This document contains tables listing:
1) The elements, their atomic numbers and molar masses.
2) Common units used to measure mass, volume, energy, length, force, pressure and temperature along with conversion factors between units.
3) Standard reduction potentials for various half-reactions involving reduction of elements and compounds.
CONVERSIONS TO USE
METRIC PREFIXES
This table uses liters (L) as the base unit, but you can use this table for ANY base unit. For example, 1 s = 1×106 µs.
OR Base Unit Prefix
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
NOTE: Two equivalence statements are written for each prefix. Either is equally correct (they are exactly the
same). Use whichever makes more sense to you.
OTHER CONVERSIONS
All of these are exact numbers except those marked with *
METRIC tt METRIC ENGLISH tt
ENGLISH
ENGLISH tt
METRIC
LENGTH 1 cm = 1×108 Å
(Å is the symbol for
angstroms)
12 in. = 1 ft.
3 ft. = 1 yd.
5280 ft. = 1 mi.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1.609 km*
MASS / WEIGHT 1000 kg = 1 metric ton 2000 lb. = 1 ton
16 oz. = 1 lb.
1 lb. = 453.6 g*
VOLUME 1 L = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1000 L = 1 m3
3 tsp. = 1 Tbsp.
16 Tbsp. = 1 cup
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gal.
8 fluid oz. = 1 cup
1 qt. = 0.9464 L*
1 fluid oz. = 29.57 mL*
1 ft3 = 28.32 L*
TEMPERATURE TK = TC + 273.15 TF = 1.8(TC) + 32
TC = (TF - 32) / 1.8
ENERGY 1 cal = 4.184 J
NOTE: The ounces that measure mass are completely different from and unrelated to the fluid
ounces that measure volume.
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
Symbol Meaning Base Unit Prefix
giga, G billion 1 L = 1×10–9 GL
mega, M million 1 L = 1×10–6 ML
kilo, k thousand 1 L = 0.001 kL
deci, d tenth 1 L = 10 dL
centi, c hundredth 1 L = 100 cL
milli, m thousandth 1 L = 1000 mL
micro, µ millionth 1 L = 1×106 µL
nano, n billionth 1 L = 1×109 nL
pico, p trillionth 1 L = 1×1012 pL
1×109 L = 1 GL
1×106 L = 1 ML
1000 L = 1 kL
0.1 L = 1 dL
0.01 L = 1 cL
0.001 L = 1 mL
1×10–6 L = 1 µL
1×10–9 L = 1 nL
1×10–12 L = 1 pL
SOME CONSTANTS AND EQUATIONS
density =
mass
volume
mass % element in a compound = g element
g compound
⨯ 100
c = speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s
Ephoton = h Planck’s constant = 6.626x10–34 J´s
E = hc
λ
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022x1023
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ELECTRONEGATIVITIES FOR SOME OF THE ELEMENTS
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Be
1.5
B
2.0
C
2.5
N
3.0
O
3.5
F
4.0
Na
0.9
Mg
1.2
Al
1.5
Si
1.8
P
2.1
S
2.5
Cl
3.0
K
0.8
Ca
1.0
Sc
1.3
Ti
1.5
V
1.6
Cr
1.6
Mn
1.5
Fe
1.8
Co
1.9
Ni
1.9
Cu
1.9
Zn
1.6
Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
As
2.0
Se
2.4
Br
2.8
Rb
0.8
Sr
1.0
Y
1.2
Zr
1.4
Nb
1.6
Mo
1.8
Tc
1.9
Ru
2.2
Rh
2.2
Pd
2.2
Ag
1.9
Cd
1.7
In
1.7
Sn
1.8
Sb
1.9
Te
2.1
I
2.5
Cs
0.7
Ba
0.9
La
1.0
Hf
1.3
Ta
1.5
W
1.7
Re
1.9
Os
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
Au
2.4
Hg
1.9
Tl
1.8
Pb
1.9
Bi
1.9
Po
2.0
At
2.2
Hp
0.7
Hm
0.8
Ws
1.0
Ss
1.2
Lp
1.3
Bl
1.5
Ad
1.7
Nv
1.9
Le
2.0
Mc
2.1
Rs
2.3
Gh
1.8
An
1.8
Fd
1.9
Sw
1.9
Gm
2.0
Gf
2.1
DO NOT WRITE ...
