This document discusses system calls in operating systems. It defines a system call as the way a program requests a service from the operating system kernel. System calls provide an interface between user programs and the OS and allow processes to access resources. The document describes how system calls work by interrupting a process, executing in kernel mode, then returning control to user mode. It also lists reasons why system calls are needed in operating systems, such as for file I/O, process creation, networking, and hardware device access. Finally, it outlines some common types of system calls like process control, file management, and communications.