This document provides information for EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis, including:
- Characteristic x-ray emission energies for various elements from H to Lr.
- Minimum acceleration voltages needed to detect different elements.
- Formulas for calculating generation depth and spatial resolution based on acceleration voltage and specimen properties.
- Explanations of the electron interactions that produce characteristic x-rays, continuum x-rays, and other signals used in EDS analysis.
Los polvos de fundición de cobre presentan contenidos muy variados de elementos químicos, siendo los más representativos el Cu, el Fe y el As. Dadas las características extremadamente tóxicas del As, se plantea el dilema de recuperar elementos valiosos (Cu principalmente) y precipitar y confinar el As de una manera segura.
Measurement of aerosol size distribution, PM concentration and lung depositio...Hussain Majid
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of the air, water or land that can affect health, survival or activities of humans or other organisms.
Air pollution is a serious problem in many developing countries especially for those in the process of rapid industrialization, urbanization with increasing populations.
Air pollution is a serious problem in Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar and many other cities of Pakistan, which are usually characterized with high ambient concentrations of particulate pollutants.
Regular monitoring of ambient air quality is still not systematic in Pakistan. All the available information is based on random and short-term sampling conducted to assess the concentrations of various pollutants.
Los polvos de fundición de cobre presentan contenidos muy variados de elementos químicos, siendo los más representativos el Cu, el Fe y el As. Dadas las características extremadamente tóxicas del As, se plantea el dilema de recuperar elementos valiosos (Cu principalmente) y precipitar y confinar el As de una manera segura.
Measurement of aerosol size distribution, PM concentration and lung depositio...Hussain Majid
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of the air, water or land that can affect health, survival or activities of humans or other organisms.
Air pollution is a serious problem in many developing countries especially for those in the process of rapid industrialization, urbanization with increasing populations.
Air pollution is a serious problem in Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar and many other cities of Pakistan, which are usually characterized with high ambient concentrations of particulate pollutants.
Regular monitoring of ambient air quality is still not systematic in Pakistan. All the available information is based on random and short-term sampling conducted to assess the concentrations of various pollutants.
UCSD NANO 266 Quantum Mechanical Modelling of Materials and Nanostructures is a graduate class that provides students with a highly practical introduction to the application of first principles quantum mechanical simulations to model, understand and predict the properties of materials and nano-structures. The syllabus includes: a brief introduction to quantum mechanics and the Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT) formulations; practical simulation considerations such as convergence, selection of the appropriate functional and parameters; interpretation of the results from simulations, including the limits of accuracy of each method. Several lab sessions provide students with hands-on experience in the conduct of simulations. A key aspect of the course is in the use of programming to facilitate calculations and analysis.
Arrangement of atoms can be most simply portrayed by Crystal Lattice, in which atoms are visualized as, Hard Balls located at particular locations
Space Lattice / Lattice: Periodic arrangement of points in space with respect to three dimensional network of lines
Each atom in lattice when replaced by a point is called Lattice Point, which are the intersections of above network of lines
Arrangement of such points in 3-D space is called Lattice Array and 3-D space is called Lattice Space
In this presentation, you will be familiar with VSM and Magnetic characterization of materials, especially ferromagnetic materials via their magnetic hysteresis loop.
La DRX es utilizada para identificar y cuantificar minerales y otras fases sólidas.
¿Qué es la FRX?
La FRX es utilizada para analizar la composición química de una muestra.
Suscríbase a nuestro Newsletter: http://bit.ly/1sQqOyj
SERIE DE BOWEN/GEOLOGIA GENERAL: Las series de reacción de Bowen son dos secuencias que describen el orden de cristalización de los minerales del grupo de los silicatos al ir enfriándose magmas de tipo basáltico en el interior de la Tierra. Dichas secuencias son identificables en muchos casos por las relaciones texturales que se establecen entre los minerales. El primer factor fue estudiado por Bowen, que observó que la cristalización de los minerales durante el enfriamiento de un magma sigue, en términos generales, una secuencia determinada, que se puede subdividir en dos grandes ramas: la denominada rama discontinua (minerales ferromagnesianos), y la rama continua (plagioclasas), que convergen en un tronco común, que corresponde a la cristalización de feldespato potásico y finalmente cuarzo, siempre los últimos en cristalizar.
