded sectors. Therefore, without any of these features, The Daily Express disregards any social and cultural
awareness in this article.
3. NUJ Codes of practice
If journalists are unsure if they have shown disregard for social and cultural awareness while writing a news article,
they can check the NUJ codes of practice. These are a set of rules that journalists choose to follow if they are in this
particular union. However, the problem is that journalists doesn’t have to opt into this union and can therefore
choose not to follow the codes and fall short of the ethical codes that journalists should follow, which sometimes
includes the legal codes also. The codes are as follows:
• “At all times upholds and defends the principle of media freedom, the right of freedom of expression and the right
of the public to be informed” – This means that a news story that is controversial has to be reported because it’s in
the public interest to do so, which means, the public needs to know. However, on very controversial stories,
journalists may have to break some later codes to get the story published. For example, media producers like The
Times, found it necessary to publish the story on tax avoiders, due to them believing that the general public should
be informed on the matter. This resulted in an angry, and most say rightful, backlash on the tax avoiders, due to the
working and middle class having to pay more in tax to make up for those that aren’t.
• “Strives to ensure that information disseminated is honestly conveyed, accurate and fair” – News stories can’t be
made up or the information can’t be taken out of context, it must be presented through facts and how it would be
seen if the consumers were actually there at the time. An example of this would be the story on the right hand side,
second from the top. This story communicated to the consumer that fans in the Hillsborough disaster picked the
pockets of the victims and were beating up police officers that were helping the victims. These allegations by The
Sun were later found to be false and dishonest. This story gave a bad name to the fans of both teams of the
Hillsborough disaster, as well as breaking this and a few other NUJ codes in the process.
• “Does her/his utmost to correct harmful inaccuracies” – This involves journalists correcting information that they
see or know to be false. This can be the editor of a newspaper/magazine that corrects a copy writers inaccuracies or
this can be a newspaper correcting facts and reporting the truth, even if they have received the distorted
information from another media outlet. Newspapers have to sell and be striking to the audience, they need stories
that are interesting. However, these stories must be obtained legally and ethically and must stick to the other NUJ
codes. On The Sun website, the media producer did correct the harmful inaccuracy that they had made by publishing
that story and apologised and put the record straight. However, this was too late, the damage to the fans and the
credibility of the newspaper was already done. On one hand, they broke this code because they failed to amend the
information before publishing the story, while they did correct it second time round, meaning they still broke the
code but tried to make up for it (Baring in mind, it wasn’t of their own accord, it was done because they were pulled
up about it from consumers and official publishing bodies)
4. NUJ Codes of practice
• “Differentiates between fact and opinion” – This falls under the same bracket as biased information, which I covered in
Task 2. Journalists, according to the NUJ, are meant to report stories in a factual and unbiased manner and must not put
their own opinions in this piece of news reporting, which involves the journalist deciding whether a certain piece of
information they have received or collected falls in the fact or opinion category. The Daily Mail have broken this NUJ
code by been unable to differentiate between fact and opinion on this article (top right). From the headline of ‘The Mail
accuses these men ok killing. If we are wrong, let them sue us’ you can tell that the producer of this article has already
started opinionated and biased from the outset. As the article continues, the sheer biased nature also continues, with
the Mail accusing these five men of been murderers without any proven information, which isn’t then factual, or any
official quotes from people such as the police. Incapability to tell the difference between fact and opinion in news
reporting could lead to what the Mail expressed in the headline, a lawsuit.
• “Obtains material by honest, straightforward and open means, with the exception of investigations that are both
overwhelmingly in the public interest and which involve evidence that cannot be obtained by straightforward means” –
This means that information generated by the journalist must fit an ethical and legal specification and the information
hasn’t been found by illegitimate means. As the quote states, there ere some exceptions, which only apply f it’s very key
for the public to know about the story and if so, this information can be obtained through any means possible (this is
only in very extraordinary circumstances and it doesn’t happen often). The most notable breach of this NUJ code is the
phone hacking of the news of the world journalists, which then led to the Levesson inquiry to be set up. The code states
that information must be obtained using open and straightforward means, unless it’s overwhelmingly in the publics
interest. The hacking of high profile celebrities and dead schoolgirl, Millie Dowler’s phones was not an open means of
generating information and it wasn’t crucial for the public to know about it. Therefore, the news of the world journalists
(Clive Goodman, Glenn Mulcaire, Andrew Coulson and Rebecca Brooks) had broken this NUJ by hacking phones for the
media producer.