The document discusses three tables that are part of an electrochemical series. Table 1 lists standard reduction potentials alphabetically by element symbol. Table 2 lists reactions with positive potentials relative to the hydrogen electrode, in order of increasing potential. Table 3 lists reactions with negative potentials relative to the hydrogen electrode, in order of decreasing potential. The document notes that the reliability of the potentials varies and some values may be revised occasionally.
The document discusses three tables that provide standard reduction potentials (E° values) for various electrochemical reactions. Table 1 lists elements alphabetically by symbol. Table 2 lists reactions with positive E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of increasing potential. Table 3 lists reactions with negative E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of decreasing potential. The document notes some reactions have more reliable E° values than others based on number of significant figures.
This document contains tables of chemical data relevant to the Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus in Chemistry. It includes tables with important physical constants, ionization energies of elements, bond energies, standard electrode potentials, atomic and ionic radii, and other reference data. The tables provide numerical data on topics like elemental properties, redox potentials, spectroscopic data, and more. This document serves as a compilation of reference material for students in an organized and easy-to-access manner.
Reactive Transport in Columns (OXIRED 2)GeoHydChem
Reactive transport modeling of column tests. Deliverable D3.4 in OXIRED2 project 2010/2011. The column tests were performed at TU Berlin with sand from Tegel-See.
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry and sustainability. It discusses the basic principles of green chemistry, which include designing chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. The document also covers some fundamental chemistry concepts like the periodic table, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions to provide context for green chemistry principles. It aims to explain green chemistry and sustainability concepts for those without an extensive chemistry background. The document appears to be the beginning of a book or textbook on green chemistry.
This document contains a chemistry test with 5 questions. Question 1 involves calculations about densities and masses of gold and sand. Question 2 involves solving math problems with significant figures. Question 3 asks about Michael Phelps' swimming speed in different units. Question 4 calculates the atomic weight of a gold sample with multiple isotopes. Question 5 completes a chart with information about atoms including protons, electrons, neutrons, and atomic weight.
The document contains 5 water quality problems involving the calculation of ion concentrations, total hardness, carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, and alkalinity based on given cation and anion concentrations. For each problem, the assistant provides the relevant calculations in a table and draws an ion concentration bar graph to summarize the results. The problems involve common calculations in water treatment to determine appropriate doses of lime and soda ash needed to soften water.
CONVERSIONS TO USE
METRIC PREFIXES
This table uses liters (L) as the base unit, but you can use this table for ANY base unit. For example, 1 s = 1×106 µs.
OR Base Unit Prefix
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
NOTE: Two equivalence statements are written for each prefix. Either is equally correct (they are exactly the
same). Use whichever makes more sense to you.
OTHER CONVERSIONS
All of these are exact numbers except those marked with *
METRIC tt METRIC ENGLISH tt
ENGLISH
ENGLISH tt
METRIC
LENGTH 1 cm = 1×108 Å
(Å is the symbol for
angstroms)
12 in. = 1 ft.
3 ft. = 1 yd.
5280 ft. = 1 mi.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1.609 km*
MASS / WEIGHT 1000 kg = 1 metric ton 2000 lb. = 1 ton
16 oz. = 1 lb.
1 lb. = 453.6 g*
VOLUME 1 L = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1000 L = 1 m3
3 tsp. = 1 Tbsp.
16 Tbsp. = 1 cup
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gal.
8 fluid oz. = 1 cup
1 qt. = 0.9464 L*
1 fluid oz. = 29.57 mL*
1 ft3 = 28.32 L*
TEMPERATURE TK = TC + 273.15 TF = 1.8(TC) + 32
TC = (TF - 32) / 1.8
ENERGY 1 cal = 4.184 J
NOTE: The ounces that measure mass are completely different from and unrelated to the fluid
ounces that measure volume.
