https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeweKUdHJc4
My presentation from Hashiconf 2017, discussing our use of Terraform, and our techniques
to help make it safe and accessible.
The hitchhiker's guide to terraform your infrastructureFernanda Martins
Terraform is a tool for building infrastructure in the cloud. When you start using Terraform it can be confusing, you might fall into issues and see yourself trapped into a problem which can result in an infrastructure not fully automated or error prone. This talk will show you best practices and tricks I have learned while building a Kubernetes infrastructure in AWS using Terraform.
Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) Using Terraform (Intermediate Edition)Adin Ermie
In this presentation, we will cover intermediate Terraform topics including alternative providers, collection types, loops and conditionals, and resource lifecycles. We will also focus on reusability with a discussion on modules, data sources, and remote state (including live demo examples).
Finally, we start the initial look into a full DevOps process with a quick review of Workspaces and Terraform Cloud; and wrap everything up with some key takeaway learning resources in your Terraform learning adventure.
NOTE: A recording this presentation can be found here: https://youtu.be/0CEF4eZ6HiQ
Presentation from Henry Gallo and Steve Paelet at DevOps NYC Meetup on Thursday, February 20, 2020
Understanding the Relationship: Ansible & Terraform
https://www.meetup.com/DevOps-NYC/events/267780085/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeweKUdHJc4
My presentation from Hashiconf 2017, discussing our use of Terraform, and our techniques
to help make it safe and accessible.
The hitchhiker's guide to terraform your infrastructureFernanda Martins
Terraform is a tool for building infrastructure in the cloud. When you start using Terraform it can be confusing, you might fall into issues and see yourself trapped into a problem which can result in an infrastructure not fully automated or error prone. This talk will show you best practices and tricks I have learned while building a Kubernetes infrastructure in AWS using Terraform.
Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) Using Terraform (Intermediate Edition)Adin Ermie
In this presentation, we will cover intermediate Terraform topics including alternative providers, collection types, loops and conditionals, and resource lifecycles. We will also focus on reusability with a discussion on modules, data sources, and remote state (including live demo examples).
Finally, we start the initial look into a full DevOps process with a quick review of Workspaces and Terraform Cloud; and wrap everything up with some key takeaway learning resources in your Terraform learning adventure.
NOTE: A recording this presentation can be found here: https://youtu.be/0CEF4eZ6HiQ
Presentation from Henry Gallo and Steve Paelet at DevOps NYC Meetup on Thursday, February 20, 2020
Understanding the Relationship: Ansible & Terraform
https://www.meetup.com/DevOps-NYC/events/267780085/
Terraform is an infrastructure-as-code tool that allows you to create Cloud and on-prem resources using a format that is readable by humans. Learn about its working and the problems it overcomes.
DevOps Training Online - Visualpath is the Leading and Best Software Training institute in Ameerpet. Avail complete job oriented DevOps Online Training Course by simply enrolling in our institute in Ameerpet. Call on - +91-9989971070
Visit: https://www.visualpath.in/devops-online-training.html
A talk by Matthew Revell from OpenCredo. Discussing some of the problems with designing infrastructure deployments with Terraform.
Sometimes the most obvious and logical approach does not yield the desired outcome. Often the nature and culture of an organisation needs to be considered when structuring infrastructure deployments.
Terraform, is no doubt very flexible and powerful. The question is, how do we write Terraform code and construct our infrastructure in a reproducible fashion that makes sense? How can we keep code DRY, segment state, and reduce the risk of making changes to our service/stack/infrastructure?
HashiCorp’s infrastructure management tool, Terraform, is no doubt very flexible and powerful. The question is, how do we write Terraform code and construct our infrastructure in a reproducible fashion that makes sense? How can we keep code DRY, segment state, and reduce the risk of making changes to our service/stack/infrastructure?
This talk describes a design pattern to help answer the previous questions. The talk is divided into two sections, with the first section describing and defining the design pattern with a Deployment Example. The second part uses a multi-repository GitHub organization to create a Real World Example of the design pattern.
In this knolx we are going to learn about how we can manage our infrastructure through terraform and what different issues we can face. At the same time of managing this infra. And solution on that issue.
