The Old Regime. The Enlightenment
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The document discusses the political, economic, and social systems of 18th century Europe under the Old Regime. Politically, it describes the systems of absolute and parliamentary monarchy. Economically, it outlines the mercantilist system and agrarian economy dominated by subsistence farming. Socially, it addresses the stratified society of the estates of nobility, clergy, and commoners. The Enlightenment ideas challenged these systems by advocating reason, liberty, and progress.
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The Old Regime. The Enlightenment
- 1. T.1. The Old Regime and the 18th century in Europe IES SANTA CATALINA BURGO DE OSMA- SORIA 4º ESO. HISTORY 4º ESO. Bilingual class
- 2. THE OLD REGIME. POLITICAL SYSTEM ABSOLUTE MONARCHY - THE KINGS POWER DERIVED FROM GOD - THE MONARCH HAD ALL THE POWER: Legislative, Executive and Judicial - CONTROLED THE ECONOMY AND THE ARMY PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY -THE POWER OF THE KING IS LIMITED BY A PARLIAMENT -THE PARLIAMENT HAS POWER TO LEGISLATE -THE PARLIAMENT IS COMPOSED BY THE NOBILITY, THE CLERGY AND THE THIRD STATE. -ONLY TWO COUNTRIES HAD A PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY: GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED PROVINCES
- 3. THE OLD REGIME . ECONOMY - Low production economy - Subsistence agriculture. Low yields. Self-sufficient villages’ economy. yēldˈ - Big manors were cultivated by serfs (mainly in central and eastern Europe) or tenant and day laborer freemen (western and southern Europe). - Very basic tools, no fertilizers, required fallow… Main crops were grains: wheat, barley, rice… (a new one: corn). - There were a lot of limits to the development of economic activities (guilds, interior customs, taxes and feudal dues) /dju /ː - Demography: high birth rates, high mortality rates, low natural growth (sometimes zero or negative growth) AN AGRARIAN ECONOMY
- 4. • Guild system organized craftsmanship in urban workshops. Sometimes, peasants were paid for craftwork (domestic system) by a trader. Beside, royal manufactures produced luxury goods: crystal, tapestries, china (ceramics). • Transport system (bad tracks for carts, sail ships) was slow and unsafe. There were local fairs inland and a colonial trade from some seaports: precious metals, raw materials, tropical products (cacao, coffee, tea, tobacco), slaves… Mouldboard plough THE OLD REGIME . ECONOMY
- 5. THE OLD REGIME .ECONOMY MERCANTILISM - THE WEALTH OF A NATION WAS RELATED TO THE ACCUMULATION OF PRECIOUS METALS - THE STATE REGULATED COMMERCE: RESTRICTING FOREIGN IMPORTS AND ENCOURAGING EXPORTS - THE STATE PROMOTES AND PROTECTS THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY AGAINST FOREIGN COMPETITION - THE COLONIES WERE IMPORTANT MARKETS FOR EXPORT AND THE PROVIDETRS OF RAW MATERIALS [ fe vˈ ɪ ər&bl]
- 6. THE EXTERNAL COMMERCE THE OLD REGIME .ECONOMY
- 7. • Three closed estates. Unfair society: • Nobility (privileged). By blood or royal appointment. Landowners (fiefs) /fi f/ː . Court noblemen lived in luxury. Exclusive posts in government and army. No taxes. • Clergy (privileged). Rural and urban properties (monasteries, cathedrals). They got the tithe from peasants. Some charitable or cultural institutions depended on them. /ta ð/ɪ • 3rd Estate (more than 90% of population), mainly poor peasants, serfs or tenant freemen. Also urban groups: craftsmen, merchants, bankers, poor, servants . Poor Craftsmen Merchants 3rd Estate Peasants Privileged groups Nobility Clergy OLD REGIME SOCIETY Absolute monarch THE OLD REGIME. SOCIETY
- 8. THE OLD REGIME. SOCIETY
- 9. Trust in Reason Happiness Faith in Progress Liberty Toleration / t ləˌ ɒ re ən/ˈ ɪʃ THE ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS THE DISEMINATION The ideas of the Enlightenment spread from Europe to America through commerce and trade.