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
Symbol Meaning Base Unit Prefix
giga, G billion 1 L = 1×10–9 GL
mega, M million 1 L = 1×10–6 ML
kilo, k thousand 1 L = 0.001 kL
deci, d tenth 1 L = 10 dL
centi, c hundredth 1 L = 100 cL
milli, m thousandth 1 L = 1000 mL
micro, µ millionth 1 L = 1×106 µL
nano, n billionth 1 L = 1×109 nL
pico, p trillionth 1 L = 1×1012 pL
1×109 L = 1 GL
1×106 L = 1 ML
1000 L = 1 kL
0.1 L = 1 dL
0.01 L = 1 cL
0.001 L = 1 mL
1×10–6 L = 1 µL
1×10–9 L = 1 nL
1×10–12 L = 1 pL
SOME CONSTANTS AND EQUATIONS
density =
mass
volume
mass % element in a compound = g element
g compound
⨯ 100
c = speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s
Ephoton = h Planck’s constant = 6.626x10–34 J´s
E = hc
λ
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022x1023
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ELECTRONEGATIVITIES FOR SOME OF THE ELEMENTS
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Be
1.5
B
2.0
C
2.5
N
3.0
O
3.5
F
4.0
Na
0.9
Mg
1.2
Al
1.5
Si
1.8
P
2.1
S
2.5
Cl
3.0
K
0.8
Ca
1.0
Sc
1.3
Ti
1.5
V
1.6
Cr
1.6
Mn
1.5
Fe
1.8
Co
1.9
Ni
1.9
Cu
1.9
Zn
1.6
Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
As
2.0
Se
2.4
Br
2.8
Rb
0.8
Sr
1.0
Y
1.2
Zr
1.4
Nb
1.6
Mo
1.8
Tc
1.9
Ru
2.2
Rh
2.2
Pd
2.2
Ag
1.9
Cd
1.7
In
1.7
Sn
1.8
Sb
1.9
Te
2.1
I
2.5
Cs
0.7
Ba
0.9
La
1.0
Hf
1.3
Ta
1.5
W
1.7
Re
1.9
Os
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
Au
2.4
Hg
1.9
Tl
1.8
Pb
1.9
Bi
1.9
Po
2.0
At
2.2
Hp
0.7
Hm
0.8
Ws
1.0
Ss
1.2
Lp
1.3
Bl
1.5
Ad
1.7
Nv
1.9
Le
2.0
Mc
2.1
Rs
2.3
Gh
1.8
An
1.8
Fd
1.9
Sw
1.9
Gm
2.0
Gf
2.1
DO NOT WRITE ...
The document discusses three tables that are part of an electrochemical series. Table 1 lists standard reduction potentials alphabetically by element symbol. Table 2 lists reactions with positive potentials relative to the hydrogen electrode, in order of increasing potential. Table 3 lists reactions with negative potentials relative to the hydrogen electrode, in order of decreasing potential. The document notes that the reliability of the potentials varies and some values may be revised occasionally.
The document discusses three tables that provide standard reduction potentials (E° values) for various electrochemical reactions. Table 1 lists elements alphabetically by symbol. Table 2 lists reactions with positive E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of increasing potential. Table 3 lists reactions with negative E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of decreasing potential. The document notes some reactions have more reliable E° values than others based on number of significant figures.
This document contains tables of chemical data relevant to the Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus in Chemistry. It includes tables with important physical constants, ionization energies of elements, bond energies, standard electrode potentials, atomic and ionic radii, and other reference data. The tables provide numerical data on topics like elemental properties, redox potentials, spectroscopic data, and more. This document serves as a compilation of reference material for students in an organized and easy-to-access manner.
Reactive Transport in Columns (OXIRED 2)GeoHydChem
Reactive transport modeling of column tests. Deliverable D3.4 in OXIRED2 project 2010/2011. The column tests were performed at TU Berlin with sand from Tegel-See.
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry and sustainability. It discusses the basic principles of green chemistry, which include designing chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. The document also covers some fundamental chemistry concepts like the periodic table, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions to provide context for green chemistry principles. It aims to explain green chemistry and sustainability concepts for those without an extensive chemistry background. The document appears to be the beginning of a book or textbook on green chemistry.
This document contains a chemistry test with 5 questions. Question 1 involves calculations about densities and masses of gold and sand. Question 2 involves solving math problems with significant figures. Question 3 asks about Michael Phelps' swimming speed in different units. Question 4 calculates the atomic weight of a gold sample with multiple isotopes. Question 5 completes a chart with information about atoms including protons, electrons, neutrons, and atomic weight.
The document contains 5 water quality problems involving the calculation of ion concentrations, total hardness, carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, and alkalinity based on given cation and anion concentrations. For each problem, the assistant provides the relevant calculations in a table and draws an ion concentration bar graph to summarize the results. The problems involve common calculations in water treatment to determine appropriate doses of lime and soda ash needed to soften water.
