This presentation deals with the use of synthetic biology in current world to produce synthetic microorganisms and issues related to that. Three parent baby is also a part of synthetic biology where faulty mitochondria of one mother are replaced by healthy mitochondria of other women. It is a revolution towards the production of the designer baby. This designer baby will be a concern shortly as human are acting like God and may be started to produce the baby with other unknown defects or diseases which might be uncurable in the near future.
The procedure is called as "three-parent" in vitro fertilization because the babies, born from genetically modified embryos, would have DNA from a mother, a father and from a healthier female donor to prevent some serious incurable diseases passing on.
About us: FertilityConsultants.ca is people choice of consulting firm International Surrogacy in Canada which is fully devoted in helping couples who are having difficulty in trying to conceive.
Three parent babies: Everything you need to knowRicha Khatiwada
The document discusses mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) techniques for preventing inherited mitochondrial diseases. It describes three techniques - pronuclear transfer, spindle transfer, and polar body transfer. The first baby born using MRT was in Mexico in 2016 via spindle transfer for a mother at risk of passing on Leigh syndrome. The second was in Ukraine in 2017 using pronuclear transfer to help an infertile couple. MRT involves transferring the nuclear DNA from the parents while replacing the mitochondrial DNA with donor DNA to avoid transmission of mitochondrial diseases.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
Advancement in Cell culture Techniques 2000 onward Sarwar A.D
This document summarizes advances in animal cell culture techniques after 2000. It discusses several studies from 2000-2010 that established new techniques such as culturing hepatitis C virus in cell culture, developing temperature-responsive cell culture membranes, and deriving human embryonic stem cells from blastocysts. It also summarizes the development of 3D cell culture, microfluidic cell culture platforms, and generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and their use in disease modeling and transplantation therapies.
This document summarizes a lecture on animal tissue culture. It defines tissue culture as the in vitro culture of cells, tissues, or organs outside of the organism. There are three main types of tissue culture: cell culture, where cells grow as a monolayer or in suspension; explant culture, where a tissue fragment is attached and cells migrate on a substrate; and organ culture, where an organ maintains its three-dimensional shape and histological interactions. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type of culture, such as cell lines developing over generations for cell culture but potential loss of differentiation, or normal physiological functions being maintained for organ culture but limited scalability.
This presentation explores modern cloning, a brief history of cloning, uses for cloning technology, cloning laws, and connections between current cloning and Cloud Atlas.
This document summarizes a presentation on organoids in immunological research. It begins with an overview of organoids, describing them as 3D cultures derived from adult stem cells that recapitulate tissue architecture. Section 1 discusses the tissue-like structure of organoids and self-organization principles. Section 2 explains how organoids can be used to study interactions between epithelial cells and immune cells, and how this improves understanding of homeostasis, infection responses, and fetal development. Section 3 discusses applications of organoid technology in personalized medicine and future directions.
The Roslin Technique was used to create Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Researchers at the Roslin Institute took a mammary gland cell from an adult sheep and inserted its nucleus into an egg cell from another sheep. After being fused together with electricity, the reprogrammed cell was implanted into a surrogate mother sheep. Dolly was successfully born in 1996 as a healthy, normal lamb and lived until 2003.
The procedure is called as "three-parent" in vitro fertilization because the babies, born from genetically modified embryos, would have DNA from a mother, a father and from a healthier female donor to prevent some serious incurable diseases passing on.
About us: FertilityConsultants.ca is people choice of consulting firm International Surrogacy in Canada which is fully devoted in helping couples who are having difficulty in trying to conceive.
Three parent babies: Everything you need to knowRicha Khatiwada
The document discusses mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) techniques for preventing inherited mitochondrial diseases. It describes three techniques - pronuclear transfer, spindle transfer, and polar body transfer. The first baby born using MRT was in Mexico in 2016 via spindle transfer for a mother at risk of passing on Leigh syndrome. The second was in Ukraine in 2017 using pronuclear transfer to help an infertile couple. MRT involves transferring the nuclear DNA from the parents while replacing the mitochondrial DNA with donor DNA to avoid transmission of mitochondrial diseases.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
Advancement in Cell culture Techniques 2000 onward Sarwar A.D
This document summarizes advances in animal cell culture techniques after 2000. It discusses several studies from 2000-2010 that established new techniques such as culturing hepatitis C virus in cell culture, developing temperature-responsive cell culture membranes, and deriving human embryonic stem cells from blastocysts. It also summarizes the development of 3D cell culture, microfluidic cell culture platforms, and generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and their use in disease modeling and transplantation therapies.