CONVERSIONS TO USE
METRIC PREFIXES
This table uses liters (L) as the base unit, but you can use this table for ANY base unit. For example, 1 s = 1×106 µs.
OR Base Unit Prefix
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
NOTE: Two equivalence statements are written for each prefix. Either is equally correct (they are exactly the
same). Use whichever makes more sense to you.
OTHER CONVERSIONS
All of these are exact numbers except those marked with *
METRIC tt METRIC ENGLISH tt
ENGLISH
ENGLISH tt
METRIC
LENGTH 1 cm = 1×108 Å
(Å is the symbol for
angstroms)
12 in. = 1 ft.
3 ft. = 1 yd.
5280 ft. = 1 mi.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1.609 km*
MASS / WEIGHT 1000 kg = 1 metric ton 2000 lb. = 1 ton
16 oz. = 1 lb.
1 lb. = 453.6 g*
VOLUME 1 L = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1000 L = 1 m3
3 tsp. = 1 Tbsp.
16 Tbsp. = 1 cup
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gal.
8 fluid oz. = 1 cup
1 qt. = 0.9464 L*
1 fluid oz. = 29.57 mL*
1 ft3 = 28.32 L*
TEMPERATURE TK = TC + 273.15 TF = 1.8(TC) + 32
TC = (TF - 32) / 1.8
ENERGY 1 cal = 4.184 J
NOTE: The ounces that measure mass are completely different from and unrelated to the fluid
ounces that measure volume.
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
Symbol Meaning Base Unit Prefix
giga, G billion 1 L = 1×10–9 GL
mega, M million 1 L = 1×10–6 ML
kilo, k thousand 1 L = 0.001 kL
deci, d tenth 1 L = 10 dL
centi, c hundredth 1 L = 100 cL
milli, m thousandth 1 L = 1000 mL
micro, µ millionth 1 L = 1×106 µL
nano, n billionth 1 L = 1×109 nL
pico, p trillionth 1 L = 1×1012 pL
1×109 L = 1 GL
1×106 L = 1 ML
1000 L = 1 kL
0.1 L = 1 dL
0.01 L = 1 cL
0.001 L = 1 mL
1×10–6 L = 1 µL
1×10–9 L = 1 nL
1×10–12 L = 1 pL
SOME CONSTANTS AND EQUATIONS
density =
mass
volume
mass % element in a compound = g element
g compound
⨯ 100
c = speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s
Ephoton = h Planck’s constant = 6.626x10–34 J´s
E = hc
λ
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022x1023
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ELECTRONEGATIVITIES FOR SOME OF THE ELEMENTS
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Be
1.5
B
2.0
C
2.5
N
3.0
O
3.5
F
4.0
Na
0.9
Mg
1.2
Al
1.5
Si
1.8
P
2.1
S
2.5
Cl
3.0
K
0.8
Ca
1.0
Sc
1.3
Ti
1.5
V
1.6
Cr
1.6
Mn
1.5
Fe
1.8
Co
1.9
Ni
1.9
Cu
1.9
Zn
1.6
Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
As
2.0
Se
2.4
Br
2.8
Rb
0.8
Sr
1.0
Y
1.2
Zr
1.4
Nb
1.6
Mo
1.8
Tc
1.9
Ru
2.2
Rh
2.2
Pd
2.2
Ag
1.9
Cd
1.7
In
1.7
Sn
1.8
Sb
1.9
Te
2.1
I
2.5
Cs
0.7
Ba
0.9
La
1.0
Hf
1.3
Ta
1.5
W
1.7
Re
1.9
Os
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
Au
2.4
Hg
1.9
Tl
1.8
Pb
1.9
Bi
1.9
Po
2.0
At
2.2
Hp
0.7
Hm
0.8
Ws
1.0
Ss
1.2
Lp
1.3
Bl
1.5
Ad
1.7
Nv
1.9
Le
2.0
Mc
2.1
Rs
2.3
Gh
1.8
An
1.8
Fd
1.9
Sw
1.9
Gm
2.0
Gf
2.1
DO NOT WRITE ...