This document contains a chemistry review with multiple sections on: 1) temperature conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales, 2) identifying measurements as relating to length, mass, temperature, or time, 3) performing calculations with significant figures, 4) unit conversions, 5) density and volume calculations, 6) identifying atomic structure and properties of elements, 7) naming common ions and compounds. The review covers a wide range of general chemistry concepts and calculations.
This document provides information on calculating oxidation numbers and discusses redox reactions. It contains:
1) Five rules for determining oxidation numbers of elements in compounds and ions. These rules state that oxidation numbers of elements in their elemental forms are zero, ions take the charge of the ion, oxygen is -2 except in peroxides, hydrogen is +1 except in hydrides, and the sum of oxidation numbers equals the net charge.
2) Examples of using the rules to calculate oxidation numbers in various compounds and ions, including transition metal compounds that use Roman numerals.
3) A statement that oxidation is an increase in oxidation number and reduction is a decrease in oxidation number during a redox reaction.
This document discusses three tables that are part of an electrochemical series. Table 1 provides an alphabetical list of reduction reactions and their standard reduction potentials (E° values) in volts. Table 2 lists reactions that have positive E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of increasing potential. Table 3 lists reactions with negative E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of decreasing potential. The document notes that the reliability of the E° values varies and is sometimes subject to revision.
This document provides information on:
1) The solubility of various ionic compounds in water at standard temperature and pressure (SATP), categorizing them as having high solubility (≥0.1 mol/L) or low solubility (<0.1 mol/L).
2) Bond energies in kJ/mol for various bonds at SATP.
3) Specific heat capacities in J/(g∙°C) for various substances at SATP.
4) Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH°f), standard entropy (S°), and standard Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔG°f) in kJ/mol for various inorganic and organic substances at
This document provides thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpy (AH), Gibbs free energy (AG), and entropy (S°) for various substances at 298.15 K (25°C). It includes data for elements like aluminum, carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, bromine, calcium, chlorine, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, lithium, and sodium, as well as compounds including carbonates, chlorides, oxides, sulfates, and more. The values are given in units of kJ/mol, kJ/mol, and J/mol-K respectively for each substance.
This document discusses oxidation and reduction reactions. It begins by defining oxidation as a reaction where substances combine with oxygen and reduction as a reaction where a substance "gave up" oxygen. It then explains that oxidation and reduction actually refer to the gain or loss of electrons in a chemical reaction, regardless of whether oxygen is present. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons. Redox reactions always involve both oxidation and reduction occurring together through the transfer of electrons. The document provides examples of how to identify the oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and what is being oxidized and reduced in redox reactions. It also discusses how to balance redox reactions through half-reactions and the role of acid and
Find the answers to any of your questions with answerl.comanswerl
This document provides concise answers to questions from exercises in a chemistry textbook. It is organized by unit and question number. The answers range from single values or equations to short phrases and are focused on providing the key information asked for in the questions without additional context or explanation.
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
This document discusses various laxatives and cathartics including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and implications for use. It describes bulk forming, emollient, hyperosmotic, saline, and stimulant laxatives. Specific laxatives covered include magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, kaolin, bentonite, and their properties and uses. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients' symptoms and fluid/electrolyte status when using laxatives due to potential side effects like dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and dependency issues with long term use.
Anatomy of The Heart , valves and chambers etc.pdfSatyam
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the heart including its shape, chambers, surfaces, orifices, innervation and conduction system. It describes the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve and aortic valve. The summary also lists 10 multiple choice questions with answers about the heart's anatomy.
This document discusses various haematinics including iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. It provides information on their dietary sources, daily requirements, absorption, transport, storage, and roles in treating anaemia. Iron is mainly stored in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are important for cellular growth and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Deficiencies can result from inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased demands, or impaired release/circulation. Oral supplements are usually sufficient but injections may be needed for malabsorption.
DOSAGE forms of many pharmaceutical preparationsSatyam
This document discusses dosage forms, which are formulations designed to deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients to patients. It defines dosage forms as combinations of active drugs and excipients formulated to aid drug delivery. The document then classifies common dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, mixtures, and suppositories, providing examples and noting key properties like how they are administered and their advantages.