• “Does nothing to intrude into anybody’s private life, grief or distress unless justified by overriding consideration of the
public interest” – This is linked to the previous NUJ code and states that journalists should not intrude on people’s lives,
especially when they are in grief or distress. Like most NUJ codes, people think the line of intrusion is different and due
to the fact there isn’t a regulatory body on these NUJ codes, the media producer can’t be adjudged to have gone too far.
Some news outlets do step the wrong side of the line on occasion. A high profile case of this would be the Madeleine
McCann abduction news story. While it was reported factually at the time of the event and most newspapers managed
to follow the NUJ codes at the time of the abduction, since then, media producers have pestered and intruded on the
lives of Madeleine's parents, Kate and Gerry McCann. This involved going round to the house, trying to generate
information while they were mourning the death of their daughter and multiple other forms of intrusion.
5. NUJ Codes of practice
• “Protects the identity of sources who supply information in confidence and material gathered in the course of her/his work”
– Many newspapers choose to collect sources from people to back up and give their stories more content, while the consumer
may trust the story if they have information provided from someone in the know, whether this is an expert or a trusted
person. This also involves the newspapers giving those sources that wish to remain anonymous, anonymity. If they fail to do
so, their credibility as well as the person who has leaked the information to the media outlet will be challenged. Edward
Snowden, the man who leaked many US government and world secrets, had anonymity from the newspapers (The Guardian
in particular) when he first started to leak this information. When he first started to rendezvous with Guardian Journalist
Glenn Greenwald in 2012, The Guardian kept Snowden secret and only published the information that the American was
providing to the media producer. The newspaper headline on the top right proves that The Guardian were profiting on
information from Snowden at that time and producing various articles about world secrets before other news reporters from
newspapers like The Times and Telegraph, knew about them. Of course, Edward Snowden was eventually unmasked but this
had nothing to do with The Guardian outing him, he was eventually unmasked by the NSA, by which time Snowden’s period of
anonymity was over. For all that time, Glenn Greenwald and The Guardian had kept the secret, they had upheld this particular
NUJ code.
• Resists threats or any other inducements to influence, distort or suppress information and takes no unfair personal
advantage of information gained in the course of her/his duties before the information is public knowledge” – This means
that journalist should not take or give bribes in the form of money or threatening abuse to generate information for their
news stories. This, of course, would give them an advantage when collecting information and is one of the most serious NUJ
codes of them all. Continuing on from the news of the world hacking scandal, Journalists from this this particular news outlet
bribed senior officials and high up police chiefs to gain information for their stories. It was reported by The Guardian that
News Of The World journalists were paying these sources £100,000 to give them official and classified information. This
worked and the media producer published a few stories with this bribed information, before the corporation were found
guilty at the hacking scandal (formally The Levesson Inquiry) and eventually was shut down in 2011, with a few of the
journalists in question going to jail for this offence.
• “Produces no material likely to lead to hatred or discrimination on the grounds of a person’s age, gender, race, colour,
creed, legal status, disability, marital status, or sexual orientation” – While I covered this NUJ code in the social and cultural
awareness section, the code goes into more detail and documents every group that you can’t show discrimination or
prejudice against and what kind of hatred is not tolerated in news reporting. Even though journalists should be clear on
discrimination already, this NUJ jut reiterates what isn’t tolerated when reporting the news. Newspapers like this headline by
The Daily Express are exactly what this NUJ code is there to prevent. A racist and discriminatory statement about the beliefs
and dress of other religions and faiths is the main theme of this article and falls short of this NUJ code. This isn’t the first time
this media producer has fallen short of the codes, a few weeks before this article, they produced a similar story that had the
headline ‘Ban It’ on. Aside from the NUJ codes, this newspaper can be seen to break the legal and ethical requirements we
expect from a media outlet in the UK.
6. NUJ Codes of practice
• “Does not by way of statement, voice or appearance endorse by advertisement any commercial product or service save for
the promotion of her/his own work or of the medium by which she/he is employed” – This means that journalists can’t
actively endorse products or companies in their articles or any other form of media. In print media, this mistake is rarely
made when mentioning a particular company but if a media producer does, they take the same approach as the BBC; they
normally state “other brands/products are available” and this will cover them legally as a media outlet.
