syria
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Syria is located in the Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea between Lebanon and Turkey. It has a total area of around 185,180 square kilometers including coastal plains, upland areas, and desert regions. The capital and largest city is Damascus. Syria has a population of approximately 17 million people and also hosts over 1.8 million refugees from neighboring countries. Arabic is the official language, while the majority of Syrians are Arab. Key industries include agriculture such as cotton and wheat, as well as petroleum production.
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syria
- 4. Official name: Syrian Arab Republic Capital: Damascus Area: total: 185,180 sq km note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory water: 1,130 sq km land: 184,050 sq km Area: total: 185,180 sq km note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory water: 1,130 sq km land: 184,050 sq km Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus Location: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey Geographic coordinates: 35 00 N, 38 00 E Comparative Area: slightly larger than North Dakota Land boundaries: total: 2,253 km border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km
- 6. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS The area includes about 185,180 square kilometers of deserts, plains, and mountains
- 11. COASTAL PLAIN
- 12. UPLAND AREAS The highest point in Syria is Mount Hermon (2,814 m; 9,232 ft) on the Lebanese border
- 14. is a storehouse on Euprates Syria’s largest lake with a maximum capacity of 11.7 cubic kilometres (2.8 cu mi) and a maximum surface area of 610 square kilometres (240 sq mi).
- 17. • Population is about 17million • Syria hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 1,852,300. Iraq (1,300,000), Palestine (543,400) , "the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era"
- 18. ETHNIC GROUPS
- 20. LANGAUAGES • Arabic is the National Language of Syria
- 21. • Cotton is one of Syria’s main crops. MOST PRODUCED PRODUCTS IN SYRIA
- 22. • The textile industry is one of the most important in Syria.
- 23. • Petroleum
- 24. EDUCATION
- 25. FOOD • During Ramadan, each day's fast is broken with an evening meal called iftar. • A mezzeh is a midday meal composed of up to twenty or thirty small dishes. These dishes can include hummous , a puree of chickpeas and tahini (ground sesame paste); baba ganouj, an eggplant puree; meat rissoles; stuffed grape leaves; tabouleh (a salad of cracked wheat and vegetables); falafel (deep-fried balls of mashed chickpeas); and pita bread.
- 27. MARRIAGE • By Muslim tradition, marriage is arranged by the couple's families. Nonetheless, the marriage rate has declined because of housing shortages, inflation, rising levels of education, bride money, and the prohibitive cost of weddings.
- 28. In 1953, it passed the Law of Personal Status, under which a man was bound to demonstrate that he could financially support two wives before marrying the second one. e
- 29. Whereas divorce laws used to follow the Arabic tradition that a man had only to repeat three times "I divorce you" (in his wife's presence or not), court proceedings are now required.
- 30. HEALTH Infectious diseases are a major health threat, especially in rural areas, where water quality is poor and sewage disposal systems are not well developed.
- 34. FLAG OF SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
- 36. FLAG OF SYRIAN NATIONAL COALITION AND OPPOSITION FORCES
- 40. Discovered in early fifties.
- 45. CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY • 539 BC Persians took Syria as part of their empire. • 333-332 BC Seleucid Empire incorporated Syria. The capital was Antioch. • 64 BC Roman general Pompey the Great captured Antioch and turning Syria into Roman Province
- 49. EMPEROR OF ROME WHO WERE SYRIANS • Emperor Elagabalus • Alexander Severus • Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippius)
Editor's Notes
- Picture of syria
- Capital: Damascus Official Language: Arabic Most prominent religion: Islam
- The Syrian Desert (Arabic: بادية الشام, bādiyat ash-shām), also known as the Syro-Arabian Desert, is a combination of steppe and true desert that is located in the northern Arabian Peninsula, somewhere between Deir ez-Zor andTadmor (Palmyra) covering The desert is very rocky and flat.[1][2]
- Jabal al-Druze (Arabic: جبل الدروز, Mountain of the Druze), officially Jabal al-Arab (Arabic: جبل العرب, Mountain of the Arabs), is an elevated volcanic region in the As-Suwayda Governorate of southern Syria. Most of the inhabitants of this region are Arab Druze, and there are also small Muslim and Christiancommunities. Safaitic inscriptions were first found in this area. It was an autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria from 1921 to 1936, under the same name. In the past, the name Jabal al-Druze was used for a different area, located in Mount Lebanon.