- 10. THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE DISEMINATION OF THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT SALONS THE MEDIA THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA /ensa klə pi d ə/ɪ ʊˈ ː ɪ What is what? 1 2 3 / mi d ə/ˈ ː ɪ
- 11. THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA /en sa klə pi d ə/ˌ ɪ ʊˈ ː ɪ A work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject Diderot
- 12. ENLIGHTENMENTTHINKERS John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS
- 13. SEPARATION OF POWERS • Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government. / t rən /ˈ ɪ ɪ • British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative / l d slət v/ˈ ɛ ʒɪ ɪ , executive /ɪɡ z kj t v/ˈ ɛ ʊ ɪ and judicial /d u d əl/.ʒ ːˈ ɪʃ • Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS MONTESQUIEU
- 14. SEPARATION OF POWERS • Each function of government should be divided • Legislative Branch: Write the laws • Executive Branch: Enforce the laws • Judicial Branch: Interpret the Laws • Prevents concentration of power • “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty;...” THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS MONTESQUIEU
- 15. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778) • Believed man was good… Society corrupted him • Wrote The Social Contract • Freedom is obedience to laws you agree with. THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS
- 16. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778) An agreement between the government and its citizens. The government has a job to protect the rights of the citizens and the citizen must follow the laws in order to maintain peace. Citizens have the right to overthrow the government if it was seen as unpopular. The Social Contract THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS
- 17. A. VOLTAIRE • Used his writings to campaign against intolerance, injustice and prejudice. • Admired British system of common law. • Viewed reason as a divine force. THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS
- 18. VOLTAIRE • “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.” • “What is tolerance? It is the consequence of humanity. We are all formed of frailty and error; let us pardon reciprocally each other's folly - that is the first law of nature.” • So long as the people do not care to exercise their freedom, those who wish to tyrannize will do so; for tyrants are active and ardent, and will devote themselves in the name of any number of gods, religious and otherwise, to put shackles upon sleeping men. THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTAULS
- 19. MAJOR ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS FOR SOCIETY • Detested the slave trade and slavery • Deplored religious prejudice • Defended freedom of speech • Attacked divine right theory • Urged education for all • Hated unequal distribution of property • Believed governments should be freely elected • Women’s first duty was to her family THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS
- 20. THE OLD REGIME. NEW INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CENTURIES CONTINENTAL HEGEMONY COLONIAL HEGEMONY 1. Which countries had continental hegemony in Europe during the Old Regime? In which centuries? 2. Which countries had colonial hegemony during the Old Regime? In which centuries? /h mən /ɪˈɡɛ ɪ
- 21. THE OLD REGIME. NEW INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CENTURIES CONTINENTAL HEGEMONY COLONIAL HEGEMONY FROM 16 TH C. TO FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY HISPANIC MONARCHY HISPANIC MONARCHY PORTUGAL SECOND HALF OF THE 17 TH CENTURY FRANCE FRANCE GREAT BRITAIN UNITED PROVINCES 1. Which countries had continental hegemony in Europe during the Old Regime? In which centuries? 2. Which countries had colonial hegemony during the Old Regime? In which centuries? /h mən /ɪˈɡɛ ɪ
- 22. • Most of Europe was ruled by absolute monarchs Enlightened Monarchs • Frederick II, Prussia • Catherine the Great, Russia • Maria Theresa, Austria • Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire • Gustav III, Sweden THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 23. • Some monarch’s embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment ideals • However, they had no intention of giving up any power. • The changes they made were motivated by two desires: • to make their countries stronger • to make their own rule more effective THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 24. IMPACT OF THE PHILOSOPHES • Believed the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights • Tried to convince monarchs to rule justly • Some thinkers ended up corresponding with or advising European monarchs Voltaire advised Fredrick the Great THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 25. CHANGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RULER AND STATE Old Idea • As Louis XIV reportedly said “I am the state.” • The state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch. New Idea • As Fredrick the Great said, a ruler is only “the first servant of the state.” • The monarch exists to serve the state and support citizen’s welfare. THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 26. FREDERICK THE GREAT OF PRUSSIA (1740–1786) • Enlightened Reforms • Granted religious freedoms • Reduced censorship • Improved education • Reformed the justice system • Abolished the use of torture THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 27. FREDERICK THE GREAT • Fredrick believed that serfdom was wrong but did nothing to end it since he needed the support of the wealthy landowners • As a result, he never tried to changed the existing social order • This demonstrates the limitations of his devotion to Enlightenment ideals THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 28. CATHERINE THE GREAT RUSSIA (1762–1796) • Took over the government after she had her husband arrested and confined • Determined to “westernize” Russia • Introduced Enlightened ideals to the Russian elite • Backed efforts to modernize industry and agriculture THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 29. CATHERINE THE GREAT • She did little to improve the lives of the Russian peasants • Her views about enlightened ideas changed after a massive uprising by serfs in 1773 • After the revolt, she was convinced she needed the support of the nobles to maintain her throne • She gave the nobles absolute power over the serfs, who lost all freedom THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 30. JOSEPH II • Most radical reform was the abolition of serfdom • He ordered all peasants be paid for their labor in cash • The nobles firmly resisted the change • After his death, many of his reforms were undone THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 31. • Charles III of Spain (1759-1788) • Bourbon family • Improved life for Spanish • Suppressed Jesuits CHARLES III OF SPAIN THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