UCSD NANO 266 Quantum Mechanical Modelling of Materials and Nanostructures is a graduate class that provides students with a highly practical introduction to the application of first principles quantum mechanical simulations to model, understand and predict the properties of materials and nano-structures. The syllabus includes: a brief introduction to quantum mechanics and the Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT) formulations; practical simulation considerations such as convergence, selection of the appropriate functional and parameters; interpretation of the results from simulations, including the limits of accuracy of each method. Several lab sessions provide students with hands-on experience in the conduct of simulations. A key aspect of the course is in the use of programming to facilitate calculations and analysis.
Arrangement of atoms can be most simply portrayed by Crystal Lattice, in which atoms are visualized as, Hard Balls located at particular locations
Space Lattice / Lattice: Periodic arrangement of points in space with respect to three dimensional network of lines
Each atom in lattice when replaced by a point is called Lattice Point, which are the intersections of above network of lines
Arrangement of such points in 3-D space is called Lattice Array and 3-D space is called Lattice Space
In this presentation, you will be familiar with VSM and Magnetic characterization of materials, especially ferromagnetic materials via their magnetic hysteresis loop.
La DRX es utilizada para identificar y cuantificar minerales y otras fases sólidas.
¿Qué es la FRX?
La FRX es utilizada para analizar la composición química de una muestra.
Suscríbase a nuestro Newsletter: http://bit.ly/1sQqOyj
SERIE DE BOWEN/GEOLOGIA GENERAL: Las series de reacción de Bowen son dos secuencias que describen el orden de cristalización de los minerales del grupo de los silicatos al ir enfriándose magmas de tipo basáltico en el interior de la Tierra. Dichas secuencias son identificables en muchos casos por las relaciones texturales que se establecen entre los minerales. El primer factor fue estudiado por Bowen, que observó que la cristalización de los minerales durante el enfriamiento de un magma sigue, en términos generales, una secuencia determinada, que se puede subdividir en dos grandes ramas: la denominada rama discontinua (minerales ferromagnesianos), y la rama continua (plagioclasas), que convergen en un tronco común, que corresponde a la cristalización de feldespato potásico y finalmente cuarzo, siempre los últimos en cristalizar.
CONVERSIONS TO USE
METRIC PREFIXES
This table uses liters (L) as the base unit, but you can use this table for ANY base unit. For example, 1 s = 1×106 µs.
OR Base Unit Prefix
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
NOTE: Two equivalence statements are written for each prefix. Either is equally correct (they are exactly the
same). Use whichever makes more sense to you.
OTHER CONVERSIONS
All of these are exact numbers except those marked with *
METRIC tt METRIC ENGLISH tt
ENGLISH
ENGLISH tt
METRIC
LENGTH 1 cm = 1×108 Å
(Å is the symbol for
angstroms)
12 in. = 1 ft.
3 ft. = 1 yd.
5280 ft. = 1 mi.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1.609 km*
MASS / WEIGHT 1000 kg = 1 metric ton 2000 lb. = 1 ton
16 oz. = 1 lb.
1 lb. = 453.6 g*
VOLUME 1 L = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1000 L = 1 m3
3 tsp. = 1 Tbsp.
16 Tbsp. = 1 cup
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gal.
8 fluid oz. = 1 cup
1 qt. = 0.9464 L*
1 fluid oz. = 29.57 mL*
1 ft3 = 28.32 L*
TEMPERATURE TK = TC + 273.15 TF = 1.8(TC) + 32
TC = (TF - 32) / 1.8
ENERGY 1 cal = 4.184 J
NOTE: The ounces that measure mass are completely different from and unrelated to the fluid
ounces that measure volume.