This document summarizes a lecture on animal tissue culture. It defines tissue culture as the in vitro culture of cells, tissues, or organs outside of the organism. There are three main types of tissue culture: cell culture, where cells grow as a monolayer or in suspension; explant culture, where a tissue fragment is attached and cells migrate on a substrate; and organ culture, where an organ maintains its three-dimensional shape and histological interactions. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type of culture, such as cell lines developing over generations for cell culture but potential loss of differentiation, or normal physiological functions being maintained for organ culture but limited scalability.
This presentation explores modern cloning, a brief history of cloning, uses for cloning technology, cloning laws, and connections between current cloning and Cloud Atlas.
This document summarizes a presentation on organoids in immunological research. It begins with an overview of organoids, describing them as 3D cultures derived from adult stem cells that recapitulate tissue architecture. Section 1 discusses the tissue-like structure of organoids and self-organization principles. Section 2 explains how organoids can be used to study interactions between epithelial cells and immune cells, and how this improves understanding of homeostasis, infection responses, and fetal development. Section 3 discusses applications of organoid technology in personalized medicine and future directions.
The Roslin Technique was used to create Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Researchers at the Roslin Institute took a mammary gland cell from an adult sheep and inserted its nucleus into an egg cell from another sheep. After being fused together with electricity, the reprogrammed cell was implanted into a surrogate mother sheep. Dolly was successfully born in 1996 as a healthy, normal lamb and lived until 2003.
This document summarizes research on using stem cells to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). It discusses how endogenous neural stem cells in the brain respond to TBI by increasing proliferation. It also reviews studies transplanting various stem cell types into TBI models, including mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and embryonic stem cells, finding improved outcomes. Challenges include ensuring safety and reducing inflammation. Stem cells show promise for enhancing regeneration after TBI.
Stem cells biology and their application in clinical medicineRajesh Shukla
This document discusses stem cells, their types and sources. It describes that stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. The main stem cell sources discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells. Clinical applications of stem cells mentioned include hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat blood disorders and bone marrow failure, as well as use in bone grafting, corneal regeneration and tissue engineering.
This document summarizes the key aspects of cloning, including:
1) Cloning produces genetically identical organisms through artificial means like somatic cell nuclear transfer. Natural identical twins are a form of natural cloning.
2) Therapeutic cloning can be used to create patient-matched stem cells for research and potential future medical treatments by transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell.
3) Reproductive cloning aims to create a new organism but raises significant ethical concerns about undermining individuality and identity. The high failure rate of cloning also raises safety issues.
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms through artificial means. There are two main types of cloning: artificial embryo twinning, which splits an embryo into two, and somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg cell. In 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning may have medical benefits like organ transplants but also risks like developmental failures and depriving clones of individuality.
Stem cell therapy : A hope to "No Hope Disorders" Diseased Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
This document discusses stem cell therapy and its potential to treat various "no hope disorders". It provides an overview of stem cell sources and types, including adult stem cells from bone marrow, blood, dental pulp and other tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted as having advantages for therapy due to their plasticity and low risk of rejection. A range of conditions are described as effectively treated with stem cell therapy, including diabetes, neurological disorders, bone/cartilage disorders and liver/kidney diseases. The document promotes an Indian stem cell company that offers various banking and treatment services.
This document discusses 3D cell culture systems and their application in drug discovery. It notes that 3D cell cultures better mimic the in vivo cellular environment compared to traditional 2D cultures. Cells in 3D cultures exhibit different gene expression, morphology, proliferation rates, and responses to drugs compared to 2D cultures. This makes 3D cultures more predictive of in vivo responses during drug testing. The document outlines different types of 3D culture systems, such as scaffold-based, scaffold-free, spheroids and organoids. It also discusses advantages of 3D cultures for applications in areas like developmental biology, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and personalized drug testing.
Conventional IVF: Differences between human and mouse modelsVharshini Manoharan
This document summarizes the key steps in in vitro fertilization (IVF) for both mice and humans. It describes ovarian stimulation protocols, oocyte collection methods, sperm collection from the epididymis or ejaculate, capacitation of sperm, insemination and embryo development, and embryo transfer. Mouse oocytes are smaller than human oocytes. Mouse sperm are longer relative to body size than human sperm. The document provides references for IVF and sperm collection techniques in mice and humans.