• “A journalist shall normally seek the consent of an appropriate adult when interviewing or photographing a child for a
story about her/his welfare” – With celebrity culture such a huge part of news reporting these days, so too is celebrities
children. However, there are codes protecting the children of those celebrities, which involves consent been given to the
journalist by the celebrities, or if they are members of he public, parents. If this consent is not achieved, the adults can sue
the newspaper for publishing content without consent. Many celebrities have had their children pictured over time, some
have been done wit consent, while some have not. None other than Halle Berry had images of her daughter published in US
and UK publications without giving consent to those paparazzi, which led her to join the anti-paparazzi debate, which was
reported by The Guardian earlier this year (middle right)
• “Avoids plagiarism” – You would think this NUJ code would be always avoided by journalists. Copying someone else’s work
is the direct definition of plagiarism and in news reporting, copying the work and then not crediting the original owner is
also considered plagiarism too. Johann Hari, a journalist for The Independent, was caught up in a plagiarism storm when it
was pointed out by Private Eye in 2003 and again by Yahoo Ireland editor Brain Whelan in 2011 that his interviews were
similar to others that had been published by other journalists that had interviewed the same subject. What followed was an
investigation into Hari by The Independent and then Hari’s decision to leave the media producer in 2012.
Conscience clause
This new clause that was established a little after the Levesson Inquiry and states that journalists don’t have to produce
work that their editor or other members of seniority are asking them to produce because it breaches on of the twelve NUJ
codes. In addition, the NUJ website (https://www.nuj.org.uk/about/nuj-code/) states that: “The NUJ believes a journalist
has the right to refuse an assignment or be identified as the author of editorial that would break the letter or spirit of the
NUJ code of practice” before going on to say “The NUJ will support journalists who act according to the code” which means
that the NUJ will support journalists if they are punished for refusing a particular task they feel breaks the rules of the NUJ.
This is one advantage of been in the National Union Of Journalists. Like I mentioned earlier, you don’t have to be in the NUJ
but if you aren’t, scenarios where you feel you’ve been unfairly treated will have to be handled by yourself and not the
union.
7. Connotation
Journalists have an important job in terms of conveying the news to the public; their words can shape our views on a certain
topic, group or person, it’s important they use the right words when reporting the news. If they select the wrong words, the
connotations of that word may misrepresent or lead to discrimination and hate toward that certain group. A connotation is
the feeling that a word or phrase creates as well as the denotation (the literal meaning of the word).
Connation in an every day sense is that the colour red may connote anger and rage, while black may connote sadness and
sorrow. While these connotation can be transferred to a media sense, there are stronger connotations in news stories than
colours. After all, the overall view of a group is in the balance when a media outlet is reporting on them.
The newspaper example by The Daily Mail on the top right uses the word ‘Asylum’ in the headline, this connotes that the
people who have immigrated here are here wrongly and should be sent back to their native country. Even though this whole
headlines should possibly be changed, the word asylum could have been substituted for a word such as immigrants. This
article may have prompted the viewer ship of The Daily Mail to have a negative view on immigrants and their impact on the
British economy.
Another example I have found of a newspaper article that connotes a negative view against a particular group of people.
This time, people who claim benefits are the target of this article. However, instead of using the phrase ‘people on benefits’
or ‘benefit claimers’ The Daily Express have used the word ‘scroungers’. This connotes the feeling that these people are
wrongfully claiming from the government and don’t deserve these benefits, while they are doing all the rest of the general
public a disservice by claiming these benefits, despite some people needing these said benefits to survive in this country, a
view that the media outlet hasn't thought about when producing this article.
The thing with connotation is that people interpret words in a different way to others. For example, some may see the
article on the bottom right and identify with the word ‘homo’, however, most of us would see this terms as derogatory and
discriminatory towards gay people. This 2007 newspaper article by The Sunday Paper uses the word which was extensively
complained about. Like the last example, this whole headline is wrong but because the particular word the media producer
has used has negative ties towards it and when teamed with the word in the headline, it makes it seem like it’s a problem in
society, when in actuality, this is a problem that a small minority in society has. A word such as ‘gay’ would have been less
offensive to the particular group and would have avoided much, but not all, of the discriminatory nature.
If news producers are unclear on the rules when news reporting, they can read the NUJ codes or consult the NUJ
themselves, through the phone line that the union have set up for journalists. If they have any queries on which words will
cause least offence and not be challenged legally, journalists will consult the materials available.