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
Symbol Meaning Base Unit Prefix
giga, G billion 1 L = 1×10–9 GL
mega, M million 1 L = 1×10–6 ML
kilo, k thousand 1 L = 0.001 kL
deci, d tenth 1 L = 10 dL
centi, c hundredth 1 L = 100 cL
milli, m thousandth 1 L = 1000 mL
micro, µ millionth 1 L = 1×106 µL
nano, n billionth 1 L = 1×109 nL
pico, p trillionth 1 L = 1×1012 pL
1×109 L = 1 GL
1×106 L = 1 ML
1000 L = 1 kL
0.1 L = 1 dL
0.01 L = 1 cL
0.001 L = 1 mL
1×10–6 L = 1 µL
1×10–9 L = 1 nL
1×10–12 L = 1 pL
SOME CONSTANTS AND EQUATIONS
density =
mass
volume
mass % element in a compound = g element
g compound
⨯ 100
c = speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s
Ephoton = h Planck’s constant = 6.626x10–34 J´s
E = hc
λ
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022x1023
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ELECTRONEGATIVITIES FOR SOME OF THE ELEMENTS
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Be
1.5
B
2.0
C
2.5
N
3.0
O
3.5
F
4.0
Na
0.9
Mg
1.2
Al
1.5
Si
1.8
P
2.1
S
2.5
Cl
3.0
K
0.8
Ca
1.0
Sc
1.3
Ti
1.5
V
1.6
Cr
1.6
Mn
1.5
Fe
1.8
Co
1.9
Ni
1.9
Cu
1.9
Zn
1.6
Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
As
2.0
Se
2.4
Br
2.8
Rb
0.8
Sr
1.0
Y
1.2
Zr
1.4
Nb
1.6
Mo
1.8
Tc
1.9
Ru
2.2
Rh
2.2
Pd
2.2
Ag
1.9
Cd
1.7
In
1.7
Sn
1.8
Sb
1.9
Te
2.1
I
2.5
Cs
0.7
Ba
0.9
La
1.0
Hf
1.3
Ta
1.5
W
1.7
Re
1.9
Os
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
Au
2.4
Hg
1.9
Tl
1.8
Pb
1.9
Bi
1.9
Po
2.0
At
2.2
Hp
0.7
Hm
0.8
Ws
1.0
Ss
1.2
Lp
1.3
Bl
1.5
Ad
1.7
Nv
1.9
Le
2.0
Mc
2.1
Rs
2.3
Gh
1.8
An
1.8
Fd
1.9
Sw
1.9
Gm
2.0
Gf
2.1
DO NOT WRITE ...
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
1. E0 : Accelerating voltage (kV)
EC: Minimum emission voltage (keV)
A : Atomic mass
ρ : Density (kg/m3)
Z : Atomic number
http://www.jeol.com/
http://www.jeol.com/
0.05 0.1
0.01 0.5 1 5 10 50 100
0.5 1 5 10 20
5 10 20 50
1
WOOD
PLASTICS
RUBBER
Si Al Fe
CERAMICS
GLASS
ROCK
Ti Ge
Cu
Ag
Pb
Au
Nucleus
hv = E1
hv = E2
hv = E3
hv = E4
E0 - E4
E0 - E3
E0 - E2
E0 - E1
E0
E0
E0
E0
The colors mean to detect the characteristic
X-ray of the lowest energy for each element.
Note: Density
* ‘C’ as (graphite), ‘P’ as (white),
‘S’ as (alpha), ‘Sn’ as (white)
Energy table for EDS analysis
H
1
1.01
0.08
Hydrogen
He
2
4.00
0.19
Helium
Li
3
6.94
0.53
Lithium
Np
93
237.05
Neptunium
Pu
94
(244)
Plutonium
Am
95
(243)
Americium
Cm
96
(247)
Curium
Bk
97
(247)
Berkelium
Cf
98
(251)
Californium
Es
99
(254)
Einsteinium
Fm
100
(257)
Fermium
Md
101
(258)
Mendelevium
No
102
(255)
Nobelium
Lr
103
(262)
Lawrencium
89-103
Actinoid
Minimum accelerating voltage
57-71
Lanthanoid
Unable
to
detect
Unable
to
detect
10kV
or higher
10kV
or higher
15kV
or higher
15kV
or higher
5kV
or higher
5kV
or higher
Au
79
196.97
18.88
Gold
Lα 9.712
M 2.120
Name
Symbol
Characteristic
X-ray （keV)
Number
Atomic mass
Density