The document discusses organoids, which are 3D clusters of cells grown in vitro to mimic organ structures. It describes the 5 basic steps to make an organoid: 1) obtain a tissue sample, 2) dissociate it into single cells, 3) isolate stem cells using a cell sorter, 4) add the stem cells to a gel-like substance called Matrigel, and 5) allow the cells to grow over 1-90 days. Various types of organoids are listed, and potential uses discussed, including testing medical/chemical agents, aiding drug development by reducing animal testing, and regenerative medicine by growing replacement organs.
3D In Vitro Model for Drug Efficiency Testingjudoublen
This document discusses the potential advantages of using 3D in vitro models compared to traditional 2D models for drug testing. It notes that 3D cultures more closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment and cell morphology. This allows 3D cultures to better predict cellular responses to drugs and provide more accurate models of disease. The document outlines several applications of 3D cultures, such as studying tumor development, evaluating drug sensitivity, and developing organs-on-chips microfluidic devices that model human organ functions.
This document discusses therapeutic proteins and their production using recombinant DNA technology. It begins by defining therapeutic proteins as proteins engineered for pharmaceutical use to treat illnesses where certain proteins are low or absent. The four main sections discuss: 1) different protein expression systems including bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian cells; 2) optimizing gene expression and production of recombinant proteins; 3) examples of therapeutic proteins produced including insulin, growth hormone, and interferons; and 4) the use of enzymes like DNase and alginate lyase as therapeutic agents.
Genomics C elegan genome and model organismiqraakbar8
The C. elegans genome is about 100 million base pairs long and consists of six pairs of chromosomes in hermaphrodites or five pairs of autosomes with XO chromosome in male C. elegans and a mitochondrial genome. The genome contains an estimated 20,470 protein-coding genes.
The document discusses the role of gut flora in immune function. It explains that the digestive tract contains 100 trillion microorganisms, mostly bacteria, known as gut flora. This flora is divided into essential, opportunistic, and transitional types. The essential flora dominates in healthy individuals and supports immune function by forming a protective barrier and stimulating immune cells. Damage to essential flora negatively impacts immunity both locally in the gut and systemically. Maintaining a balanced gut flora is important for regulating immune responses and preventing autoimmune diseases.
Mature stem cells exist in adult tissues and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types to repair and replace damaged cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst and are pluripotent, able to differentiate into any adult cell type. Stem cell research offers potential applications in drug testing, cell-based therapies, and organ regeneration but faces challenges in controlling differentiation, immune rejection, and ethical objections.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene inactivated through replacement or disruption with artificial DNA. This allows researchers to study the function of that gene. The technique was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a modified DNA sequence, introducing this into embryonic stem cells, and implanting the modified stem cells into mouse blastocysts. This generates chimeric mice that can pass the modified gene to offspring. Knockout mice provide insights into gene function in humans and are used as models for diseases. They also enable drug and therapy testing, though some genes cause developmental issues if knocked out.
A Brief History of Regenerative MedicineJohn Makohen
In the presentation ISREGEN outlines the history of regenerative medicine fro it's earliest days when Robert Briggs and Thomas King began cloning frogs to the present medicinal advancements in stem cell research and repair.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
NK cells are lymphocytes that constitute 5-10% of cells in human peripheral blood. They play an important role in the innate immune response by killing infected or abnormal cells. NK cells are divided into two main subpopulations, CD56dim NK cells which are highly cytotoxic and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and CD56bright NK cells which rapidly produce cytokines and chemokines upon activation. A specialized NK cell population in the uterus, uterine NK cells, help form the placenta during pregnancy by enlarging blood vessels to supply the growing fetus.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
1) It defines stem cells, outlines the history of stem cell research, and describes the different types of stem cells based on their potential.
2) It discusses the sources of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and therapeutic cloning.
3) It outlines the steps involved in stem cell therapy and provides examples of health problems that may be treated by stem cells, such as Parkinson's disease, heart disease, and diabetes.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC MORPHOLOGICALLY SELECTED SPERM INJECTION is a technique used in IVF treatment to examine and select sperm using a high-magnification digital imaging microscope for microinjection into the egg.
ENC 1101Assignment 2Topic Selection Genetics 1. Use the .docxchristinemaritza
ENC 1101
Assignment: 2
Topic Selection: Genetics
1. Use the two articles provided
a. Is it OK to make babies from 3 parents' DNA?
b. Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
2. Please include two sources from the library or the library databases
Research/Source Evaluation Paper:
A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. Source Evaluation is needed to scrutinize and analyze the given sources on their substance and academic validity.
Assignment:
Students will submit an outline and compose a three-page (research/evaluation) paper.
Instructions:
Make sure that your paper has:
•
A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first portion of the paper.
•
Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.
•
Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
•
Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).
