CONVERSIONS TO USE METRIC PREFIXES This table uses liters (L) as the base unit, but you can use this table for ANY base unit. For example, 1 s = 1×106 µs. OR Base Unit Prefix OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR NOTE: Two equivalence statements are written for each prefix. Either is equally correct (they are exactly the same). Use whichever makes more sense to you. OTHER CONVERSIONS All of these are exact numbers except those marked with * METRIC tt METRIC ENGLISH tt ENGLISH ENGLISH tt METRIC LENGTH 1 cm = 1×108 Å (Å is the symbol for angstroms) 12 in. = 1 ft. 3 ft. = 1 yd. 5280 ft. = 1 mi. 1 in. = 2.54 cm 1 mile = 1.609 km* MASS / WEIGHT 1000 kg = 1 metric ton 2000 lb. = 1 ton 16 oz. = 1 lb. 1 lb. = 453.6 g* VOLUME 1 L = 1 dm3 1 mL = 1 cm3 1000 L = 1 m3 3 tsp. = 1 Tbsp. 16 Tbsp. = 1 cup 2 cups = 1 pint 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gal. 8 fluid oz. = 1 cup 1 qt. = 0.9464 L* 1 fluid oz. = 29.57 mL* 1 ft3 = 28.32 L* TEMPERATURE TK = TC + 273.15 TF = 1.8(TC) + 32 TC = (TF - 32) / 1.8 ENERGY 1 cal = 4.184 J NOTE: The ounces that measure mass are completely different from and unrelated to the fluid ounces that measure volume. DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET Symbol Meaning Base Unit Prefix giga, G billion 1 L = 1×10–9 GL mega, M million 1 L = 1×10–6 ML kilo, k thousand 1 L = 0.001 kL deci, d tenth 1 L = 10 dL centi, c hundredth 1 L = 100 cL milli, m thousandth 1 L = 1000 mL micro, µ millionth 1 L = 1×106 µL nano, n billionth 1 L = 1×109 nL pico, p trillionth 1 L = 1×1012 pL 1×109 L = 1 GL 1×106 L = 1 ML 1000 L = 1 kL 0.1 L = 1 dL 0.01 L = 1 cL 0.001 L = 1 mL 1×10–6 L = 1 µL 1×10–9 L = 1 nL 1×10–12 L = 1 pL SOME CONSTANTS AND EQUATIONS density = mass volume mass % element in a compound = g element g compound ⨯ 100 c = speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s Ephoton = h Planck’s constant = 6.626x10–34 J´s E = hc λ Avogadro’s Number = 6.022x1023 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ELECTRONEGATIVITIES FOR SOME OF THE ELEMENTS H 2.1 Li 1.0 Be 1.5 B 2.0 C 2.5 N 3.0 O 3.5 F 4.0 Na 0.9 Mg 1.2 Al 1.5 Si 1.8 P 2.1 S 2.5 Cl 3.0 K 0.8 Ca 1.0 Sc 1.3 Ti 1.5 V 1.6 Cr 1.6 Mn 1.5 Fe 1.8 Co 1.9 Ni 1.9 Cu 1.9 Zn 1.6 Ga 1.6 Ge 1.8 As 2.0 Se 2.4 Br 2.8 Rb 0.8 Sr 1.0 Y 1.2 Zr 1.4 Nb 1.6 Mo 1.8 Tc 1.9 Ru 2.2 Rh 2.2 Pd 2.2 Ag 1.9 Cd 1.7 In 1.7 Sn 1.8 Sb 1.9 Te 2.1 I 2.5 Cs 0.7 Ba 0.9 La 1.0 Hf 1.3 Ta 1.5 W 1.7 Re 1.9 Os 2.2 Ir 2.2 Pt 2.2 Au 2.4 Hg 1.9 Tl 1.8 Pb 1.9 Bi 1.9 Po 2.0 At 2.2 Hp 0.7 Hm 0.8 Ws 1.0 Ss 1.2 Lp 1.3 Bl 1.5 Ad 1.7 Nv 1.9 Le 2.0 Mc 2.1 Rs 2.3 Gh 1.8 An 1.8 Fd 1.9 Sw 1.9 Gm 2.0 Gf 2.1 DO NOT WRITE ...

