Most of the therapeutic antibodies drug for oncological applications target a wide variety of antigens expressed on the surface of cancer cells. https://www.creativebiolabs.net/therapeutic-antibody-overview.htm
mAb can be applied as cytotoxic moieties or drug delivery carriers when conjugated to payload including radioactive molecules, cytotoxic small molecules and cellular components of the immune system.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/nanocarriers.htm
Mechanism of Action (MoAs) for Therapeutic AntibodiesEchoHan4
Mechanism of Action (MoAs) for Therapeutic Antibodies – provide novel therapeutic monoclonal antibodies discovery direction and various mAb-based therapy strategies
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/therapeutic-antibodies.htm
One approach of antibody as targeted drug delivery is the use of radioimmunoconjugates in which a radionuclide takes the place of the cytotoxic chemical.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/girentuximab-overview.htm
Fc-mediated mechanisms complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is considered to be particularly important for successful therapeutic intervention.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/cdc-enhanced-antibody_77.htm
BsAbs are artificial antibodies that have defined specificities and can bind to two different antigens or epitopes. They have been proven to be effective as therapeutic agents and widely researched in scientific or clinical purpose.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/bispecific-antibody-production.htm
In recent years, therapeutic antibodies targeted to various immune checkpoint molecules have progressed from preclinical studies to clinical deployment with impressive results.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/samalizumab-overview.htm
Approved Therapeutic Antibody Drug and RevenueEchoHan4
Antibody-based therapeutics currently enjoy unprecedented success, growth in research and
revenues, and recognition of their potential. It appears that the promise of the "magic bullet" has
been well recognized.
mAb can be applied as cytotoxic moieties or drug delivery carriers when conjugated to payload including radioactive molecules, cytotoxic small molecules and cellular components of the immune system.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/nanocarriers.htm
Mechanism of Action (MoAs) for Therapeutic AntibodiesEchoHan4
Mechanism of Action (MoAs) for Therapeutic Antibodies – provide novel therapeutic monoclonal antibodies discovery direction and various mAb-based therapy strategies
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/therapeutic-antibodies.htm
One approach of antibody as targeted drug delivery is the use of radioimmunoconjugates in which a radionuclide takes the place of the cytotoxic chemical.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/girentuximab-overview.htm
Fc-mediated mechanisms complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is considered to be particularly important for successful therapeutic intervention.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/cdc-enhanced-antibody_77.htm
BsAbs are artificial antibodies that have defined specificities and can bind to two different antigens or epitopes. They have been proven to be effective as therapeutic agents and widely researched in scientific or clinical purpose.https://www.creativebiolabs.net/bispecific-antibody-production.htm
In recent years, therapeutic antibodies targeted to various immune checkpoint molecules have progressed from preclinical studies to clinical deployment with impressive results.
https://www.creativebiolabs.net/samalizumab-overview.htm
Approved Therapeutic Antibody Drug and RevenueEchoHan4
Antibody-based therapeutics currently enjoy unprecedented success, growth in research and
revenues, and recognition of their potential. It appears that the promise of the "magic bullet" has
been well recognized.
Brief Introduction of Antibody Drug ConjugatesBOC Sciences
BOC Sciences is a life sciences group with its headquarters in the NY. BOC Sciences provides the most complete set of solutions in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) drug development services in the pharmaceutical industry. Please visit https://adc.bocsci.com/ for more information.
From the Past to the Future of Bivalent Antibodies in TherapeuticsTorben Haagh
Where do you see the studies of bivalent/bispecific antibodies in the future? What are the most specific indicators for future development in the field?
From bispecific antibodies and monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents in the past to bispecific antibodies that are said to have enormous potential to improve the therapeutic outlook for patients across the disease spectrum in the present, but what does the future hold? http://bit.ly/SP_BivalentAntibodies
Hello, everyone. This is Creative Biolabs. Today we will learn about myeloid leukemia vaccines. Our contents here include the Introduction to Myeloid Leukemia, Current Treatment of Myeloid Leukemia, Obstacles to Cancer Vaccine, Targets of Myeloid Leukemia Vaccine, Myeloid Leukemia vaccine types, Examples of Myeloid Leukemia Vaccines, and related services you can find at Creative Biolabs.
Brief Introduction of Antibody Drug ConjugatesBOC Sciences
BOC Sciences is a life sciences group with its headquarters in the NY. BOC Sciences provides the most complete set of solutions in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) drug development services in the pharmaceutical industry. Please visit https://adc.bocsci.com/ for more information.
From the Past to the Future of Bivalent Antibodies in TherapeuticsTorben Haagh
Where do you see the studies of bivalent/bispecific antibodies in the future? What are the most specific indicators for future development in the field?
