This document discusses photonic analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue conversion techniques for digital radio over fibre systems. It describes how radio over fibre uses optical fibre to distribute wireless signals to antenna locations by modulating radio signals onto optical carriers. It also discusses how photonic analogue-to-digital converters can digitize radio frequency signals using mode-locked lasers for sampling, and how photonic digital-to-analogue converters can reconstruct the analogue optical signals. Simulation results show that digital radio over fibre maintains signal quality over longer fibre lengths independent of distance, unlike analogue radio over fibre systems.
Performance Analysis of Post Compensated Long Haul High Speed Coherent Optica...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the performance analysis of OFDM transmission system based on coherent detection over high speed long haul optical links with high spectral efficiency modulation formats such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) as a mapping method prior to the OFDM multicarrier representation. Post compensation is used to compensate for phase noise effects. Coherent detection for signal transmitted at bit rate of 40 Gbps is successfully achieved up to distance of 3200km. Performance is analyzed in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Error Vector Magnitude by varying Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and varying the length of the fiber i.e transmission distance. Transmission performance is also observed through constellation diagrams at different transmission distances and different OSNRs.
Performance Analysis of Post Compensated Long Haul High Speed Coherent Optica...Yayah Zakaria
This paper addresses the performance analysis of OFDM transmission system based on coherent detection over high speed long haul optical links with high spectral efficiency modulation formats such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) as a mapping method prior to the OFDM multicarrier representation. Post compensation is used to compensate for
phase noise effects. Coherent detection for signal transmitted at bit rate of 40 Gbps is successfully achieved up to distance of 3200km. Performance is analyzed in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Error Vector Magnitude by varying Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and varying the length of the fiber i.e transmission distance. Transmission performance is also observed through constellation diagrams at different transmission distances and
different OSNRs.
Performance Evaluation and Simulation of OFDM in Optical Communication SystemsIJERA Editor
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is of prime importance nowadays in long haul
communication networks because of its higher spectral efficiency, immunity to multipath fading and its
resilience to interference. Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is considered as a promising
technology to satisfy the increased demand for bandwidth in broadband services. It is of two types based on the
detection techniques employed. They are direct detection and coherent detection. In direct detection OFDM, a
photodiode is used while in the latter the principle of optical mixing is utilized. This paper investigates the
architecture of single channel and four channel direct detection and coherent detection optical OFDM systems
and carries out performance analysis based on bit error rate and Q-factor. In the case of single channels, a date
rate of 10 Gbps is achieved while in 4 channel systems a data rate of 40 Gbps is achieved. Coherent Optical
OFDM (CO-OFDM) is the next generation technology for the optical communications, since it integrates the
advantages of both coherent systems and OFDM systems.
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
A Literature Survey on Comparative Analysis of RZ and NRZ Line Encoding over ...IJSRD
Modern world is the world of internet which requires more capacity and more bandwidth to modernize the world. Hence we move towards optical communication. When we talk about optical communication then chromatic dispersion is biggest obstacle for high speed optical channel. Chromatic dispersion can be reduced either by compensation technique [1, 2] or either by electronic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we make comparative analysis in RZ and NRZ line encoding over 40 Gbps system. Two different modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) is compared on the basis of Bit error rate and quality factor. The 40 Gbps signal is transmitted over 200 km in single mode fiber.
A Literature Survey on Comparative Analysis of RZ and NRZ Line Encoding over ...IJSRD
Modern world is the world of internet which requires more capacity and more bandwidth to modernize the world. Hence we move towards optical communication. When we talk about optical communication then chromatic dispersion is biggest obstacle for high speed optical channel. Chromatic dispersion can be reduced either by compensation technique [1, 2] or either by electronic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we make comparative analysis in RZ and NRZ line encoding over 40 Gbps system. Two different modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) is compared on the basis of Bit error rate and quality factor. The 40 Gbps signal is transmitted over 200 km in single mode fiber.