1. CONVERSIONS TO USE
METRIC PREFIXES
This table uses liters (L) as the base unit, but you can use this
table for ANY base unit. For example, 1 s = 1×106 µs.
OR Base Unit Prefix
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
NOTE: Two equivalence statements are written for each prefix.
Either is equally correct (they are exactly the

2. same). Use whichever makes more sense to you.
OTHER CONVERSIONS
All of these are exact numbers except those marked with *
METRIC tt METRIC ENGLISH tt
ENGLISH
ENGLISH tt
METRIC
LENGTH 1 cm = 1×108 Å
(Å is the symbol for
angstroms)
12 in. = 1 ft.
3 ft. = 1 yd.
5280 ft. = 1 mi.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1.609 km*
MASS / WEIGHT 1000 kg = 1 metric ton 2000 lb. = 1 ton
16 oz. = 1 lb.
1 lb. = 453.6 g*
VOLUME 1 L = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1000 L = 1 m3
3 tsp. = 1 Tbsp.
16 Tbsp. = 1 cup

3. 2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gal.
8 fluid oz. = 1 cup
1 qt. = 0.9464 L*
1 fluid oz. = 29.57 mL*
1 ft3 = 28.32 L*
TEMPERATURE TK = TC + 273.15 TF = 1.8(TC) + 32
TC = (TF - 32) / 1.8
ENERGY 1 cal = 4.184 J
NOTE: The ounces that measure mass are completely different
from and unrelated to the fluid
ounces that measure volume.
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Symbol Meaning Base Unit Prefix
giga, G billion 1 L = 1×10–9 GL
mega, M million 1 L = 1×10–6 ML
kilo, k thousand 1 L = 0.001 kL
deci, d tenth 1 L = 10 dL
centi, c hundredth 1 L = 100 cL
milli, m thousandth 1 L = 1000 mL

4. micro, µ millionth 1 L = 1×106 µL
nano, n billionth 1 L = 1×109 nL
pico, p trillionth 1 L = 1×1012 pL
1×109 L = 1 GL
1×106 L = 1 ML
1000 L = 1 kL
0.1 L = 1 dL
0.01 L = 1 cL
0.001 L = 1 mL
1×10–6 L = 1 µL
1×10–9 L = 1 nL
1×10–12 L = 1 pL
SOME CONSTANTS AND EQUATIONS
density =
mass

5. volume
mass % element in a compound = g element
g compound
⨯ 100
c = speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s
Ephoton = h Planck’s constant = 6.626x10–34 J´s
E = hc
λ
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022x1023
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ELECTRONEGATIVITIES FOR SOME OF THE ELEMENTS
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Be
1.5

6. B
2.0
C
2.5
N
3.0
O
3.5
F
4.0
Na
0.9
Mg
1.2
Al
1.5
Si
1.8
P
2.1
S
2.5
Cl
3.0

7. K
0.8
Ca
1.0
Sc
1.3
Ti
1.5
V
1.6
Cr
1.6
Mn
1.5
Fe
1.8
Co
1.9
Ni
1.9
Cu
1.9
Zn
1.6

8. Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
As
2.0
Se
2.4
Br
2.8
Rb
0.8
Sr
1.0
Y
1.2
Zr
1.4
Nb
1.6
Mo
1.8
Tc
1.9

9. Ru
2.2
Rh
2.2
Pd
2.2
Ag
1.9
Cd
1.7
In
1.7
Sn
1.8
Sb
1.9
Te
2.1
I
2.5
Cs
0.7
Ba
0.9

10. La
1.0
Hf
1.3
Ta
1.5
W
1.7
Re
1.9
Os
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
Au
2.4
Hg
1.9
Tl
1.8
Pb
1.9

11. Bi
1.9
Po
2.0
At
2.2
Hp
0.7
Hm
0.8
Ws
1.0
Ss
1.2
Lp
1.3
Bl
1.5
Ad
1.7
Nv
1.9
Le
2.0

12. Mc
2.1
Rs
2.3
Gh
1.8
An
1.8
Fd
1.9
Sw
1.9
Gm
2.0
Gf
2.1
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VI
O
LE
T
BL