•
A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.
Due Date:
Your three-page paper is due March 15. When typing your paper, please be sure to double-space and to use the standard 12-point font in either Times New Roman or Calibri. Follow MLA research guidelines. Be sure to also include a Works Cited.
Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
By WakingTimes January 22, 2013
Aaron Jackson, Guest Writer
Waking Times
Genetically screening our offspring to make them better people is just “responsible parenting”, claims an eminent Oxford academic, The Telegraph reports.
Professor Julian Savulescu, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Ethics, said that creating so-called designer babies could be considered a “moral obligation” as it makes them grow up into “ethically better children”, this based on a few genetic links to ‘personality disorders’.
He said that we should actively give parents the choice to screen out personality flaws in their children as it meant they were then less likely to “harm themselves and others”.
Studies show that the child’s upbringing, including parenthood and schooling methods are the root causes of many ‘personality flaws’. Other studies give strong evidence that nutrition, meditation and exercise greatly influence behavioural patterns and emotional well-being. This entire theory is also blind to the side effects of many medicines, vaccines, food additives and (some) GMO foods that have been proven to affect psychological behaviour, and this isn’t even touching on the possible beneficial use of marijuana and other substances for those with undesired personality traits.
“Surely trying to ensure that your children have the best, or a good enough, opportunity for a great life is responsible parenting?” wrote Prof Savulescu, the Uehiro Professor in practical ethics.
ENC 1101Assignment 2Topic Selection Genetics 1. Use the .docxgidmanmary
ENC 1101
Assignment: 2
Topic Selection: Genetics
1. Use the two articles provided
a. Is it OK to make babies from 3 parents' DNA?
b. Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
2. Please include two sources from the library or the library databases
Research/Source Evaluation Paper:
A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. Source Evaluation is needed to scrutinize and analyze the given sources on their substance and academic validity.
Assignment:
Students will submit an outline and compose a three-page (research/evaluation) paper.
Instructions:
Make sure that your paper has:
•
A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first portion of the paper.
•
Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.
•
Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
•
Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).
•
A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.
Due Date:
Your three-page paper is due March 15. When typing your paper, please be sure to double-space and to use the standard 12-point font in either Times New Roman or Calibri. Follow MLA research guidelines. Be sure to also include a Works Cited.
Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
By WakingTimes January 22, 2013
Aaron Jackson, Guest Writer
Waking Times
Genetically screening our offspring to make them better people is just “responsible parenting”, claims an eminent Oxford academic, The Telegraph reports.
Professor Julian Savulescu, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Ethics, said that creating so-called designer babies could be considered a “moral obligation” as it makes them grow up into “ethically better children”, this based on a few genetic links to ‘personality disorders’.
He said that we should actively give parents the choice to screen out personality flaws in their children as it meant they were then less likely to “harm themselves and others”.
Studies show that the child’s upbringing, including parenthood and schooling methods are the root causes of many ‘personality flaws’. Other studies give strong evidence that nutrition, meditation and exercise greatly influence behavioural patterns and emotional well-being. This entire theory is also blind to the side effects of many medicines, vaccines, food additives and (some) GMO foods that have been proven to affect psychological behaviour, and this isn’t even touching on the possible beneficial use of marijuana and other substances for those with undesired personality traits.
“Surely trying to ensure that your children have the best, or a good enough, opportunity for a great life is responsible parenting?” wrote Prof Savulescu, the Uehiro Professor in practical ethics ...
This document summarizes research on using stem cells to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). It discusses how endogenous neural stem cells in the brain respond to TBI by increasing proliferation. It also reviews studies transplanting various stem cell types into TBI models, including mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and embryonic stem cells, finding improved outcomes. Challenges include ensuring safety and reducing inflammation. Stem cells show promise for enhancing regeneration after TBI.
Stem cells biology and their application in clinical medicineRajesh Shukla
This document discusses stem cells, their types and sources. It describes that stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. The main stem cell sources discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells. Clinical applications of stem cells mentioned include hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat blood disorders and bone marrow failure, as well as use in bone grafting, corneal regeneration and tissue engineering.
This document summarizes the key aspects of cloning, including:
1) Cloning produces genetically identical organisms through artificial means like somatic cell nuclear transfer. Natural identical twins are a form of natural cloning.
2) Therapeutic cloning can be used to create patient-matched stem cells for research and potential future medical treatments by transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell.
3) Reproductive cloning aims to create a new organism but raises significant ethical concerns about undermining individuality and identity. The high failure rate of cloning also raises safety issues.