From bispecific antibodies and monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents in the past to bispecific antibodies that are said to have enormous potential to improve the therapeutic outlook for patients across the disease spectrum in the present, but what does the future hold? http://bit.ly/SP_BivalentAntibodies
Hello, everyone. This is Creative Biolabs. Today we will learn about myeloid leukemia vaccines. Our contents here include the Introduction to Myeloid Leukemia, Current Treatment of Myeloid Leukemia, Obstacles to Cancer Vaccine, Targets of Myeloid Leukemia Vaccine, Myeloid Leukemia vaccine types, Examples of Myeloid Leukemia Vaccines, and related services you can find at Creative Biolabs.
Nowadays, oncolytic virotherapy has gradually become a powerful immunotherapeutic modality for cancer treatment. Immunogenicity manipulation is quite necessary, and with genetic modifications, oncolytic viruses are able to improve the oncolytic effects on tumor cells and stimulate antitumor immunity.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/immunogenicity-manipulation.htm
Immunotherapeutic drugs can be broadly classified into four types: checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. However, immunotherapeutic drugs still have some problems, such as off-target side effects and poor pharmacokinetics.
Antibody drug conjugate market opportunity analysisKuicK Research
The Antibody Drug Conjugates market will definitely witness an increase in the partnership and collaborative agreements to develop these drugs. It has been observed that the process of drug development is highly correlated to basic research in Biology and Medicine. Specifically, the details about target molecules and their functions along with their involvement in pathology generally stem from basic research which is conducted in universities and public research institutes. The recent years have thus witnessed a growing relationship between the pharma companies and the academic institutions. Majority of the pharmaceutical companies across the globe have been reducing the size of their departments for basic research. Instead they have started to depend heavily on venture companies and universities, which act as the major source of knowledge.
“Antibody Drug Conjugate Market Opportunity Analysis” Report Highlights:
Global ADC Market Insight
ADC Patent Analysis
Orphan Status & ADC
Favorable Market Drivers & Key Issues to be Discussed
ADC Clinical Trial Insight by Phase & Target Indications
ADC Profiles in Report: 201
Majority of ADC in Preclinical Phase: 83
Marketed ADC Clinical Profiles
Immunotherapy is based in reactivating the patient immune system specifically against the neoplasia, tumors have immunosuppression mechanisms that allow them to control and evade the immune response.
There are different immunotherapy approaches like tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies, adoptive T cell transfer, anticancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, most of these in important clinical trials in which the effects and toxicities are still evaluated. They are also beginning tested on a combination of immunotherapies and other non-immunological therapies in order to increase the survival of patients. Immunotherapy is still a young area and it needs to reach its peak, but it will surely be a great tool to treat and cure cancer.
Antibody-drug conjugates employ the specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to achieve targeted delivery of the conjugated cytotoxic molecules to tumor cells.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/conjugate-sites-analysis.htm
As one major component of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), the antibody is the key for target specificity and serves as the cargo to deliver the cytotoxic drug (payload).
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/antibody-design-and-conjugation.htm
To retain antibody bioactivity, mild, near-physiological conditions are often used for conjugation reactions. Under these conditions, endogenous amino acids such as Lys and Cys are chemically reactive and can be used as conjugation sites.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/antibody-design-and-conjugation.htm
As one major component of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), the antibody is the key for target specificity and serves as the cargo to deliver the cytotoxic drug (payload). A payload drug can be attached to different sites on an antibody using diverse conjugation chemistry. Multiple endogenous amino acids can serve as potential conjugation sites. However, to achieve more precisely controlled site-directed conjugations and subsequently a narrower distribution of drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), special moieties with unique conjugation chemistries are engineered into antibody sequences in our antibody design services.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/antibody-design-and-conjugation.htm
CD40, also known as TNFRSF5, is a type I transmembrane protein. The molecular weight of CD40 is 48-kDa and it consists of a 193 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain, 21 aa leader sequence, 22 aa transmembrane domain, and a 62 aa intracellular domain in human (90 aa in mouse).https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/target-cd40-122.htm
CD30 (also known as TNFRSF8) was first identified as an antigen expressed on Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease in 1992.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/adc-development-services-targeting-cd30.htm
ADC preparation involves the chemical conjugation of the three components and depending on the conjugation strategy used, this process often yields complex and heterogeneous products.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/adc-biochemical-analysis.htm
While conventional cancer therapies (surgery, chemo therapy, and radiation therapy) have shown some success in the battle again cancer, they are often accompanied by complex and sometimes, severe side-effects due to the lack of target specificity. To circumvent this flaw and improve the efficacy and safety of cancer treatment, targeted cancer therapies, especially antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), have been actively exploited and they are gaining a significant amount of attention during the recent years.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/adc-antibody-screening.htm
The elegant design of an antibody-drug conjugate is designated to achieve targeted delivery of the conjugated cytotoxic agents to tumor cells and drug release upon antigen binding and internalization, thus maximizing the antitumor effects while minimizing cytotoxicity to normal tissues. The efficacy of an ADC greatly depends on the specific antigen binding activities of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) portion of the molecule.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/adc-affinity-measurement.htm
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a unique class of novel anti-tumor agents produced by the conjugation of highly cytotoxic drug payloads with tumor specific monoclonal antibodies via elaborate chemical linkers.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/adc-fc-cytotoxicity.htm
Development of 5T4-based Bispecific ADCs
A bispecific antibody can bind two different targets or two distinct epitopes on the same target. 5T4, specifically overexpressed on the cell surface of various tumors and internalized rapidly when bound to antibody, may be used as an attractive target to develop effective immunotherapy such as bispecific antibody-drug conjugate (ADC).