13. U
E
G
RE
EN
YE
LL
O
W
O
RA
N
G
E
RE
D
Ion Name Ion Formula
nitride N3–
phosphide P3–

14. Ion Name Ion Formula
oxide O2–
sulfide S2–
selenide Se2–
telluride Te2–
Ion Name Ion Formula
hydride H1–
fluoride F1–
chloride Cl1–
bromide Br1–
iodide I1–
RULES USED TO PREDICT THE SOLUBILITY OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS
Ions Rule – Most
compounds
are…

15. Exceptions
all alkali metal ions (Na+, K+, etc) and
ammonium – NH + 4
soluble None to worry about in this course
– –
nitrate – NO3 and acetate – CH3CO2 soluble None
2–
sulfate – SO4 soluble BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4
and Ag2SO4
chloride – Cl–, bromide – Br–, iodide
– I–
soluble AgX, Hg2X2, PbX2 and HgI2 (X = Cl, Br, or I)
silver – Ag+ not soluble AgNO3 and AgClO4
oxide – O2– and hydroxide – OH– not soluble alkali metal
hydroxides (NaOH, KOH, etc)
and Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ca(OH)2
sulfide – S2– not soluble alkali metal sulfides (Na2S, K2S, etc),
(NH4)2S,
and alkaline earth sulfides (MgS, CaS, etc)
2–
chromate – CrO4 not soluble alkali metal chromates (Na2CrO4,
K2CrO4, etc),
(NH4)2CrO4, MgCrO4, CaCrO4, Al2(CrO4)3, NiCrO4

16. carbonate – CO 2–, phosphate – PO 3–
3 4
,
2– 2–
sulfite – SO3 , silicate – SiO3
not soluble compounds with alkali metal cations (Na+, K+, etc)
or
NH + 4
Monatomic Anions
Representative Metal Monatomic Cations
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Ion Name Ion Formula
lithium Li1+
sodium Na1+
potassium K1+
rubidium Rb1+
Ion Name Ion Formula

17. beryllium Be2+
magnesium Mg2+
calcium Ca2+
strontium Sr2+
Ion Name Ion Formula
aluminum Al3+
Ion Name Ion Formula
chromium(II) Cr2+
chromium(III) Cr3+
manganese(II) Mn2+
manganese(III) Mn3+
iron(II) Fe2+
iron(III) Fe3+
Ion Name Ion Formula
copper(I) Cu1+

18. copper(II) Cu2+
gold(I) Au1+
gold(III) Au3+
silver Ag1+
Ion Name Ion Formula
tin(II) Sn2+
tin(IV) Sn4+
lead(II) Pb2+
lead(IV) Pb4+
zinc Zn2+
cadmium Cd2+
Ion Name Ion Formula
–1 Ions nitrate
1–
NO3
nitrite
1–
NO2

19. bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate)
1–
HCO3
perchlorate
1–
ClO4
chlorate
1–
ClO3
chlorite ClO
1–
2
hypochlorite ClO1–
cyanide CN1–
hydroxide OH1–
acetate
1–
CH3CO2
permanganate
1–
MnO4
hydrogen sulfate
1–
HSO4

20. dihydrogen phosphate
1–
H2PO4
–2 Ions chromate
2–
CrO4
dichromate
2–
Cr2O7
sulfate
2–
SO4
sulfite
2–
SO3
carbonate
2–
CO3
oxalate
2–
C2O4
hydrogen phosphite
2–
HPO3

21. –3 Ions phosphate
3–
PO4
borate
3–
BO3
+1 Ions ammonium
1+
NH4
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Transition Metal Monatomic Cations
Polyatomic Ions
cesium Cs1+
barium Ba2+