- Al Ladhiqiyah is the principal port city of Syria. Tartous is a city on the Mediterranean coast of Syria. Tartus is the second largest port city in Syria (after Latakia), Syria claimed a territorial limit of 35 nautical miles (64.8 km; 40.3 mi) off its Mediterranean coastline. However, in 2003, Syria unilaterally declared its maritime zones, adhering to the 12 nautical miles allowed by the United Nations Law of the Sea.
- Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon[1] and, at 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in Syria.[2] On the top there is “Hermon Hotel”, in the buffer zone between Syria and Israeli-occupied territory,
- Fertile land is the nation's most important natural resource, and efforts have been made, and in the 1980s were continuing, to increase the amount of arable land through irrigation projects. Water[edit] Flood in Northern Syria after collapse of the Zeyzoun Dam, June 2002 The country's waterways are of vital importance to its agricultural development. The longest and most important river is the Euphrates, which represents more than 80 percent of Syria's water resources
- Lake Assad (Arabic: بحيرة الأسد, Buhayrat al-Assad) is a reservoir on theEuphrates in Ar-Raqqah Governorate, Syria. It was created in 1974 when theTabqa Dam was closed. Lake Assad is Syria’s largest lake with a maximum capacity of 11.7 cubic kilometres (2.8 cu mi) and a maximum surface area of 610 square kilometres (240 sq mi). A vast network of canals uses water from Lake Assad to irrigate lands on both sides of the Euphrates. In addition, the lake provides drinking water for the city of Aleppo and supports a fishing industry. The shores of Lake Assad have developed into important ecological zones.
- The climate is predominantly dry; about three-fifths of the country has less than 250 millimeters (9.84 in) of rain a year.
- Approx. 75% Sunni Muslim Shia, Druze and Alawite Muslims make up approx. 18% of population Small percentage of other Christian Denominations
- like Lebanese people, Palestine, Iraqis, Maltese and Jordania.
- Linguistic Affiliation. Arabic is the official language, and 90 percent of the population speaks it. The Syrian dialect is very similar to Jordanian and Egyptian and varies little from Modern Standard Arabic, the standardized form used in communications throughout the Arab world. Kurdish, Armenian, and Circassian also are spoken. Kurdish is spoken mostly in the northeast, but even there it is rarely heard, as speaking it is viewed as a gesture of dissent. Some ancient languages are still spoken in parts of the country, including Maalua, Aramaic, and Syriac. As a result of colonial influence, French and English (French in particular) are understood and used in interactions with tourists and other foreigners. Read more: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz3eK08qQP7 Linguistic Affiliation. Arabic is the official language, and 90 percent of the population speaks it. The Syrian dialect is very similar to Jordanian and Egyptian and varies little from Modern Standard Arabic, the standardized form used in communications throughout the Arab world. Kurdish, Armenian, and Circassian also are spoken. Kurdish is spoken mostly in the northeast, but even there it is rarely heard, as speaking it is viewed as a gesture of dissent. Some ancient languages are still spoken in parts of the country, including Maalua, Aramaic, and Syriac. As a result of colonial influence, French and English (French in particular) are understood and used in interactions with tourists and other foreigners. Read more: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz3eK08qQP7
- Cotton has long been an important product in Syria, and continues to hold an important position in the nation's economy today. During the middle of the twentieth century, cotton brought in more money than any other exported product. Although petroleum surpassed cotton in earnings during the 1970s, cotton is still one of the main cash crops and largest employing sector of industry in Syria. Syria also plays a significant role in the international production of cotton. The nation produces roughly 7 percent of the world's total cotton. Cotton is generally grown in the northern regions of Syria. Almost all cotton crops are planted on irrigated land. As such, water is a significant necessity in the cotton industry. on average, the nation uses over 4 million cubic meters of water a year on the cultivation of cotton. The high amounts of water needed to create productive crops in this region have spurred controversy due to the negative environmental impacts such overuse creates. Following cultivation, a number of seasonal workers are employed in the harvesting of cotton. The harvested product is referred to as "raw cotton." Raw cotton is subsequently purchased, typically by public establishments, which then gin the raw cotton in publicly owned plants. Currently, there are 16 major ginning plants in Syria. Once cotton ginning has been completed, the public plants spin the cotton and turn it into cotton yarn, which then can be woven and dyed before creating cotton fabric. Several public plants dye the cotton and create cotton fabrics, but others contract with private companies which purchase cotton yarn from public plants and use it to produce cotton fabric. Private companies can only purchase cotton from public plants or directly from local farmers, because all cotton imports are banned in order to protect Syria's cotton industry.