Performance Analysis of Post Compensated Long Haul High Speed Coherent Optica...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the performance analysis of OFDM transmission system based on coherent detection over high speed long haul optical links with high spectral efficiency modulation formats such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) as a mapping method prior to the OFDM multicarrier representation. Post compensation is used to compensate for phase noise effects. Coherent detection for signal transmitted at bit rate of 40 Gbps is successfully achieved up to distance of 3200km. Performance is analyzed in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Error Vector Magnitude by varying Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and varying the length of the fiber i.e transmission distance. Transmission performance is also observed through constellation diagrams at different transmission distances and different OSNRs.
Performance Analysis of Post Compensated Long Haul High Speed Coherent Optica...Yayah Zakaria
This paper addresses the performance analysis of OFDM transmission system based on coherent detection over high speed long haul optical links with high spectral efficiency modulation formats such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) as a mapping method prior to the OFDM multicarrier representation. Post compensation is used to compensate for
phase noise effects. Coherent detection for signal transmitted at bit rate of 40 Gbps is successfully achieved up to distance of 3200km. Performance is analyzed in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Error Vector Magnitude by varying Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and varying the length of the fiber i.e transmission distance. Transmission performance is also observed through constellation diagrams at different transmission distances and
different OSNRs.
Performance Evaluation and Simulation of OFDM in Optical Communication SystemsIJERA Editor
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is of prime importance nowadays in long haul
communication networks because of its higher spectral efficiency, immunity to multipath fading and its
resilience to interference. Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is considered as a promising
technology to satisfy the increased demand for bandwidth in broadband services. It is of two types based on the
detection techniques employed. They are direct detection and coherent detection. In direct detection OFDM, a
photodiode is used while in the latter the principle of optical mixing is utilized. This paper investigates the
architecture of single channel and four channel direct detection and coherent detection optical OFDM systems
and carries out performance analysis based on bit error rate and Q-factor. In the case of single channels, a date
rate of 10 Gbps is achieved while in 4 channel systems a data rate of 40 Gbps is achieved. Coherent Optical
OFDM (CO-OFDM) is the next generation technology for the optical communications, since it integrates the
advantages of both coherent systems and OFDM systems.
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
A Literature Survey on Comparative Analysis of RZ and NRZ Line Encoding over ...IJSRD
Modern world is the world of internet which requires more capacity and more bandwidth to modernize the world. Hence we move towards optical communication. When we talk about optical communication then chromatic dispersion is biggest obstacle for high speed optical channel. Chromatic dispersion can be reduced either by compensation technique [1, 2] or either by electronic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we make comparative analysis in RZ and NRZ line encoding over 40 Gbps system. Two different modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) is compared on the basis of Bit error rate and quality factor. The 40 Gbps signal is transmitted over 200 km in single mode fiber.
A Literature Survey on Comparative Analysis of RZ and NRZ Line Encoding over ...IJSRD
Modern world is the world of internet which requires more capacity and more bandwidth to modernize the world. Hence we move towards optical communication. When we talk about optical communication then chromatic dispersion is biggest obstacle for high speed optical channel. Chromatic dispersion can be reduced either by compensation technique [1, 2] or either by electronic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we make comparative analysis in RZ and NRZ line encoding over 40 Gbps system. Two different modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) is compared on the basis of Bit error rate and quality factor. The 40 Gbps signal is transmitted over 200 km in single mode fiber.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
A Miniature RFID Antenna at UHF Band using Meander-Line Technique IJECEIAES
This paper displays a new design of a small antenna proposed for radiofrequency identification (RFID) applications in the UHF band (ultra-high frequency). Our antenna is constituted of two rectangular patches linked together with a meander line. Using this technique reduction in antenna size of equal to 62% with respect to the conventional antenna was achieved. The antenna has a simple structure and small antenna size of 60 x 74mm or 0.184 λ0 x 0.226 . It has been fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate and measured to validate the simulation performances. The measured bandwidth is around 54.4 MHz (889.3 - 943.7 MHz) with reflection coefficient less than 10 dB, which covers all of the American RFID band (902 - 928 MHz), Chinese RFID band (920.5 - 924.5 MHz), Korea Republic and Japan RFID band ( 917 - 923.5 MHz). The design and simulations have been effected by electromagnetic simulators HFSS and CST microwave studio. A good accord is getting between the simulated and measured results. This antenna is intended for the reader of RFID applications. λ0 2
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ULTRAWIDEBAND WDM-ROF TECHNIQUEIAEME Publication
The demand for high capacity and wideband telecommunication channels for longdistance communication increases exponentially. The standard C and L bands have limited bandwidth and capacity. That promotes intensive research and development in wideband wavelength division multiplexing, intending to achieve low BER and highquality factors. We used four channels from various bands in the proposed wideband WDM method: O (1355 nm), E (1427 nm), L (1595 nm), and U (1595 nm) (1665 nm). We adjusted the laser intensity from -10 to 10 dBm and the optical fiber length from 20 to 80 km for the wideband WDM performance analysis. Raman preamplifiers and FBG have been incorporated into the receiver to improve the quality factor and BER of the received signal. This study established 40 Gbps data transmission over a unique ultrawideband of 310 nm. The Q factor and BER for the four channels are 7.345; 19.949; 7.831; 5.486 and 1.006e-13; 7.281e-89; 2.395e-15; 2.038e-08 at a laser power of -5 dBm/80km, respectively. The proposed technique is simulated and analyzed using optical simulation software Optisystem 13.
Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based O...journalBEEI
This paper examines advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based optical wireless communication (OWC) channel model. These modulation techniquesinclude On-Off keying and return to zero (RZ)/non–return to zero (NRZ) coding. The signal power level against time and frequency spectral variations are measured. The max. Q factor and min. bit error rate (BER) are estimated and clarified for each modulation code scheme by using an optisystem simulation model. Transmission bit rates of up to 40 Gb/s can be achieved for possible distances up to 500 km with acceptable Q factor. The received power and max. Q factor are measured and clarified with OWC distance variations. The On-Off keying modulation code scheme resulted in better performance than the other modulation code schemes did.
Received Power performance in downlink architecture of Radio-over-Fiber Trans...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The In this paper, we studied the RoF system and analyzed the received power performance in downlink architecture of RoF system. The RoF system employs a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a phase shifter to externally generate an optical single sideband (OSSB) signal since the OSSB signal is tolerable for power degradation due to a chromatic fiber-dispersion effect. The received power performance is analyzed by calculating a factor called Power Penalty. It is shown that Power penalty is increased exponentially as the differential delay increased with the distance due to chromatic dispersion with the change in laser linewidth (𝛾𝑅𝐹) from 10MHz to 1000MHz. The results are calculated for various transmission distances (𝐿𝐹𝐼𝐵𝐸𝑅) 1km to 40km for optical distances. The frequency of laser taken is 30-GHz RF carrier (𝑓𝑅𝐹) and wavelength 1550-nm laser (λ) with zero line width, fiber dispersion parameter (D) 17 ps/nm·km.
Keywords: Chromatic dispersion, DEMZM, Laser line width, Power penalty and Received power.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
Duobinary modulation/predistortion techniques effects on high bit rate radio ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The work has presented duobinary modulation and predistortion techniques
for the radio over fiber system enhancement for achieving security level.
Duobinary modulation technique has more compact modulated spectral
linewidth with standard non return to zero modulation code. Different
NRZ/RZ rectangle shape employed that are namely exponential rectangle
shape (ERS), and Gaussian rectangle shape (GRS) for different transmission
bit rates. Switching bias voltage, and switching RF voltage based LiNbO3
modulator are changed to measure the performance parameters of the radio
over fiber (RoF) system. Predistortion technique improves the linearity of
transmitter amplifiers and it is considered as a power efficiency technique.
The optimum values of the Q-factor, data error rate (BER), electrical power,
signal gain, noise figure, and light signal/noise ratio are achieved with 8 Volt
for both switching biases/switching RF signal at 100 GHz. Signal
quality/BER and electrical power after the receiver enhancement ratio by
using this technique at different RF signal frequencies.