22. Element Symbol Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Actinium Ac 89 (227)
Aluminum Al 13 26.98
Americium Am 95 (243)
Antimony Sb 51 121.8
Argon Ar 18 39.95
Arsenic As 33 74.92
Astatine At 85 (210)
Barium Ba 56 137.3
Berkelium Bk 97 (247)
Beryllium Be 4 9.012
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0
Bohrium Bh 107 (270)
Boron B 5 10.81
Bromine Br 35 79.90
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4
Calcium Ca 20 40.08
Californium Cf 98 (251)
Carbon C 6 12.01
Cerium Ce 58 140.1
Cesium Cs 55 132.9
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45
Chromium Cr 24 52.00
Cobalt Co 27 58.93
Copernicium Cn 112 (285)
Copper Cu 29 63.55
86C88urium Cm 96 (247)
Darmstadtium Ds 110 (281)
Dubnium Db 105 (268)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5
Einsteinium Es 99 (252)

23. Erbium Er 68 167.3
Europium Eu 63 152.0
Fermium Fm 100 (257)
Flerovium Fl 114 (289)
Fluorine F 9 19.00
Francium Fr 87 (223)
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3
Gallium Ga 31 69.72
Germanium Ge 32 72.63
Gold Au 79 197.0
Hafnium Hf 72 178.5
Hassium Hs 108 (277)
Helium He 2 4.003
Holmium Ho 67 164.9
Hydrogen H 1 1.008
Indium In 49 114.8
Iodine I 53 126.9
Iridium Ir 77 192.2
Element Symbol Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Mendelevium Md 101 (258)
Mercury Hg 80 200.6
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.95
Neodymium Nd 60 144.2
Neon Ne 10 20.18
Neptunium Np 93 (237)
Nickel Ni 28 58.69
Niobium Nb 41 92.91
Nitrogen N 7 14.01
Nobelium No 102 (259)

24. Osmium Os 76 190.2
Oxygen O 8 16.00
Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Phosphorus P 15 30.97
Platinum Pt 78 195.1
Putonium Pu 94 (244)
Polonium Po 84 (209)
Potassium K 19 39.10
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Protactinium Pa 91 (231.0)
Radium Ra 88 (226)
Radon Rn 86 (222)
Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Rhodium Rh 45 102.9
Roentgenium Rg 111 (280)
Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Rutherfordium Rf 104 (265)
Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Scandium Sc 21 44.96
Seaborgium Sg 106 (271)
Selenium Se 34 78.97
Silicon Si 14 28.09
Silver Ag 47 107.9
Sodium Na 11 22.99
Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Sulfur S 16 32.06
Tantalum Ta 73 180.9
Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Tellurium Te 52 127.6
Terbium Tb 65 158.9
Thallium Tl 81 204.4
Thorium Th 90 232.0
Thulium Tm 69 168.9
Tin Sn 50 118.7

25. Titanium Ti 22 47.87
Tungsten W 74 183.8
THE ELEMENTS
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Iron Fe 26 55.85
Krypton Kr 36 83.80
Lanthanum La 57 138.9
Lawrencium Lr 103 (262)
Lead Pb 82 207.2
Lithium Li 3 6.94
Livermorium Lv 116 (293)
Lutetium Lu 71 175.0
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31
Manganese Mn 25 54.94
Meitnerium Mt 109 (276)
Uranium U 92 238.0
Vanadium V 23 50.94
Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.1
Yttrium Y 39 88.91
Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
no name yet 113 (284)

26. no name yet 115 (288)
no name yet 117 (294)
no name yet 118 (294)
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1A
(1)
1 1
H
1.01
2 3
Li
2A
(2)
4
Be
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

27. 8B 5
B
10.81
6
C
12.01
7
N
14.01
8
O
16.00
9
F
19.00
8A
(18)
2

28. He
4.00
10
Ne
20.18
6.94 9.01
3 11 12 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na
22.99
4 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69
63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80
5 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.95 (98) 101.0 102.9 106.4
107.8 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.7 127.6 126.9 131.2
7 1 2 7 1 2 1 6 0 0 9
6 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.4 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.0
196.9 200.5 204.3 207.2 208.9 (209) (210) (222)
1 3 1 9 5 4 1 3 2 8 7 9 8 8
7 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

29. (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (269) (270) (269) (278) (281)
(280) (285) (286) (289) (289) (293) (294) (294)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.3 151.9 157.2 158.9 162.5 164.9
167.2 168.9 173.0 174.9
2 1 4 6 6 5 3 0 3 6 3 5 7
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252)
(257) (258) (259) (262)
4 4 3
Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17)