8. Alternative readings
Most media outlets have a target audience they have established through viewership statistics, but they must also account
for alternate viewers consuming their work also. While they don’t have to make their products accessible for other
demographics, they have to be open minded and not discriminatory against certain groups of people. Before publishing
their work, journalists have to think about the possibility of other groups reading their works and if the article is biased
toward a certain group or will hatred be generated toward a certain group if they publish it. Cultural theorist Stuart Hall
explored the use of alternative reading and reception theory and came up with the encoding and decoding model, which
helps to explain how a consumer decodes messages and connotations within media and other walks of life.
For example, different people may have a different view on an article, compared to another person from a different group.
A British male may not have the same reading as an African American male, while this is true for all different groups. It of
course depends on the certain persons experiences of life and what they have one through before they resd the article in
question, have they been a victim of a crime, gone through poverty or war or have they gone through mass tragedy, can
they link themselves to the article and understand what a certain person or group is going through because they have been
through the same ordeal, and some may not, some may not fully understand the extent and severity of certain subjects if
they have not been there themselves.
Newspapers will often report on the same story from a different viewpoint each time, this is to please all groups, however, I
would be much more simpler to generate a balanced argument that pleases all groups of people. As well as this, before all
the versions have been generated, there is always a particular group that will be discriminated against in the article, unless
they over all viewpoints in the same publication but on separate pages.
The information in the article in the top right is biased against mental patients and therefore an alternative reading can be
taken from it. They state that 1,200 people are killed by mental patients each year but they don’t state a balanced argument
or even an element of stating some form of sympathising element with the mental patients, instead, deciding to create this
hatred towards them, which may become part of the newspaper readers ideologies. If you put the encoding and decoding
model in place on this article, it doesn’t take long to decode the negative messages from the headline alone, you can tell it
will be a negative story towards the mental patients, while the media producer hasn’t even taken into consideration people
who have been or are going through mental illness reading this article.
As for the other article, it shows a disregard for anyone who is in the group that have been victim of this article. The Daily
Express state that if you’re an asylum seeker and gay, you will automatically be given preferential treatment. This leaves no
interpretation for readers in the affected groups and is generating hatred towards them. If the story showed some form of
proof with official statistics and toned down the headline, while reporting in a factual manner, this news story would be
following the NUJ codes and would be open to an alternative reading from certain group.
9. Credibility
The main attributes of a journalist should be trustworthy and reliable. If they are not, the consumer will
question the credibility of the journalists themselves and the media outlet they report for. It is in the
media producers interest to have credible journalists working for them, this can be the difference between
consumers buying and consistently buying the publication and consumers buying other, more credible
media products. If credibility isn’t achieved, it diminishes the value of the article that has been written, as
well as the future articles of this journalist and the company that this writer works for. For example, if a
journalist is reporting in a war zone and is writing the story without going right into the thick of the action,
they are making up some of the story and assuming some facts in the news story, therefore, if they re
found out, their credibility will be challenged.
To be credible, journalists must ensure that they follow and take into account the rules of:
•Objectivity
• Accuracy
• Truthfulness
• fairness and balanced arguments
Objectivity
For objectivity to be achieved, journalists must be impartial, unprejudiced and unbiased, with all these
functions been applied to every story they write. This often doesn’t happen, due to journalists and media
producers having political and other agendas and therefore aren’t objective 100% of the time. If this is the
case, journalists will disregard all information that doesn’t support their points and include sources and
information that does back their particular agenda. Doing this will not provide the consumer with an
independent view of the news story and will have lots of views and opinions of the journalist, instead,
which may lead to the consumer been swayed or influenced in some way by the stories this journalist is
producing. While this idea of journalists been objective exists, it’s far from the reality of news reporting,
due to the political agendas of most newspapers and media groups. For example, the left wing of labour is
backed by publications such as: The Guardian and The Independent, while the right-wing of the
conservatives is occupied by The Telegraph and the Express amongst others. These political agendas come
into play all the time but are the most strongest at election campaigns, where newspapers have been
known to massively impact the result of the future government. For example, in all of Tony Blair’s election
campaigns, the Sun’s backing, to the extent of them writing “The Sun backs Blair” can be seen as a massive
influence on the result and Blair’s eventual success in his elections.
10. Objectivity
In the 2010 election, most newspapers had political views, some changed sides from the previous 2005 elections, while many backed the
conservatives over the labour party (there was only one newspaper that backed the labour party, this was shown in the results as the
conservatives won by a landslide, but still had to form a coalition to overthrow the previous powers).