For HashiCorp fans, Terraform and Vault have been the go-to products for provisioning and securing cloud infrastructure as organizations move to the cloud. Terraform is releasing 0.12 and Vault surpassed 1.0 (and is now at 1.1). Many organizations have already adopted Terraform and Vault and are looking to adopt Consul. However, as organizations mature in usage of the HashiCorp stack, how can the various products work together to further optimize workflows? In this webinar, we’ll walk you through best practices for using Vault to secure data with Terraform.
As part of this presentation we covered basics of Terraform which is Infrastructure as code. It will helps to Devops teams to start with Terraform.
This document will be helpful for the development who wants to understand infrastructure as code concepts and if they want to understand the usability of terrform
"Petascale Genomics with Spark", Sean Owen,Director of Data Science at ClouderaDataconomy Media
"Petascale Genomics with Spark", Sean Owen, Director of Data Science at Cloudera
YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY93FdK5i60
Watch more from Data Natives 2015 here: http://bit.ly/1OVkK2J
Visit the conference website to learn more: www.datanatives.io
Follow Data Natives:
https://www.facebook.com/DataNatives
https://twitter.com/DataNativesConf
Stay Connected to Data Natives by Email: Subscribe to our newsletter to get the news first about Data Natives 2016: http://bit.ly/1WMJAqS
About the Author:
Sean is Director of Data Science at Cloudera, based in London. Before Cloudera, he founded Myrrix Ltd, a company commercializing large-scale real-time recommender systems on Apache Hadoop. He has been a primary committer and VP for Apache Mahout, and co-author of Mahout in Action. Previously, Sean was a senior engineer at Google. He holds and MBA from the London Business School and a BA in Computer Science from Harvard.
Managing AWS Using Terraform AWS Atlanta 2018-07-18Derek Ashmore
Terraform has become one of the leading tools for managing AWS infrastructure. As organizations rush to the cloud, the need to effectively manage AWS infrastructure exponentiates. Manual management simply can't keep up with the speed of the transition. Leveraging "infrastructure as code" using tooling such as Terraform is not only cost effective, but is becoming an absolute necessity.
Attendees will receive a streamlined introduction to managing AWS infrastructure using Terraform. I'll provide insight on how to organize your Terraform code and how to effectively reuse that code across the enterprise. Along the way, I'll cover best practices and common mistakes.
This session is targeted at administrators and team leads.
We describe the deployment and use of Globus Compute for remote computation. This content is aimed at researchers who wish to compute on remote resources using a unified programming interface, as well as system administrators who will deploy and operate Globus Compute services on their research computing infrastructure.
Terraform is an infrastructure-as-code tool that allows you to create Cloud and on-prem resources using a format that is readable by humans. Learn about its working and the problems it overcomes.
DevOps Training Online - Visualpath is the Leading and Best Software Training institute in Ameerpet. Avail complete job oriented DevOps Online Training Course by simply enrolling in our institute in Ameerpet. Call on - +91-9989971070
Visit: https://www.visualpath.in/devops-online-training.html
A talk by Matthew Revell from OpenCredo. Discussing some of the problems with designing infrastructure deployments with Terraform.
Sometimes the most obvious and logical approach does not yield the desired outcome. Often the nature and culture of an organisation needs to be considered when structuring infrastructure deployments.
Terraform, is no doubt very flexible and powerful. The question is, how do we write Terraform code and construct our infrastructure in a reproducible fashion that makes sense? How can we keep code DRY, segment state, and reduce the risk of making changes to our service/stack/infrastructure?
HashiCorp’s infrastructure management tool, Terraform, is no doubt very flexible and powerful. The question is, how do we write Terraform code and construct our infrastructure in a reproducible fashion that makes sense? How can we keep code DRY, segment state, and reduce the risk of making changes to our service/stack/infrastructure?
This talk describes a design pattern to help answer the previous questions. The talk is divided into two sections, with the first section describing and defining the design pattern with a Deployment Example. The second part uses a multi-repository GitHub organization to create a Real World Example of the design pattern.
In this knolx we are going to learn about how we can manage our infrastructure through terraform and what different issues we can face. At the same time of managing this infra. And solution on that issue.