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic ...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This study has presented a spatial optical transmitter based on on off keying line coding modulation scheme for the optimum performance of telecommunication systems. The encircled flux versus fiber core radius, the 3D graph for fiber mode versus core radius, and the signal power level in dBm versus wavelength through coarse wavelength division multiplexing with a fiber length of 20 km are presented and discussed in detail. The total power measured in W and dBm as well as the signal power amplitude level obtained through the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter based on both Z domain and pole/zero coefficient filter types are illustrated clearly. Signal gain, noise figure, maximum Q factor, and received power are also clarified against bit rates for various modulation line coding schemes.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
A Miniature RFID Antenna at UHF Band using Meander-Line Technique IJECEIAES
This paper displays a new design of a small antenna proposed for radiofrequency identification (RFID) applications in the UHF band (ultra-high frequency). Our antenna is constituted of two rectangular patches linked together with a meander line. Using this technique reduction in antenna size of equal to 62% with respect to the conventional antenna was achieved. The antenna has a simple structure and small antenna size of 60 x 74mm or 0.184 λ0 x 0.226 . It has been fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate and measured to validate the simulation performances. The measured bandwidth is around 54.4 MHz (889.3 - 943.7 MHz) with reflection coefficient less than 10 dB, which covers all of the American RFID band (902 - 928 MHz), Chinese RFID band (920.5 - 924.5 MHz), Korea Republic and Japan RFID band ( 917 - 923.5 MHz). The design and simulations have been effected by electromagnetic simulators HFSS and CST microwave studio. A good accord is getting between the simulated and measured results. This antenna is intended for the reader of RFID applications. λ0 2
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ULTRAWIDEBAND WDM-ROF TECHNIQUEIAEME Publication
The demand for high capacity and wideband telecommunication channels for longdistance communication increases exponentially. The standard C and L bands have limited bandwidth and capacity. That promotes intensive research and development in wideband wavelength division multiplexing, intending to achieve low BER and highquality factors. We used four channels from various bands in the proposed wideband WDM method: O (1355 nm), E (1427 nm), L (1595 nm), and U (1595 nm) (1665 nm). We adjusted the laser intensity from -10 to 10 dBm and the optical fiber length from 20 to 80 km for the wideband WDM performance analysis. Raman preamplifiers and FBG have been incorporated into the receiver to improve the quality factor and BER of the received signal. This study established 40 Gbps data transmission over a unique ultrawideband of 310 nm. The Q factor and BER for the four channels are 7.345; 19.949; 7.831; 5.486 and 1.006e-13; 7.281e-89; 2.395e-15; 2.038e-08 at a laser power of -5 dBm/80km, respectively. The proposed technique is simulated and analyzed using optical simulation software Optisystem 13.
Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based O...journalBEEI
This paper examines advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based optical wireless communication (OWC) channel model. These modulation techniquesinclude On-Off keying and return to zero (RZ)/non–return to zero (NRZ) coding. The signal power level against time and frequency spectral variations are measured. The max. Q factor and min. bit error rate (BER) are estimated and clarified for each modulation code scheme by using an optisystem simulation model. Transmission bit rates of up to 40 Gb/s can be achieved for possible distances up to 500 km with acceptable Q factor. The received power and max. Q factor are measured and clarified with OWC distance variations. The On-Off keying modulation code scheme resulted in better performance than the other modulation code schemes did.
Received Power performance in downlink architecture of Radio-over-Fiber Trans...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The In this paper, we studied the RoF system and analyzed the received power performance in downlink architecture of RoF system. The RoF system employs a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a phase shifter to externally generate an optical single sideband (OSSB) signal since the OSSB signal is tolerable for power degradation due to a chromatic fiber-dispersion effect. The received power performance is analyzed by calculating a factor called Power Penalty. It is shown that Power penalty is increased exponentially as the differential delay increased with the distance due to chromatic dispersion with the change in laser linewidth (𝛾𝑅𝐹) from 10MHz to 1000MHz. The results are calculated for various transmission distances (𝐿𝐹𝐼𝐵𝐸𝑅) 1km to 40km for optical distances. The frequency of laser taken is 30-GHz RF carrier (𝑓𝑅𝐹) and wavelength 1550-nm laser (λ) with zero line width, fiber dispersion parameter (D) 17 ps/nm·km.
Keywords: Chromatic dispersion, DEMZM, Laser line width, Power penalty and Received power.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
Duobinary modulation/predistortion techniques effects on high bit rate radio ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The work has presented duobinary modulation and predistortion techniques
for the radio over fiber system enhancement for achieving security level.