(kg/m3
)
Characteristic X-rays Continuum X-rays
Information from specimen Generation depth and space resolution
Nucleus
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
O shell
α1 α2 β1
α1 α2 β1 β2 γ1 γ3
α1 β γ ζ
KⅠ
LⅠ
LⅡ
LⅢ
MⅠ
MⅢ
MⅤ
NⅠ
NⅣ
NⅦ
：
：
・
・
M
L
K
Analytical area
Castaing’s formula
Absorbed electrons
Auger electrons
Backscattered electrons
Secondary electrons
Specimen
Transmitted electrons
Cathodoluminescence
Electron probe
Electromotive force
X-rays
Secondary electrons
Incident electrons
Backscattered electrons
Characteristic X-rays
Auger electrons
Continuum X-rays
Fluorescent X-rays
Characteristic
X-rays
Secondary Electron
Incident Electron
Electron
Electron transmissions of major lines
Continuum X-rays
Analytical area of iron in 20kV ≒ 1.5 – 0.2 = 1.3 (μm)
Re
75
186.21
20.53
Rhenium
Lα 8.651
M 1.842
Os
76
190.2
22.5
Osmium
Lα 8.910
M 1.914
Eu
63
151.96
5.25
Europium
Lα 5.845
M 1.131
Gd
64
157.25
7.90
Gadolinium
Lα 6.056
M 1.185
Sm
62
150.4
7.54
Samarium
Lα 5.635
M 1.081
Pm
61
(145)
Prometium
Lα 5.432
U
92
238.03
18.7
Uranium
Lα 13.612
M 3.164
Pa
91
231.04
Protactinium
Lα 13.288
M 3.077
Th
90
232.04
11.00
Thorium
Lα 12.967
M 2.991
Ac
89
(227)
10.07
Actinium
Lα 12.650
Nd
60
144.24
7.02
Neodymium
Lα 5.229
M 0.978
Pr
59
140.91
6.77
Praseodymium
Lα 5.033
M 0.929
58 Ce
58
140.12
6.66
Cerium
Lα 4.839
M 0.883
La
57
138.91
6.17
Lanthanum
Lα 4.650
M 0.833
Tb
65
158.93
8.25
Terbium
Lα 6.272
M 1.240
Dy
66
162.50
8.56
Dysprosium
Lα 6.494
M 1.293
Ho
67
164.93
8.80
Holmium
Lα 6.719
M 1.347
Er
68
167.26
9.06
Erbium
Lα 6.947
M 1.405
Tm
69
168.93
9.32
Thulium
Lα 7.179
M 1.462
Yb
70
173.04
6.96
Ytterbium
Lα 7.414
M 1.521
Lu
71
174.97
9.84
Lutetium
Lα 7.654
M 1.581
Ra
88
226.03
5
Radium
Lα 12.340
Fr
87
(223)
Francium
Lα 12.029
Rn
86
(222)
Radon
Lα 11.725
Po
84
(209)
Polonium
Lα 11.129
At
85
(210)
Astatine
Lα 11.425
Ir
77
192.22
22.42
Iridium
Lα 9.174
M 1.977
Pt
78
195.09
21.37
Platinum
Lα 9.441
M 2.048
Hf
72
178.49
13.3
Hafnium
Lα 7.898
M 1.644
Au
79
196.97
18.88
Gold
Lα 9.712
M 2.120
Hg
80
200.59
14.19
Mercury
Lα 9.987
M 2.195
Tl
81
204.37
11.86
Thallium
Lα 10.267
M 2.267
Pb
82
207.2
11.34
Lead
Lα 10.550
M 2.342
Bi
83
208.98
9.78
Bismuth
Lα 10.837
M 2.419
Ta
73
180.95
16.6
Tantalum
Lα 8.145
M 1.709
W
74
183.85
19.3
Tungsten
Lα 8.396
M 1.774
Ba
56
137.34
3.5
Barium
Lα 4.465
M 0.972
Cs
55
132.91
1.87
Cesium
Lα 4.286
Xe
54
131.30
Xenon
Lα 4.109
Ar
18
39.95
1.65
Argon
Kα 2.957
Te
52
127.60
6.25
Tellurium
Lα 3.769
M 0.778
I
53
126.90
4.94
Iodine
Lα 3.937
Sb
51
121.75
6.62
Antimony
Lα 3.604
M 0.733
Sn
50
118.69
7.30 *
Tin
Lα 3.443
M 0.691
In
49
114.82
7.28
Indium
Lα 3.286
M 0.368
Rh
45
102.91
12.44
Rhodium
Lα 2.696
Cd
48
112.40
8.65
Cadmium
Lα 3.133
Ag
47
107.87
10.49
Silver
Lα 2.984
Pd
46
106.4
12.16
Palladium
Lα 2.838
Kr
36
83.80
3.4
Krypton
Kα 12.631
Lα 1.586
Ru
44
101.07
12.1
Ruthenium
Kα 19.233