For HashiCorp fans, Terraform and Vault have been the go-to products for provisioning and securing cloud infrastructure as organizations move to the cloud. Terraform is releasing 0.12 and Vault surpassed 1.0 (and is now at 1.1). Many organizations have already adopted Terraform and Vault and are looking to adopt Consul. However, as organizations mature in usage of the HashiCorp stack, how can the various products work together to further optimize workflows? In this webinar, we’ll walk you through best practices for using Vault to secure data with Terraform.
As part of this presentation we covered basics of Terraform which is Infrastructure as code. It will helps to Devops teams to start with Terraform.
This document will be helpful for the development who wants to understand infrastructure as code concepts and if they want to understand the usability of terrform
"Petascale Genomics with Spark", Sean Owen,Director of Data Science at ClouderaDataconomy Media
"Petascale Genomics with Spark", Sean Owen, Director of Data Science at Cloudera
YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY93FdK5i60
Watch more from Data Natives 2015 here: http://bit.ly/1OVkK2J
Visit the conference website to learn more: www.datanatives.io
Follow Data Natives:
https://www.facebook.com/DataNatives
https://twitter.com/DataNativesConf
Stay Connected to Data Natives by Email: Subscribe to our newsletter to get the news first about Data Natives 2016: http://bit.ly/1WMJAqS
About the Author:
Sean is Director of Data Science at Cloudera, based in London. Before Cloudera, he founded Myrrix Ltd, a company commercializing large-scale real-time recommender systems on Apache Hadoop. He has been a primary committer and VP for Apache Mahout, and co-author of Mahout in Action. Previously, Sean was a senior engineer at Google. He holds and MBA from the London Business School and a BA in Computer Science from Harvard.
Managing AWS Using Terraform AWS Atlanta 2018-07-18Derek Ashmore
Terraform has become one of the leading tools for managing AWS infrastructure. As organizations rush to the cloud, the need to effectively manage AWS infrastructure exponentiates. Manual management simply can't keep up with the speed of the transition. Leveraging "infrastructure as code" using tooling such as Terraform is not only cost effective, but is becoming an absolute necessity.
Attendees will receive a streamlined introduction to managing AWS infrastructure using Terraform. I'll provide insight on how to organize your Terraform code and how to effectively reuse that code across the enterprise. Along the way, I'll cover best practices and common mistakes.
This session is targeted at administrators and team leads.
We describe the deployment and use of Globus Compute for remote computation. This content is aimed at researchers who wish to compute on remote resources using a unified programming interface, as well as system administrators who will deploy and operate Globus Compute services on their research computing infrastructure.
Understanding Globus Data Transfers with NetSageGlobus
NetSage is an open privacy-aware network measurement, analysis, and visualization service designed to help end-users visualize and reason about large data transfers. NetSage traditionally has used a combination of passive measurements, including SNMP and flow data, as well as active measurements, mainly perfSONAR, to provide longitudinal network performance data visualization. It has been deployed by dozens of networks world wide, and is supported domestically by the Engagement and Performance Operations Center (EPOC), NSF #2328479. We have recently expanded the NetSage data sources to include logs for Globus data transfers, following the same privacy-preserving approach as for Flow data. Using the logs for the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) as an example, this talk will walk through several different example use cases that NetSage can answer, including: Who is using Globus to share data with my institution, and what kind of performance are they able to achieve? How many transfers has Globus supported for us? Which sites are we sharing the most data with, and how is that changing over time? How is my site using Globus to move data internally, and what kind of performance do we see for those transfers? What percentage of data transfers at my institution used Globus, and how did the overall data transfer performance compare to the Globus users?
Code reviews are vital for ensuring good code quality. They serve as one of our last lines of defense against bugs and subpar code reaching production.
Yet, they often turn into annoying tasks riddled with frustration, hostility, unclear feedback and lack of standards. How can we improve this crucial process?
In this session we will cover:
- The Art of Effective Code Reviews
- Streamlining the Review Process
- Elevating Reviews with Automated Tools
By the end of this presentation, you'll have the knowledge on how to organize and improve your code review proces
How Does XfilesPro Ensure Security While Sharing Documents in Salesforce?XfilesPro
Worried about document security while sharing them in Salesforce? Fret no more! Here are the top-notch security standards XfilesPro upholds to ensure strong security for your Salesforce documents while sharing with internal or external people.