The document discusses pharmaceutical powders, including their advantages and disadvantages as a dosage form. It defines powders as intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and chemicals that can be used internally or externally. The document outlines different types of powders like bulk powders, simple powders, compound powders, and effervescent granules. It also describes methods of preparing powders, including particle size reduction, homogeneous mixing, packaging, and addressing special issues like volatile, hygroscopic, or efflorescent ingredients. Quality control testing of powders is also summarized.
Biological classification systems etc ad biodiversitySatyam
The document discusses the history of biological classification systems. It describes Carolus Linnaeus' original two-kingdom system of Plantae and Animalia, followed by Ernst Haeckel's addition of Protista to create a three-kingdom system. Herbert Copeland later established the kingdom Monera to create the four-kingdom system. Finally, Robert Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom system in 1969, adding the kingdom Fungi and distinguishing the kingdoms based on cell structure, nutrition, and other traits.
Cathartics are drugs used to relieve constipation by stimulating bowel movements. They include mild laxatives that soften stool and strong purgatives that cause complete bowel evacuation. Constipation can be caused by factors like weak intestines, diet, drugs, or ignoring the urge to defecate. Cathartics work by irritation, increasing stool bulk, lubrication, or drawing water into the intestines. Common cathartics discussed include magnesium sulfate, sodium phosphate, kaolin, and bentonite.
This document provides information on various pharmaceutical compounds including expectorants, emetics, haematinics, astringents, and antidotes. It discusses expectorants that help remove sputum by increasing fluidity or volume of respiratory tract fluids. Emetics induce vomiting to expel toxic substances in poisoning cases. Haematinics like iron, B12 and folate increase blood hemoglobin. Astringents cause tissue contraction and dry secretions. Antidotes counteract poisons through opposite effects, preventing absorption, or chemical alteration. Examples and uses are given for each type of compound.
This document discusses buffers and buffered solutions. It begins by defining buffers as compounds that resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or alkali. It then discusses the components and properties of common buffer systems using weak acids and their conjugate bases or weak bases and their conjugate acids. Specific examples are provided of acetate and phosphate buffers. The key concepts of buffer capacity, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and factors that influence buffer capacity are explained. The importance of buffers in biological and pharmaceutical systems is highlighted. Methods for preparing buffered solutions and considerations for isotonicity are also covered.
This document contains a chemistry review with multiple sections on: 1) temperature conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales, 2) identifying measurements as relating to length, mass, temperature, or time, 3) performing calculations with significant figures, 4) unit conversions, 5) density and volume calculations, 6) identifying atomic structure and properties of elements, 7) naming common ions and compounds. The review covers a wide range of general chemistry concepts and calculations.
This document provides information on calculating oxidation numbers and discusses redox reactions. It contains:
1) Five rules for determining oxidation numbers of elements in compounds and ions. These rules state that oxidation numbers of elements in their elemental forms are zero, ions take the charge of the ion, oxygen is -2 except in peroxides, hydrogen is +1 except in hydrides, and the sum of oxidation numbers equals the net charge.
2) Examples of using the rules to calculate oxidation numbers in various compounds and ions, including transition metal compounds that use Roman numerals.
3) A statement that oxidation is an increase in oxidation number and reduction is a decrease in oxidation number during a redox reaction.
This document discusses three tables that are part of an electrochemical series. Table 1 provides an alphabetical list of reduction reactions and their standard reduction potentials (E° values) in volts. Table 2 lists reactions that have positive E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of increasing potential. Table 3 lists reactions with negative E° values relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, in order of decreasing potential. The document notes that the reliability of the E° values varies and is sometimes subject to revision.
This document provides information on:
1) The solubility of various ionic compounds in water at standard temperature and pressure (SATP), categorizing them as having high solubility (≥0.1 mol/L) or low solubility (<0.1 mol/L).
2) Bond energies in kJ/mol for various bonds at SATP.
3) Specific heat capacities in J/(g∙°C) for various substances at SATP.
4) Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH°f), standard entropy (S°), and standard Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔG°f) in kJ/mol for various inorganic and organic substances at
This document provides thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpy (AH), Gibbs free energy (AG), and entropy (S°) for various substances at 298.15 K (25°C). It includes data for elements like aluminum, carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, bromine, calcium, chlorine, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, lithium, and sodium, as well as compounds including carbonates, chlorides, oxides, sulfates, and more. The values are given in units of kJ/mol, kJ/mol, and J/mol-K respectively for each substance.