- The textile industry is one of the most important in Syria. After oil, it is the biggest source of foreign income for the Middle-Eastern nation. It is a vital part to the economic structure, with big players in both the private and public sectors. Textiles are such an important export for Syria for three main reasons: wide availability and affordability of base materials, supply of cheap labor for the manufacturing process, and a strong transportation system that makes it all possible. First to look at is the fact that the materials needed to make textiles are obtainable very easily. Cotton, the world's most important textile crop, is produced in great quantities not only in Syria but in several neighboring countries, making a steady supply a given. And because of the ease of access, the prices are kept fairly low, ensuring many people have the chance to get started in the industry. The second factor in the influence of textiles on the Syrian economy is the availability of cheap labor. From the initial farming to the harvesting, spinning, and weaving, many hours are required to make a finished product. While often-times exports are simply raw materials to be used elsewhere, there are a lot of hours involved in the manufacture of textiles. With a relatively low cost of living, Syria is able to meet this demand of labor adequately and at a low cost. Finally, the well-established road system and chain of transport is key to making the textile industry in Syria click. The roads are highly developed, and in comparison to many other developing nations, very advanced. In addition, because of Syria's local production of oil, vehicle operation costs are lower than many other places in the world. This means much lower transportation costs, a big deal when transporting tons upon tons of raw materials. Textiles are a very important form of industry for Syria, and with good reason. Wide availability of materials, low labor costs, and great transportation all convene to make textiles a great trade option for Syria.
- Petroleum Traditionally, the mainstay of Syria's economy was the textile industry, with cotton serving as the cash crop and the number one export of the region. In recent years however, the petroleum industry has grown profitable and quickly bypassed the textile sector. Much of this occurred in the late twentieth century as a result of the growing demand for fossil fuels in developed nations. Today, petroleum is by far the most important natural resource in Syria. Oil accounts for over half of the nation's total exports. The main producer of oil in Syria is the al-Furat Petroleum Company, which is jointly owned by the Syrian Petroleum Company, PetroCanada and Shell. The fields owned by the al-Furat Petroleum Company are mainly located in the northeastern region of the country. Important oil fields owned by the Syrian Petroleum Company include al-Thayyem, Omar, Omar North, Suwaidiyah, Jibsah, Karatchuk and Rumailan. Major oil fields owned by other companies in Syria include Qahar, Tanak, Azraq, Maleh, Sijan and Jafra. In recent years, the production of petroleum and oil shale in Syria has begun to decline. This is a result of the most economical reserves being overused in the first several years following the discovery of Syria's reserves. With the continued depletion of Syria's oil reserves, the nation has begun to transition to exporting natural gas, which is still quite abundant and economical to retrieve. Additionally, the Syrian government seeks to retain the economic viability of the petroleum industry by investing in new technologies and the continued exploration for additional supplies of petroleum.