To learn more, read the blog: https://www.xfilespro.com/how-does-xfilespro-make-document-sharing-secure-and-seamless-in-salesforce/
Advanced Flow Concepts Every Developer Should KnowPeter Caitens
Tim Combridge from Sensible Giraffe and Salesforce Ben presents some important tips that all developers should know when dealing with Flows in Salesforce.
Cyaniclab : Software Development Agency Portfolio.pdfCyanic lab
CyanicLab, an offshore custom software development company based in Sweden,India, Finland, is your go-to partner for startup development and innovative web design solutions. Our expert team specializes in crafting cutting-edge software tailored to meet the unique needs of startups and established enterprises alike. From conceptualization to execution, we offer comprehensive services including web and mobile app development, UI/UX design, and ongoing software maintenance. Ready to elevate your business? Contact CyanicLab today and let us propel your vision to success with our top-notch IT solutions.
Paketo Buildpacks : la meilleure façon de construire des images OCI? DevopsDa...Anthony Dahanne
Les Buildpacks existent depuis plus de 10 ans ! D’abord, ils étaient utilisés pour détecter et construire une application avant de la déployer sur certains PaaS. Ensuite, nous avons pu créer des images Docker (OCI) avec leur dernière génération, les Cloud Native Buildpacks (CNCF en incubation). Sont-ils une bonne alternative au Dockerfile ? Que sont les buildpacks Paketo ? Quelles communautés les soutiennent et comment ?
Venez le découvrir lors de cette session ignite
Innovating Inference - Remote Triggering of Large Language Models on HPC Clus...Globus
Large Language Models (LLMs) are currently the center of attention in the tech world, particularly for their potential to advance research. In this presentation, we'll explore a straightforward and effective method for quickly initiating inference runs on supercomputers using the vLLM tool with Globus Compute, specifically on the Polaris system at ALCF. We'll begin by briefly discussing the popularity and applications of LLMs in various fields. Following this, we will introduce the vLLM tool, and explain how it integrates with Globus Compute to efficiently manage LLM operations on Polaris. Attendees will learn the practical aspects of setting up and remotely triggering LLMs from local machines, focusing on ease of use and efficiency. This talk is ideal for researchers and practitioners looking to leverage the power of LLMs in their work, offering a clear guide to harnessing supercomputing resources for quick and effective LLM inference.
Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
Discover how Prosigns, a leading technology solutions provider, partners with businesses to drive innovation and success. Our presentation showcases our comprehensive range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, AI & ML solutions, blockchain integration, DevOps services, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 support.
Custom Software Development: Prosigns specializes in creating bespoke software solutions that cater to your unique business needs. Our team of experts works closely with you to understand your requirements and deliver tailor-made software that enhances efficiency and drives growth.
Web and Mobile App Development: From responsive websites to intuitive mobile applications, Prosigns develops cutting-edge solutions that engage users and deliver seamless experiences across devices.
AI & ML Solutions: Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Prosigns provides smart solutions that automate processes, provide valuable insights, and drive informed decision-making.
Blockchain Integration: Prosigns offers comprehensive blockchain solutions, including development, integration, and consulting services, enabling businesses to leverage blockchain technology for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency.
DevOps Services: Prosigns' DevOps services streamline development and operations processes, ensuring faster and more reliable software delivery through automation and continuous integration.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
Join us on a journey of innovation and growth. Let's partner for success with Prosigns.
Globus Connect Server Deep Dive - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
We explore the Globus Connect Server (GCS) architecture and experiment with advanced configuration options and use cases. This content is targeted at system administrators who are familiar with GCS and currently operate—or are planning to operate—broader deployments at their institution.
Experience our free, in-depth three-part Tendenci Platform Corporate Membership Management workshop series! In Session 1 on May 14th, 2024, we began with an Introduction and Setup, mastering the configuration of your Corporate Membership Module settings to establish membership types, applications, and more. Then, on May 16th, 2024, in Session 2, we focused on binding individual members to a Corporate Membership and Corporate Reps, teaching you how to add individual members and assign Corporate Representatives to manage dues, renewals, and associated members. Finally, on May 28th, 2024, in Session 3, we covered questions and concerns, addressing any queries or issues you may have.