- 32. THE OLD REGIME .ECONOMY MERCANTILISM - THE WEALTH OF A NATION WAS RELATED TO THE ACCUMULATION OF PRECIOUS METALS - THE STATE REGULATED COMMERCE: RESTRICTING FOREIGN IMPORTS AND ENCOURAGING EXPORTS - THE STATE PROMOTES AND PROTECTS THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY AGAINST FOREIGN COMPETITION - THE COLONIES WERE IMPORTANT MARKETS FOR EXPORT AND THE PROVIDETRS OF RAW MATERIALS [ fe vˈ ɪ ər&bl]
- 33. ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE ECONOMY • Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called laissez faire. • Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. • The wealth of a nation came from the land: agriculture and mining. Real wealth comes from productive land not gold and silver. • Supported free trade and opposed tariffs. FRANÇOIS QUESNAY THE ENLIGHTENMENT. ECONOMY
- 34. • Adam Smith: Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity. • Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand • Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards to be had • Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works. • His ideas lead to very productive economies during the Industrial Revolution (1800’s and 1900’s) ADAM SMITH THE ENLIGHTENMENT. ECONOMY Invisible hand of the market
- 35. SUPPLY /sə pla /ˈ ɪ AND DEMAND /d m nd/ɪˈ ɑː THE ENLIGHTENMENT. ECONOMY Invisible hand of the market
- 36. THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS ABSOLUTISMO ABSOLUTISM MERCANTILISMO MERCANTILISM SOCIEDAD ESTAMENTAL ESTAMENTAL SOCIETY INTOLERANCIA-IGNORANCIA INTOLERANCE IGNORANCE CRITICISM OF THE OLD REGIME WHAT DO THE ENLIGHTENMENT INTELLECTUALS DEFEND? OLD REGIME ENLIGHTENMENT Revision
- 37. THE ENLIGHTENED INTELLECTUALS Críticas al Antiguo Régimen ABSOLUTISMO Absolutism LIBERTADES POLÍTICAS Political freedoms MERCANTILISMO Mercantilism LIBERTAD DE MERCADO Free market SOCIEDAD ESTAMENTAL Estamental society SOCIEDAD ABIERTA, BASADA EN ESFUERZO Y MÉRITO Open society, based on the effort and the merit INTOLERANCIA-IGNORANCIA Intolerance ignorance EDUCACIÓN Education CRITICISM OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME WHAT DO THE ENLIGHTENMENT INTELLECTUALS DEFEND?
- 38. JESÚS MANA http://es.slideshare.net/manavega/the-ancien-rgime-15966866?related=1 PAPEFONS http://es.slideshare.net/papefons/the-18th-century-the-crisis-of-the-ancien-rgime https://globalimperialism.wikispaces.com/Mercantilism The old regime theancienrgime-130112161605-phpapp01 FUENTES Manual de Historia. 4º de ESO. Edt. Anaya History social Science. 4 Secondary education. Edt. Anaya English http://mr-roberts.webs.com/riseofdemocraticideas.htm http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia
Editor's Notes
- Low yields. Cosechas pequeñas Tenant. Arrendatarios (inquilinos) Required fallow: necesitan el barbecho
- Mouldboard plough: arado de vertereda
- Fiefs: FEUDO Tithe. [taɪð] diezmo m
- overthrow . / ‘əʊvər’θrəʊ / derrocar
- Candide
- frailty[ˈfreɪltɪ] debilidad Folly. Locura shackle[ˈʃækl] poner grilletes a,
- During the time of the Enlightenment, most of the countries in continental Europe were ruled by monarchs who exercised absolute power. Many of these monarchs read Enlightenment works and were intrigued by the new ideas thinkers put forth. The philosophes thought that an “enlightened” monarch could implement their ideas, which would result in better laws and a general improvement in the quality of life for all citizens. Some thinkers did end up corresponding with or advising European monarchs and eventually influenced many to put a range of Enlightenment ideals into practice.
- Frederick II of Prussia, often called “Frederick the Great,” was fascinated with Enlightenment philosophy. He also was drawn to the arts: not only did he strongly support them during his reign, he also composed poems, essays, and several pieces of music. Frederick also loved all things French: he was such a Francophile that he preferred to speak and write in French rather than German. He greatly admired Voltaire and invited him to come to Prussia as his personal guest. Voltaire accepted and ended up living in Berlin and Potsdam for two years.
- Catherine II of Russia, often called “Catherine the Great,” was also attracted to Enlightenment ideas. She immersed herself in the works of leading thinkers, focusing in particular on the French philosophes. She corresponded with such notables as Voltaire and Diderot and also composed several comedies, works of fiction, and memoirs. During her reign, she made determined efforts to “westernize” Russia. In the cultural arena, she brought in several leading European intellectuals in order to introduce the Russian elite to Enlightenment ideas. She also bought and imported a vast amount of art. Economically, she made attempts to get foreign capitalists to invest in Russia; she also championed efforts to modernize industry and agriculture.
- Joseph ruled as co-regent with his mother beginning in 1765. Like other “enlightened” monarchs, he believed in the power of reason; however, the measures he undertook once he became sole ruler in 1780 were much more radical than those instituted by other monarchs. He encouraged religious toleration of Protestants and Jews; he reduced the power of the Catholic Church in Austria and brought it more firmly under his control; and, in his most controversial measure, he abolished serfdom and decreed that peasants be paid in cash for their labors. This cash proviso, however, infuriated the nobles and was even rejected by the peasants, who preferred a barter economy. Joseph’s power and health both waned in succeeding years, and his reforms didn’t last long after his death in 1790.
- Quesnay
- Wage. /weɪdʒ/ Salario. Supplier. /səˈplaɪər / Proveedores Profit. Beneficio. Suppliers will seek to meet it. Los proveedores procurarán encontrarlo