Duobinary modulation technique has more compact modulated spectral
linewidth with standard non return to zero modulation code. Different
NRZ/RZ rectangle shape employed that are namely exponential rectangle
shape (ERS), and Gaussian rectangle shape (GRS) for different transmission
bit rates. Switching bias voltage, and switching RF voltage based LiNbO3
modulator are changed to measure the performance parameters of the radio
over fiber (RoF) system. Predistortion technique improves the linearity of
transmitter amplifiers and it is considered as a power efficiency technique.
The optimum values of the Q-factor, data error rate (BER), electrical power,
signal gain, noise figure, and light signal/noise ratio are achieved with 8 Volt
for both switching biases/switching RF signal at 100 GHz. Signal
quality/BER and electrical power after the receiver enhancement ratio by
using this technique at different RF signal frequencies.
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic ...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This study has presented a spatial optical transmitter based on on off keying line coding modulation scheme for the optimum performance of telecommunication systems. The encircled flux versus fiber core radius, the 3D graph for fiber mode versus core radius, and the signal power level in dBm versus wavelength through coarse wavelength division multiplexing with a fiber length of 20 km are presented and discussed in detail. The total power measured in W and dBm as well as the signal power amplitude level obtained through the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter based on both Z domain and pole/zero coefficient filter types are illustrated clearly. Signal gain, noise figure, maximum Q factor, and received power are also clarified against bit rates for various modulation line coding schemes.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
1. All Photonic Analogue to Digital and Digital to Analogue Conversion Techniques
for Digital Radio over Fibre System Applications
S. R. Abdollahi, H.S. Al-Raweshidy, S. Mehdi Fakhraie*, and R. Nilavalan
WNCC Group, School of Eng. and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK, and *University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, 14395-515, Iran.
E-mail: {seyedreza.abdollahi, hamed al-raweshidy, rajagopal.nilavalan}@brunel.ac.uk, and fakhraie@ut.ac.ir
Radio over Fibre (RoF) Technique
RoF Features
Centralizing signal processing, performance and error
monitoring, share resources, and control and
management.
Cheaper, smaller size & simpler base stations.
Smaller cells: allocates higher bandwidth to end-users.
Future proof.
Green: Lower power radiated electromagnetic wave,
lower power consumption, fibre low attenuation and
loss.
Reduce the maintenance cost.
Could be accommodated with passive optical network
(PON) Infrastructures.
Can use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
technique for improving the network throughput.
Photonic Analogue-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analogue Conversions
Integration of wireless and fibre optic communication
technologies, and modulating wireless signals over
optical carrier for transporting over fibre optic cable.
Digital RoF & Integrated RoF System.
Digital RoF (DRoF) link can maintain the dynamic
range more independent than optical fibre link distance.
The analogue RF signal digitized by using the Photonic
Analogue-to-Digital Converter (PADC).
Generated digitized-RF data stream and RF analogue
signal are transported over optical fibre network by
using WDM technique. The photonic DAC of RF
system at the base station or access point converts
digital photonic signals to its analogue optical
modulated signal.
An 8-bits photonic sampling and quantization ADC is
designed by using 30 Gigasample/s mode-locked laser.
A photonic DAC converts photonic digital waveform to
analogue optical signal. By using the proposed PDAC, the
necessity of optical to electrical conversion will be fulfilled
by only a high-speed photo diode.
For reducing the cost and complexity of the system, the
optical sampling pulse has been reused at base-station for
sampling the uplink RF signal.
The SFDR and ENOB at 160 Gigasample/s sampling rate
are equal to 9.82 dB and 1.63, respectively.
Simulation Results and Conclusions
The performance of DRoF link is investigated and compared with ARoF system over 15 and 20
kilometres standard single mode fibre length. PADC’s performance is affected by the laser’s jitter, the
nonlinearity of MZM, photonic amplifier and other photonic devices performance. In the digital radio
over fibre, the dynamic range is independent of the fibre length.
Eye diagram of 1 Gbps ASK modulated signal with 10 GHz carrier over 15
km ( Left) 20 km (Right) length of single mode fibre: (top) ARoF system,
(bottom) DRoF system.
(Top) RF signal, (Bottom) Sampled optical signal.
ENOB variation versus sampling rate.