For more Tendenci AMS events, check out www.tendenci.com/events
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I ...Juraj Vysvader
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I didn't get rich from it but it did have 63K downloads (powered possible tens of thousands of websites).
Check out the webinar slides to learn more about how XfilesPro transforms Salesforce document management by leveraging its world-class applications. For more details, please connect with sales@xfilespro.com
If you want to watch the on-demand webinar, please click here: https://www.xfilespro.com/webinars/salesforce-document-management-2-0-smarter-faster-better/
Field Employee Tracking System| MiTrack App| Best Employee Tracking Solution|...informapgpstrackings
Keep tabs on your field staff effortlessly with Informap Technology Centre LLC. Real-time tracking, task assignment, and smart features for efficient management. Request a live demo today!
For more details, visit us : https://informapuae.com/field-staff-tracking/
Your Digital Assistant.
Making complex approach simple. Straightforward process saves time. No more waiting to connect with people that matter to you. Safety first is not a cliché - Securely protect information in cloud storage to prevent any third party from accessing data.
Would you rather make your visitors feel burdened by making them wait? Or choose VizMan for a stress-free experience? VizMan is an automated visitor management system that works for any industries not limited to factories, societies, government institutes, and warehouses. A new age contactless way of logging information of visitors, employees, packages, and vehicles. VizMan is a digital logbook so it deters unnecessary use of paper or space since there is no requirement of bundles of registers that is left to collect dust in a corner of a room. Visitor’s essential details, helps in scheduling meetings for visitors and employees, and assists in supervising the attendance of the employees. With VizMan, visitors don’t need to wait for hours in long queues. VizMan handles visitors with the value they deserve because we know time is important to you.
Feasible Features
One Subscription, Four Modules – Admin, Employee, Receptionist, and Gatekeeper ensures confidentiality and prevents data from being manipulated
User Friendly – can be easily used on Android, iOS, and Web Interface
Multiple Accessibility – Log in through any device from any place at any time
One app for all industries – a Visitor Management System that works for any organisation.
Stress-free Sign-up
Visitor is registered and checked-in by the Receptionist
Host gets a notification, where they opt to Approve the meeting
Host notifies the Receptionist of the end of the meeting
Visitor is checked-out by the Receptionist
Host enters notes and remarks of the meeting
Customizable Components
Scheduling Meetings – Host can invite visitors for meetings and also approve, reject and reschedule meetings
Single/Bulk invites – Invitations can be sent individually to a visitor or collectively to many visitors
VIP Visitors – Additional security of data for VIP visitors to avoid misuse of information
Courier Management – Keeps a check on deliveries like commodities being delivered in and out of establishments
Alerts & Notifications – Get notified on SMS, email, and application
Parking Management – Manage availability of parking space
Individual log-in – Every user has their own log-in id
Visitor/Meeting Analytics – Evaluate notes and remarks of the meeting stored in the system
Visitor Management System is a secure and user friendly database manager that records, filters, tracks the visitors to your organization.
"Secure Your Premises with VizMan (VMS) – Get It Now"
Accelerate Enterprise Software Engineering with PlatformlessWSO2
Key takeaways:
Challenges of building platforms and the benefits of platformless.
Key principles of platformless, including API-first, cloud-native middleware, platform engineering, and developer experience.
How Choreo enables the platformless experience.
How key concepts like application architecture, domain-driven design, zero trust, and cell-based architecture are inherently a part of Choreo.
Demo of an end-to-end app built and deployed on Choreo.
In software engineering, the right architecture is essential for robust, scalable platforms. Wix has undergone a pivotal shift from event sourcing to a CRUD-based model for its microservices. This talk will chart the course of this pivotal journey.
Event sourcing, which records state changes as immutable events, provided robust auditing and "time travel" debugging for Wix Stores' microservices. Despite its benefits, the complexity it introduced in state management slowed development. Wix responded by adopting a simpler, unified CRUD model. This talk will explore the challenges of event sourcing and the advantages of Wix's new "CRUD on steroids" approach, which streamlines API integration and domain event management while preserving data integrity and system resilience.