While the Times, who backed Gordon Brown’s Labour government in 2005, decided to switch allegiances and backed the conservatives in
2010. While The Times didn’t claim that they had won the election for David Cameron, like the sun did with Blair, their credibility as a media
outlet and the mass viewership they had definitely swayed the votes of the consumers and helped the conservative part on this occasion.
The only newspaper to back the labour government on this occasion was The Daily and Sunday Mirror. While they printed positive stories
about the labour government and negative stories about the other political parties, it wasn’t enough to sway consumers of The mirror or
readers of other media publications, the conservatives still won by a large margin. This might have something to do with the Mirror finding
themselves embroiled in more legal disputes than The Times, therefore the credibility of this media company is less than that of The Times.
Both newspapers had a political agenda during the 2010 election and
both wrote negative articles about the political parties that they hadn’t
pledged allegiance to (pictured left) While The Times had a big
impact on the election, the sheer volume of media output that backed
a conservative government also had a sizeable say on the next prime
minister (pictured below) despite many of these media outlets having
little credibility due to the printing of discriminatory stories, legal and
ethical issues and mass inaccuracy of articles on occasion (The Sun
and The Daily Express in particular)
11. Accuracy
Accuracy, amongst the other codes, is something journalists have to do in order to be taken as a credible and
highly regarded journalist. Things like names, dates, times and quotes, as well as other features that support
evidence in reports must be produced correctly, and in some cases, must feature in the article to further the
articles credibility. Adding a quote of an expert to a piece can add a trusting nature from the consumer to
your story. If you can then supply a name and a date to that quote, your credibility as a journalist, along with
the credibility of the article, will increase. For example, when reporting on fracking, The Guardian included a
quote from the energy minister, publishing the quote properly and keeping in context, while administering a
name to the quote also; this is how journalists keep accuracy in a story.
The stories that a journalist produces must also be accurate in nature. This requires the news reporting to be
of the facts and not of some libellous story or opinion of the journalist. If this function is not met, the story of
the journalist could cause harm or distress to the main focus of the story, which may lead to this person’s
public profile been destroyed. A recent example of this is that of Cliff Richard. In early October, it was
announced that the South Yorkshire Police had raided Sir Cliff Richards house for proof of an alleged child sex
offence, which it then unfolded that the BBC had gotten exclusive footage and had broadcast the raid on
television. This, along with The Daily Star’s choice to with the headline ‘Sir Cliff Richard Child Sex Shock’ which
suggests the pop star is guilty before the media outlet had established all the facts of the story, therefore
accuracy and credible journalism wasn’t achieved in this particular case.
If a person or group feels that a news story is inaccurate in any way, they can choose to submit a complaint to
the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), formerly the Press Complaints Commission. After this
stage, the press standards organisation will investigate the case and will force the media producer to print a
retraction or correction if required. The Hillsborough tragedy would be a key example of a correction in the
story. Despite this correction spanning more than 20 years, The Sun did correct a story they had initially
falsely reported on in 1989. Harm and distress was caused to the families of the 96 people that had died at
Hillsborough by reporting in an inaccurate fashion that vilified both the fans that lost their lives that day and
the fans who escaped from the crush. However, in 2012, the tabloid newspaper corrected their facts and
issued a apology to the families of the 96 fans. This is failing to be an accurate and credible journalist on a
monumental scale, not many inaccuracies are as big as this one.
12. Truthfulness
Truthfulness is one of the most key attributes when in journalism. Presenting truthful information to the
consumer is key to a journalists credibility, which will then reflect either positively or negatively on the media
producer they work for, dependant on if they are truthful and therefore credible. The journalistic field is all
about facts and truth, while staying away from libellous and untruthful information while writing a news
article.
If journalists are to break this truthfulness in their stories, they are writing in the fiction category instead.
Along with a journalists credibility been questioned, this aspect of credibility can have serious legal and ethical
repercussions if truthfulness is not met. Even though these consequences stand as a serious reminder for
journalists, this rule is constantly been broken by journalist and publications alike, due to these media
producers been desperate to grab the attention of the consumer and sell as many newspapers as possible.
Attached to this, there is also objectivity tied to this; newspapers may not be truthful because they have a
political agenda and are actively making up libellous and untruthful stories about the political parties they
have not pledged allegiance to. For example, the image on the bottom right depicts The Mail’s reporting of
the Andrew Mitchell ‘Plebgate’ scandal. While this looks like it was done truthfully, it was established that Mr.