- Children are highly valued as a blessing from God. The more children one has, the more fortunate one is considered, Read more: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz3eKFuifMy The literacy rate is 64 percent—78 percent for men and 51 percent for women. Primary education is mandatory and free for six years. Middle school, which begins at age thirteen, marks the end of mixed-sex education. Most schools are run by the state, which combines a French structure with the rigid discipline and rote learning of the Islamic tradition. There are a few religious schools, some schools that are run by the United Nation relief program, and some that are run by the Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees. Higher Education. Syria has vocational and teacher-training education as well as universities in Damascus, Aleppo, and Latakia. About 165,000 students (40 percent of them women) are enrolled in the universities. The learning situation is less than ideal, with large class sizes and outdated teaching and testing techniques. Students who can afford to obtain visas often prefer to study abroad. Read more: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz3eKFzr6VL
- Food in Daily Life. Wheat is the main crop and one of the staple foods. Vegetables, fruits, and dairy products also are eaten. Lamb is popular, but most people cannot afford to eat meat on a regular basis. Islam proscribes the consumption of pork, and other meats must be specially prepared in a method called halal cooking. In middle-class and wealthier homes, meals are like those eaten in other Middle Eastern countries: roast or grilled chicken or lamb with side dishes of rice, chickpeas, yogurt, and vegetables. A mezzeh is a midday meal composed of up to twenty or thirty small dishes. These dishes can include hummous , a puree of chickpeas and tahini (ground sesame paste); baba ganouj, an eggplant puree; meat rissoles; stuffed grape leaves; tabouleh (a salad of cracked wheat and vegetables); falafel (deep-fried balls of mashed chickpeas); and pita bread. Olives, lemon, parsley, onion, and garlic are used for flavoring. Popular fruits that are grown in the region include dates, figs, plums, and watermelons. Damascus has a number of French restaurants remaining from the time of colonial rule. Tea is the ubiquitous drink and is often consumed at social gatherings. Soda is also very popular, as is milk and a drink made by mixing yogurt with water, salt, and garlic. Alcohol consumption is rare, as it is forbidden by the Islamic religion, but beer and wine are available, as is arak, an aniseed drink that also is popular in other Middle Eastern countries. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Food is an important part of many celebrations. During Ramadan, each day's fast is broken with an evening meal called iftar. This meal begins in silence and is consumed rapidly. Eid al-Fitr, the final breaking of the Ramadan fast, entails the consumption of large quantities of food, sweets in particular. Food is also a central element at weddings, parties, and other festivities. Read more: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz3eKIlrLzD
- Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. By Muslim tradition, marriage is arranged by the couple's families. While more leniency is now allowed, particularly in cities and among the upper classes, it is still extremely rare for a couple to marry against their family's wishes. According to the constitution, the state has assumed the duty of protecting and encouraging the institution of marriage. Nonetheless, the marriage rate has declined because of housing shortages, inflation, rising levels of education, bride money, and the prohibitive cost of weddings. Although the state and the Muslim religion both oppose the current dowry system, it is deeply entrenched in the family structure. It places immense pressure on the husband and his family, who have to raise large sums of money, and on the bride, who often is forced to marry the suitor who can provide the biggest dowry. Syria was the first Arab country to pass laws concerning polygamy. In 1953, it passed the Law of Personal Status, under which a man was bound to demonstrate that he could financially support two wives before marrying the second one. Whereas divorce laws used to follow the Arabic tradition that a man had only to repeat three times "I divorce you" (in his wife's presence or not), court proceedings are now required. Read more: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz3eKMPJC8F
- Medicine and Health Care There are private medical practices, in addition to the free medical care provided by the state. The health care system is poor but improving. Infectious diseases are a major health threat, especially in rural areas, where water quality is poor and sewage disposal systems are not well developed. There is a high child mortality rate that is due mainly to measles and digestive and respiratory diseases. Read more: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz3eKOZzGtR
- Flag of Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Arab Republic Use National flag and ensign Proportion 2:3 Adopted 22 February 1958, abandoned on 28 September 1961; readopted on 30 March 1980[1] Design A horizontal tricolour triband of red, white, and black, with two green stars charged in the centre. The current flag was first adopted in 1958 to represent Syria as part of the United Arab Republic, and was used until 1961. It was readopted in 1980. Since its first adoption, variations of the red-white-black flag have been used in various Arab Unions of Syria with Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Yemen and Iraq. Although Syria is not part of any Arab state union, the flag of the United Arab Republic was readopted to show Syria's commitment to Arab unity.[2] The usage of the flag has become disputed because it is often associated with the Ba'ath Party and has come to represent parties loyal to Assad's government in the Syrian civil war.[3] The Syrian flag is described in Article 6 of the Syrian Constitution. The first paragraph of the Article states: The flag of the Syrian Arab Republic consists of three colours: red, white and black, with two green stars, of five angles each. The flag is rectangular, with its width measuring two thirds of its length. It is divided into three rectangles of identical dimensions and have the same length as the flag. The upper one is red, the middle being white and the bottom one is black, with the two green stars in the middle of the white rectangle.