Participants will gain valuable insights into Wix's strategies for ensuring atomicity in database updates and event production, as well as caching, materialization, and performance optimization techniques within a distributed system.
Join us to discover how Wix has mastered the art of balancing simplicity and extensibility, and learn how the re-adoption of the modest CRUD has turbocharged their development velocity, resilience, and scalability in a high-growth environment.
Gamify Your Mind; The Secret Sauce to Delivering Success, Continuously Improv...Shahin Sheidaei
Games are powerful teaching tools, fostering hands-on engagement and fun. But they require careful consideration to succeed. Join me to explore factors in running and selecting games, ensuring they serve as effective teaching tools. Learn to maintain focus on learning objectives while playing, and how to measure the ROI of gaming in education. Discover strategies for pitching gaming to leadership. This session offers insights, tips, and examples for coaches, team leads, and enterprise leaders seeking to teach from simple to complex concepts.
Enhancing Research Orchestration Capabilities at ORNL.pdfGlobus
Cross-facility research orchestration comes with ever-changing constraints regarding the availability and suitability of various compute and data resources. In short, a flexible data and processing fabric is needed to enable the dynamic redirection of data and compute tasks throughout the lifecycle of an experiment. In this talk, we illustrate how we easily leveraged Globus services to instrument the ACE research testbed at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility with flexible data and task orchestration capabilities.
Enhancing Research Orchestration Capabilities at ORNL.pdf
TA-002-P.pdf
1. NO.1 What advantage does an operations team that uses infrastructure as code have?
A. The ability to autoscale a group of servers
B. The ability to reuse best practice configurations and settings
C. The ability to update existing infrastructure
D. The ability to delete infrastructure
Answer: B
NO.2 HashiCorp offers multiple versions of Terraform, including Terraform open-source, Terraform
Cloud, and Terraform Enterprise. Which of the following Terraform features are only available in the
Enterprise edition? (select four)
A. Private Module Registry
B. Audit Logs
C. Clustering
D. Sentinel
E. SAML/SSO
F. Private Network Connectivity
Answer: B,E,F
Explanation:
While there are a ton of features that are available to open source users, many features that are part
of the Enterprise offering are geared towards larger teams and enterprise functionality. To see what
specific features are part of Terraform Cloud and Terraform Enterprise, check out this link.
https://www.hashicorp.com/products/terraform/pricing/
NO.3 The following is a snippet from a Terraform configuration file:
Which, when validated, results in the following error:
Fill in the blank in the error message with the correct string from the list below.
A. label
B. multi
C. alias
D. version
Answer: C
Explanation:
https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/providers.html#alias-multiple-providerinstances
NO.4 Which feature of Terraform allows multiple state files for a single configuration file depending
upon the environment?
A. Terraform Modules
B. Terraform Remote Backends
C. Terraform Workspaces
D. Terraform Enterprise
Answer: C
NO.5 State is a requirement for Terraform to function
A. True
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2. B. False
Answer: A
Explanation:
State is a necessary requirement for Terraform to function. It is often asked if it is possible for
Terraform to work without state, or for Terraform to not use state and just inspect cloud resources
on every run.
Purpose of Terraform State
State is a necessary requirement for Terraform to function. It is often asked if it is possible for
Terraform to work without state, or for Terraform to not use state and just inspect cloud resources
on every run. This page will help explain why Terraform state is required.
As you'll see from the reasons below, state is required. And in the scenarios where Terraform may be
able to get away without state, doing so would require shifting massive amounts of complexity from
one place (state) to another place (the replacement concept).
1. Mapping to the Real World
Terraform requires some sort of database to map Terraform config to the real world. When you have
a resource resource "aws_instance" "foo" in your configuration, Terraform uses this map to know
that instance i- abcd1234 is represented by that resource.
For some providers like AWS, Terraform could theoretically use something like AWS tags. Early
prototypes of Terraform actually had no state files and used this method. However, we quickly ran
into problems. The first major issue was a simple one: not all resources support tags, and not all
cloud providers support tags.
Therefore, for mapping configuration to resources in the real world, Terraform uses its own state
structure.
2. Metadata
Alongside the mappings between resources and remote objects, Terraform must also track metadata
such as resource dependencies.