Mitchell hadn’t asked for that sum of money and The Mail had made up statistics and figures in this news
story. While The Mail backed the conservative party in the 2010 election, they have printed a number of
libellous stories about the conservative party in the past years, which may suggest a shift in their political
agenda, however, truthfulness has still not been achieved by this news publication on this occasion.
As well as the overall viewpoint of the story been twisted, statistics and figures can often be twisted to back
up the points that the journalists have made and can potentially increase the credibility of the story, if they
are added in the correct context. However, due to all news publications using statistics to back up their
arguments, it’s sometimes difficult to establish the correct ones, unless the PCC or IPSO pull the media
producer up about it. Another example of where truthfulness hasn’t been met by journalists is The Daily
Mail’s false reporting of a mutant Ecoli been in Britain. The news outlet reported that after making it’s way
through other countries, it has found it’s way to Britain. Even though it is in the public interest to print this,
due to members of the public needing to be informed about public health risks, it wasn't a truthful story to
begin with, therefore, the credibility of the journalists and the newspapers was compromised again, along
with the Mr. Mitchell ‘plebgate’ incident.
Due to the confusion to establish the truthful and credible nature because of the way journalists twist facts,
it’s easy for media outlets to make allegations about people that have no basis in reality and didn’t actually
happen, which would be classed as untruthful, as well as potentially libellous.
13. Fair and balanced arguments
Journalism should be open-minded and should be approached with a non-discriminatory nature toward a group or certain person. The NUJ
codes that I wrote about in the previous sections states that journalists that are in the NUJ should not produce articles or news stories that will
lead to hatred or discrimination against a certain group or person (“Produces no material likely to lead to hatred or discrimination on the
grounds of a person’s age, gender, race, colour, creed, legal status, disability, marital status, or sexual orientation”)
To achieve credible journalism, the writing of journalists should be even, which involves giving a balanced account of both sides of the
argument, that then leads to the consumer been able to make up their own mind about the story, instead of the ideologies of the newspaper
or journalist. This is key, but is an ideal world, due to journalists stating their opinions in all forms of journalism (political in particular) to try and
gain an unfair advantage in things such as elections. Earlier, I used an example of The Sun backing Tony Blair, which included the news
publication emblazoning “The Sun Backs Blair” on the front of one of their 2005 newspapers. This example would also be relevant to this
section of credibility and would be an example of how a news outlet can be one sided and not balanced in their reporting of news events.
Like truthfulness, objectivity and accuracy, this is often overlooked by newspapers and journalists when reporting on news. Consumers might
like a fair and balanced reporting to be the way in journalism but the reality is that in journalism, all publications are likely to break the rules,
regardless of how highly they are thought of and how credible they have seemed in the past. As soon as an election is on the horizon, these
media outlets show their political agendas and write biased and unbalanced stories on various political parties, including the one that they are
backing. The bottom example from The Daily Telegraph shows how the newspaper has a political agenda, which is reflected in the main copy.
From the start, the news story is biased and isn’t balanced and doesn’t do anything for the publication or journalists credibility. They have also
used a technique that many try to try and convince the consumer and IPSO that their article is balanced; they have made the first 4 paragraphs
unbiased, while adding a balanced paragraph on the end, which many consumers potentially won't even read.
An aspect of fair and balanced arguments that links to alternative readings is the fact that news publications constantly give precedent to news
stories which will suit their target demographic. This aspect shows that newspapers will ignore those who aren’t in their target audience and
concentrate on the people who are; this includes the ideologies of the audience been reflected in the news stories, so the media company
don’t lose consumers, while they will also use a biased nature towards all aspect of their newspaper to try and keep the remaining viewers they
have. In addition, newspapers will use emotive stories to lead with and push the less interesting stories to later in the paper, after all,
newspapers see emotive subjects as a means of sales and increased sales. The Sun’s coverage of the Colonel Gaddafi killing was a prime
example of the emotive articles that publications use to boost sales of their newspapers. The mix of anger
and pain conveyed by The Sun may communicate a powerful message to the consumers and get them to buy
the newspapers, not only to read the story, but because the anger and pain aspects of the story is in
their own sets of ideologies. In terms of a balanced and fair argument, this news article doesn’t fit into this
article and instead states all the negative things about Gaddafi and not reporting on balanced grounds, which
is difficult when reporting on an evil dictator like Gaddafi, but must be attempted by journalists.
They don’t feature on piece of information that can’t be misconstrued to be positive, it’s all negative and
therefore it’s an unfair and unbalanced piece of journalism.