This document discusses oxidation and reduction reactions. It begins by defining oxidation as a reaction where substances combine with oxygen and reduction as a reaction where a substance "gave up" oxygen. It then explains that oxidation and reduction actually refer to the gain or loss of electrons in a chemical reaction, regardless of whether oxygen is present. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons. Redox reactions always involve both oxidation and reduction occurring together through the transfer of electrons. The document provides examples of how to identify the oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and what is being oxidized and reduced in redox reactions. It also discusses how to balance redox reactions through half-reactions and the role of acid and
Find the answers to any of your questions with answerl.comanswerl
This document provides concise answers to questions from exercises in a chemistry textbook. It is organized by unit and question number. The answers range from single values or equations to short phrases and are focused on providing the key information asked for in the questions without additional context or explanation.
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
Similar to Elements their atomic numbers and logarithms (11)
This document discusses various laxatives and cathartics including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and implications for use. It describes bulk forming, emollient, hyperosmotic, saline, and stimulant laxatives. Specific laxatives covered include magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, kaolin, bentonite, and their properties and uses. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients' symptoms and fluid/electrolyte status when using laxatives due to potential side effects like dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and dependency issues with long term use.
Anatomy of The Heart , valves and chambers etc.pdfSatyam
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the heart including its shape, chambers, surfaces, orifices, innervation and conduction system. It describes the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve and aortic valve. The summary also lists 10 multiple choice questions with answers about the heart's anatomy.
This document discusses various haematinics including iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. It provides information on their dietary sources, daily requirements, absorption, transport, storage, and roles in treating anaemia. Iron is mainly stored in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are important for cellular growth and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Deficiencies can result from inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased demands, or impaired release/circulation. Oral supplements are usually sufficient but injections may be needed for malabsorption.
DOSAGE forms of many pharmaceutical preparationsSatyam
This document discusses dosage forms, which are formulations designed to deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients to patients. It defines dosage forms as combinations of active drugs and excipients formulated to aid drug delivery. The document then classifies common dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, mixtures, and suppositories, providing examples and noting key properties like how they are administered and their advantages.
The document discusses pharmaceutical powders, including their advantages and disadvantages as a dosage form. It defines powders as intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and chemicals that can be used internally or externally. The document outlines different types of powders like bulk powders, simple powders, compound powders, and effervescent granules. It also describes methods of preparing powders, including particle size reduction, homogeneous mixing, packaging, and addressing special issues like volatile, hygroscopic, or efflorescent ingredients. Quality control testing of powders is also summarized.
Biological classification systems etc ad biodiversitySatyam
The document discusses the history of biological classification systems. It describes Carolus Linnaeus' original two-kingdom system of Plantae and Animalia, followed by Ernst Haeckel's addition of Protista to create a three-kingdom system. Herbert Copeland later established the kingdom Monera to create the four-kingdom system. Finally, Robert Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom system in 1969, adding the kingdom Fungi and distinguishing the kingdoms based on cell structure, nutrition, and other traits.
Cathartics are drugs used to relieve constipation by stimulating bowel movements. They include mild laxatives that soften stool and strong purgatives that cause complete bowel evacuation. Constipation can be caused by factors like weak intestines, diet, drugs, or ignoring the urge to defecate. Cathartics work by irritation, increasing stool bulk, lubrication, or drawing water into the intestines. Common cathartics discussed include magnesium sulfate, sodium phosphate, kaolin, and bentonite.
This document provides information on various pharmaceutical compounds including expectorants, emetics, haematinics, astringents, and antidotes. It discusses expectorants that help remove sputum by increasing fluidity or volume of respiratory tract fluids. Emetics induce vomiting to expel toxic substances in poisoning cases. Haematinics like iron, B12 and folate increase blood hemoglobin. Astringents cause tissue contraction and dry secretions. Antidotes counteract poisons through opposite effects, preventing absorption, or chemical alteration. Examples and uses are given for each type of compound.
This document discusses buffers and buffered solutions. It begins by defining buffers as compounds that resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or alkali. It then discusses the components and properties of common buffer systems using weak acids and their conjugate bases or weak bases and their conjugate acids. Specific examples are provided of acetate and phosphate buffers. The key concepts of buffer capacity, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and factors that influence buffer capacity are explained. The importance of buffers in biological and pharmaceutical systems is highlighted. Methods for preparing buffered solutions and considerations for isotonicity are also covered.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.