Terraform typically uses the configuration to determine dependency order. However, when you
delete a resource from a Terraform configuration, Terraform must know how to delete that resource.
Terraform can see that a mapping exists for a resource not in your configuration and plan to destroy.
However, since the configuration no longer exists, the order cannot be determined from the
configuration alone.
To ensure correct operation, Terraform retains a copy of the most recent set of dependencies within
the state. Now Terraform can still determine the correct order for destruction from the state when
you delete one or more items from the configuration.
One way to avoid this would be for Terraform to know a required ordering between resource types.
For example, Terraform could know that servers must be deleted before the subnets they are a part
of. The complexity for this approach quickly explodes, however: in addition to Terraform having to
understand the ordering semantics of every resource for every cloud, Terraform must also
understand the ordering across providers.
Terraform also stores other metadata for similar reasons, such as a pointer to the provider
configuration that was most recently used with the resource in situations where multiple aliased
providers are present.
3. Performance
In addition to basic mapping, Terraform stores a cache of the attribute values for all resources in the
state. This is the most optional feature of Terraform state and is done only as a performance
improvement.
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3. When running a terraform plan, Terraform must know the current state of resources in order to
effectively determine the changes that it needs to make to reach your desired configuration.
For small infrastructures, Terraform can query your providers and sync the latest attributes from all
your resources. This is the default behavior of Terraform: for every plan and apply, Terraform will
sync all resources in your state.
For larger infrastructures, querying every resource is too slow. Many cloud providers do not provide
APIs to query multiple resources at once, and the round trip time for each resource is hundreds of
milliseconds. On top of this, cloud providers almost always have API rate limiting so Terraform can
only request a certain number of resources in a period of time. Larger users of Terraform make heavy
use of the -refresh=false flag as well as the -target flag in order to work around this. In these
scenarios, the cached state is treated as the record of truth.
4. Syncing
In the default configuration, Terraform stores the state in a file in the current working directory
where Terraform was run. This is okay for getting started, but when using Terraform in a team it is
important for everyone to be working with the same state so that operations will be applied to the
same remote objects.
Remote state is the recommended solution to this problem. With a fully-featured state backend,
Terraform can use remote locking as a measure to avoid two or more different users accidentally
running Terraform at the same time, and thus ensure that each Terraform run begins with the most
recent updated state.
NO.6 What is the result of the following terraform function call?
A. goodbye
B. hello
C. what?
Answer: C
Explanation:
https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/functions/lookup.html
NO.7 Which of the below options is a valid interpolation syntax for retrieving a data source?
A. ${data.google_dns_keys.foo_dns_keys.key_signing_keys[0].ds_record}
B. ${aws_instance.web.id.data}
C. ${azurerm_resource_group.test.data}
D. ${google_storage_bucket.backend}
Answer: A
Explanation:
Data source attributes are interpolated with the general syntax data.TYPE.NAME.ATTRIBUTE. The
interpolation for a resource is the same but without the data. prefix (TYPE.NAME.ATTRIBUTE).
https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration-0-11/interpolation.html#attributes-of-a-data-source
NO.8 Which argument(s) is (are) required when declaring a Terraform variable?
A. type
B. All of the above
C. default
D. description
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4. E. None of the above
Answer: C
Explanation:
The variable declaration can also include a default argument.
NO.9 Using the terraform state rm command against a resource will destroy it.
A. False
B. True
Answer: A
NO.10 How would you reference the "name" value of the second instance of this fictitious resource?
A. aws_instance.web.*.name
B. element(aws_instance.web, 2)
C. aws_instance.web[2].name
D. aws_instance.web[1]
E. aws_instance.web[1].name
Answer: B
NO.11 Which of the following statements about local modules is incorrect:
A. Local modules support versions
B. Local modules are not cached by terraform init command
C. Local modules are sourced from a directory on disk
D. All of the above (all statements above are incorrect
E. None of the above (all statements above are correct)
Answer: A
NO.12 During a terraform plan, a resource is successfully created but eventually fails during
provisioning. What happens to the resource?