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/adc/development-of-5t4-based-bispecific-adcs.htm
Cancer immunotherapy is a therapy used to treat cancer patients that involves components of the immune system, commonly consisting of antibodies, vaccines, T cell infusions, and so like. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/modality.htm
✔ Registration with CTSC
✔ Preparing IND package including Cover letter, IND, 1571, 1572 form and certification form 3674.
✔ Assembling and binding volumes
✔ Submission
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/ind-publishing-and-submission.htm
For the drug development, pre-IND meeting is a critical tool to discuss the needs and challenges specific to the general product development, nonclinical testing, manufacturing information, protocol design or other regulatory questions defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 312.82). https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/pre-ind-meeting.htm
✔ Clinical overviews (eCTD Module 2.5) including literature review and references
✔ Clinical summaries (eCTD Module 2.7) including clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety
✔ Clinical study report preparation and review (eCTD Module 5)
✔ Clinical justification documents for EU, US and other emerging Regulatory markets
✔ Gap analysis for dossiers in clinical module
✔ Clinical and nonclinical document support, handling queries during HA meetings and responding to them
✔ Technical review dossiers
✔ Biowaiver support and justification document services
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/medical-writing-and-translation.htm
To gain approval for clinical testing after finalizing the pre-clinical testing of innovative new therapies, it is a key milestone for pharmaceutical companies to apply for approval of Investigational New Drug (IND) with FDA or other agencies.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/regulatory-strategy-consulting.htm
Navigating the drug development process from early stage discovery to clinical stage is complex and expensive. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/ind-regulatory-services.htm
In the United States, the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 's formal regulations on the design, monitoring, control and maintenance of manufacturing processes and facilities.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/cgmp-manufacturing.htm
Pre-clinical toxicology is a study of the toxic effects of drugs in development based on statistical and quantitative analysis. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/antibody-and-protein-toxicology.htm
Pharmacology is a key component concerned with the study of drug action in animal models which is essential and determinant to IND approval and ultimate NDA approval for a drug candidate. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/antibody-and-protein-pharmacology.htm
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
1. CREATIVE BIOLABS • RECOMBINANT ANTIBODY
45-1 Ramsey Road, Shirley, NY 11967, USA
Email: info@creative-biolabs.com 5 / 20
Figure 2 Classification and mechanism of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A: mAbs recognize tumor specific
antigen, bind to target tumor cells, then result in the direct cancer cells killing, or mediate antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity (ADCC) by immune cells, or induce complement-directed cytotoxicity (CDC). mAbs can also inhibit tumor
progression by blocking cytokines, chemokines, toxic antigens (B) or immune checkpoint signaling pathways (C).
Radioimmunoconjugates (D) and antibody-drug conjugates (E) deliver radioisotopes or potent toxic drugs to cancer cells,
respectively. F: Bispecific antibodies bind activating antigens on immune cells with one arm and cancer cells with the other
arm, and facilitate immune effector cells towards cancer cells
Targeting the cancer cell– inhibit critical molecular that tumor survival relies on
Most of the therapeutic antibodies drug for oncological applications target a wide variety of antigens
expressed on the surface of cancer cells. To make antigens more attractive as targets for mAb therapy,
some important characteristics should be considered, such as the density and consistency of expression
of the target molecule by malignant cells, limited expression of the target molecule on physiologically
vital benign cells, lack of high levels of soluble target and limited tendency of antigen-negative tumor
variants to emerge. The ideal therapeutic target for a therapeutic antibody is expressed on the surface
of target cells but entirely absent from normal tissue.
Through data from animal model and in vivo assay, three mechanisms of therapeutic antibodies are
validated: (1) induce malignant cells apoptosis by direct transmembrane signaling; (2) kill target cells by
complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC); (3) depletion of target cells by antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity (ADCC). Determining which of these mechanisms (Fig. 2) is the most important one for a
given mAb in a given clinical scenario remains a challenge.