- During the ongoing civil war, the Syrian opposition, represented by the Syrian National Council, then by the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces[7] (commonly named the Syrian National Coalition) used the same independence flag first used in 1932. The independence flag began to be used as a universal display of the protesting opposition in late 2011.[7] The opposition wanted to distinguish themselves from the current Syrian government and favoured the use of the flag used when Syria gained its independence from France. Khaled Kamal, an official from the Syrian National Council, now believes this flag to also represent independence and the end ofBashar al-Assad's government. Today the flag is mainly used in areas controlled by the Syrian National Coalition. The use of the independence flag parallels the Libyan rebels' use of the pre-Gaddafi Libyan flag from the era of the Kingdom of Libya instead of Muammar Gaddafi's green flag.[8]
- Syrian Arab Republic Coat of arms of the Syrian Arab Republic Details Armiger Syrian Arab Republic Adopted 1980 Escutcheon Per pale Gules, Argent and Sable, two Mullets of five points palewise Vert Supporters A Hawk of Quraish The coat of arms of the Syrian Arab Republic lead by Bashar al-Assad is the Hawk of Quraish featuring a shield with the Ba'athist Pan Arab flag, and a scroll with the words "Syrian Arab Republic" (in Arabic الجمهورية العربية السورية).
- Ugarit was at the centre of the literate world, among Egypt, Anatolia, Cyprus, Crete, and Mesopotamia
- was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.
- SUMER, AKKAD, ASSYRIA PHRAOH’S EGYPT Scholars believe the language of Ebla was closely related to the fellow East Semitic Akkadian language of Mesopotamia[3] and to be among the oldest known written languages.[2] Syria was occupied successively by Sumerians, Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrians and Babylonians.[2] The region was fought over by the rival empires of the Hittites, Egyptians, Assyrians and Mitanni between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, with the Middle Assyrian Empire eventually left controlling Syria. When the Middle Assyrian Empire began to deteriorate in the late 11th century BC, Canaanites and Phoenicians, came to the fore and occupied the coast, and Arameans supplanted the Amorites in the interior, as part of the general disruptions and exchanges associated with the Bronze Age Collapse and the Sea Peoples. From the 10th century BC the Neo-Assyrian Empire arose, and Syria was ruled by Assyria for the next three centuries, until the late 7th century BC. After this empire finally collapsed, Mesopotamian dominance continued for a time with the short lived Neo-Babylonian Empire, which ruled the region for 70 or so years.
- Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Paul the Apostle was converted on the Road to Damascus and emerged as a significant figure in the Christian Church at Antioch, from where he set off on many of his missionary journeys. (Acts 9:1–43)
- Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Paul the Apostle was converted on the Road to Damascus and emerged as a significant figure in the Christian Church at Antioch, from where he set off on many of his missionary journeys. (Acts 9:1–43)
- With the decline of the empire in the west, Syria became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine, Empire in 395.