A. the resource is marked as tainted
B. it is automatically deleted
C. the terraform plan is rolled back and all provisioned resources are removed
D. Terraform attempts to provision the resource up to three times before exiting with an error
Answer: A
Explanation:
If a resource successfully creates but fails during provisioning, Terraform will error and mark the
resource as "tainted". A resource that is tainted has been physically created, but can't be considered
safe to use since provisioning failed. Terraform also does not automatically roll back and destroy the
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5. resource during the apply when the failure happens, because that would go against the execution
plan: the execution plan would've said a resource will be created, but does not say it will ever be
deleted.
NO.13 In contrast to Terraform Open Source, when working with Terraform Enterprise and Cloud
Workspaces, conceptually you could think about them as completely separate working directories.
A. False
B. True
Answer: A
NO.14 You want to use different AMI images for different regions and for the purpose you have
defined following code block.
1. variable "images"
2. {
3. type = "map"
4.
5. default = {
6. us-east-1 = "image-1234"
7. us-west-2 = "image-4567"
8. us-west-1 = "image-4589"
9. }
10. }
What of the following approaches needs to be followed in order to select image-4589?
A. var.images["us-west-1"]
B. lookup(var.images["us-west-1"]
C. var.images[3]
D. var.images[2]
Answer: A
NO.15 True or False? terraform init cannot automatically download Community providers.
A. False
B. True
Answer: B
NO.16 You have multiple developers working on a terraform project (using terraform OSS), and have
saved the terraform state in a remote S3 bucket . However ,team is intermittently experiencing
inconsistencies in the provisioned infrastructure / failure in the code . You have traced this problem
to simultaneous/concurrent runs of terraform apply command for 2/more developers . What can you
do to fix this problem?
A. Structure your team in such a way that only one individual will run terraform apply , everyone will
just make changes and share with him. Then there will be no chance of any inconsistencies.
B. Enable terraform state locking for the S3 backend using DynamoDB table. This prevents others
from acquiring the lock and potentially corrupting your state.
C. Use terraform workspaces feature, this will fix this problem by default , as every developer will
have their own state file , and terraform will merge them on server side on its own.
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6. D. Stop using remote state , and store the developer tfstate in their own machine . Once a day , all
developers should sit together and merge the state files manually , to avoid any inconsistencies.
Answer: B
Explanation:
S3 backend support state locking using DynamoDB.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/state/locking.html
NO.17 terraform refresh command will not modify infrastructure, but does modify the state file.
A. False
B. True
Answer: B
Explanation:
The terraform refresh command is used to reconcile the state Terraform knows about (via its state
file) with the real-world infrastructure. This can be used to detect any drift from the last-known state,
and to update the state file. This does not modify infrastructure, but does modify the state file.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/commands/refresh.html
NO.18 Terraform-specific settings and behaviors are declared in which configuration block type?
A. resource
B. provider
C. terraform
D. data
Answer: C
Explanation:
The special terraform configuration block type is used to configure some behaviors of Terraform
itself, such as requiring a minimum Terraform version to apply your configuration.
Example
terraform {
required_version = "> 0.12.0"
}
https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/terraform.html
NO.19 You have multiple team members collaborating on infrastructure as code (IaC) using
Terraform, and want to apply formatting standards for readability.
How can you format Terraform HCL (HashiCorp Configuration Language) code according to standard
Terraform style convention?
A. Run the terraform fmt command during the code linting phase of your CI/CD process
B. Designate one person in each team to review and format everyone's code
C. Write a shell script to transform Terraform files using tools such as AWK, Python, and sed
D. Manually apply two spaces indentation and align equal sign "=" characters in every Terraform file
(*.tf)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Indent two spaces for each nesting level.
When multiple arguments with single-line values appear on consecutive lines at the same nesting
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7. level, align their equals signs.
NO.20 You want terraform plan and apply to be executed in Terraform Cloud's run environment but
the output is to be streamed locally. Which one of the below you will choose?
A. Terraform Backends
B. This can be done using any of the local or remote backends
C. Local Backends
D. Remote Backends
Answer: D
Explanation:
The remote backend stores Terraform state and may be used to run operations in Terraform Cloud.
When using full remote operations, operations like terraform plan or terraform apply can be
executed in Terraform Cloud's run environment, with log output streaming to the local terminal.
Remote plans and applies use variable values from the associated Terraform Cloud workspace.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/backends/types/remote.html
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