Lα 2.558
Tc
43
( 97)
Technetium
Kα 18.325
Lα 2.424
Mo
42
95.94
9.01
Molybdenum
Kα 17.441
Lα 2.293
Nb
41
92.91
8.4
Niobium
Kα 16.581
Lα 2.166
Zr
40
91.22
6.44
Zirconium
Kα 15.744
Lα 2.042
Y
39
88.91
4.48
Yttrium
Kα 14.931
Lα 1.922
Sr
38
87.62
2.60
Strontium
Kα 14.140
Lα 1.806
Rb
37
85.47
1.53
Rubidium
Kα 13.373
Lα 1.694
Zn
30
65.38
6.92
Zinc
Kα 8.630
Lα 1.012
Ga
31
69.72
5.93
Gallium
Kα 9.241
Lα 1.098
Ge
32
72.59
5.46
Germanium
Kα 9.874
Lα 1.188
As
33
74.92
5.73
Arsenic
Kα 10.530
Lα 1.282
Se
34
78.96
4.82
Selenium
Kα 11.207
Lα 1.379
Br
35
79.90
4.2
Bromine
Kα 11.907
Lα 1.480
Cu
29
63.55
8.93
Copper
Kα 8.040
Lα 0.930
Ni
28
58.70
8.8
Nickel
Kα 7.471
Lα 0.851
Co
27
58.93
8.71
Cobalt
Kα 6.924
Lα 0.776
Fe
26
55.85
7.86
Iron
Kα 6.398
Lα 0.705
Mn
25
54.94
7.3
Manganese
Kα 5.894
Lα 0.637
Cr
24
52.00
7.14
Chromium
Kα 5.411
Lα 0.573
V
23
50.94
5.87
Vanadium
Kα 4.949
Lα 0.511
Ti
22
47.90
4.5
Titanium
Kα 4.508
Lα 0.452
Sc
21
44.96
2.99
Scandium
Kα 4.088
Lα 0.395
Ca
20
40.08
1.55
Calcium
Kα 3.690
K
19
39.10
0.87
Potassium
Kα 3.312
Na
11
22.99
0.97
Sodium
Kα 1.041
Mg
12
24.31
1.74
Magnesium
Kα 1.253
Be
4
9.01
1.85
Beryllium
Kα 0.110
B
5
10.81
2.54
Boron
Kα 0.183
C
6
12.01
2.25 *
Carbon
Kα 0.277
N
7
14.01
1.14
Nitrogen
Kα 0.392
O
8
16.00
1.57
Oxygen
Kα 0.525
F
9
19.00
1.5
Fluorine
Kα 0.677
Ne
10
20.18
1.20
Neon
Kα 0.848
Al
13
26.98
2.70
Aluminium
Kα 1.486
Si
14
28.09
2.42
Silicon
Kα 1.739
P
15
30.97
1.83 *
Phosphorus
Kα 2.013
S
16
32.06
2.07 *
Sulphur
Kα 2.307
Cl
17
35.45
2.2
Chlorine
Kα 2.621
zm = 0.033 (E0
1.7
- EC
1.7
)
A
ρZ
E0
zm (μm)
(kV)
(μm)
(kg/m3
)
E0
EC
ISO 9001 Certificated
ISO 14001Certificated
High technology for quality assurance and the environment
The electrons generated by the electron gun
are accelerated and irradiate the sample. The
electron has a kinetic energy proportional to
the accelerating voltage. The kinetic energy
dissipated within the sample generates
characteristic signals from the specimen. The
characteristic X-rays are the information
used for EDS analysis.
If the incident electrons have sufficient acceleration
and then have enough energy to strike an electron
from the inner shell of the atom, it'll make an
electron hole. An electron from the outer shell will
fill up the hole and then, some characteristic X-rays
will be emitted. The characteristic X-rays have
different energy for each element, and the intensity
will be proportional to the element concentration.
The continuum X-rays are emitted
when the primary electrons are
decelerated by the strong electric field
existing close to atomic nucleus. The
continuum X-rays have the energy of
the kinetic energy lost during the
deceleration. It will be observed as
EDS spectrum background.
Lα 13.942
M 3.260
Lα 14.276
M 3.348
Lα 14.615
M 3.437
Lα 14.953
M 3.539
Lα 15.304
M 3.634
Lα 15.652
M 3.731
JEC6101C602A Printed in Japan, Ks