Transfection involves introducing foreign DNA into host cells to produce a new phenotype. There are two main methods of transfection - vector-mediated and non-vector mediated. Vector-mediated transfection uses bacteriophage, retroviral, cosmid, baculovirus, and plasmid vectors to introduce DNA. Non-vector mediated methods include direct techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle bombardment, and indirect techniques like calcium phosphate precipitation and DEAE-dextran. Retroviral vectors are modified retroviruses that can introduce foreign DNA into host chromosomal DNA. Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using a micropipette under a microscope. Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary
Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms through artificial means. There are two main types of cloning: artificial embryo twinning, which splits an embryo into two, and somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the nucleus of an adult cell is transferred into an egg cell. In 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning may have medical benefits like organ transplants but also risks like developmental failures and depriving clones of individuality.
Stem cell therapy : A hope to "No Hope Disorders" Diseased Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
This document discusses stem cell therapy and its potential to treat various "no hope disorders". It provides an overview of stem cell sources and types, including adult stem cells from bone marrow, blood, dental pulp and other tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted as having advantages for therapy due to their plasticity and low risk of rejection. A range of conditions are described as effectively treated with stem cell therapy, including diabetes, neurological disorders, bone/cartilage disorders and liver/kidney diseases. The document promotes an Indian stem cell company that offers various banking and treatment services.
This document discusses 3D cell culture systems and their application in drug discovery. It notes that 3D cell cultures better mimic the in vivo cellular environment compared to traditional 2D cultures. Cells in 3D cultures exhibit different gene expression, morphology, proliferation rates, and responses to drugs compared to 2D cultures. This makes 3D cultures more predictive of in vivo responses during drug testing. The document outlines different types of 3D culture systems, such as scaffold-based, scaffold-free, spheroids and organoids. It also discusses advantages of 3D cultures for applications in areas like developmental biology, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and personalized drug testing.
Conventional IVF: Differences between human and mouse modelsVharshini Manoharan
This document summarizes the key steps in in vitro fertilization (IVF) for both mice and humans. It describes ovarian stimulation protocols, oocyte collection methods, sperm collection from the epididymis or ejaculate, capacitation of sperm, insemination and embryo development, and embryo transfer. Mouse oocytes are smaller than human oocytes. Mouse sperm are longer relative to body size than human sperm. The document provides references for IVF and sperm collection techniques in mice and humans.
The document discusses organoids, which are 3D clusters of cells grown in vitro to mimic organ structures. It describes the 5 basic steps to make an organoid: 1) obtain a tissue sample, 2) dissociate it into single cells, 3) isolate stem cells using a cell sorter, 4) add the stem cells to a gel-like substance called Matrigel, and 5) allow the cells to grow over 1-90 days. Various types of organoids are listed, and potential uses discussed, including testing medical/chemical agents, aiding drug development by reducing animal testing, and regenerative medicine by growing replacement organs.
3D In Vitro Model for Drug Efficiency Testingjudoublen
This document discusses the potential advantages of using 3D in vitro models compared to traditional 2D models for drug testing. It notes that 3D cultures more closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment and cell morphology. This allows 3D cultures to better predict cellular responses to drugs and provide more accurate models of disease. The document outlines several applications of 3D cultures, such as studying tumor development, evaluating drug sensitivity, and developing organs-on-chips microfluidic devices that model human organ functions.
This document discusses therapeutic proteins and their production using recombinant DNA technology. It begins by defining therapeutic proteins as proteins engineered for pharmaceutical use to treat illnesses where certain proteins are low or absent. The four main sections discuss: 1) different protein expression systems including bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian cells; 2) optimizing gene expression and production of recombinant proteins; 3) examples of therapeutic proteins produced including insulin, growth hormone, and interferons; and 4) the use of enzymes like DNase and alginate lyase as therapeutic agents.
Genomics C elegan genome and model organismiqraakbar8
The C. elegans genome is about 100 million base pairs long and consists of six pairs of chromosomes in hermaphrodites or five pairs of autosomes with XO chromosome in male C. elegans and a mitochondrial genome. The genome contains an estimated 20,470 protein-coding genes.
The document discusses the role of gut flora in immune function. It explains that the digestive tract contains 100 trillion microorganisms, mostly bacteria, known as gut flora. This flora is divided into essential, opportunistic, and transitional types. The essential flora dominates in healthy individuals and supports immune function by forming a protective barrier and stimulating immune cells. Damage to essential flora negatively impacts immunity both locally in the gut and systemically. Maintaining a balanced gut flora is important for regulating immune responses and preventing autoimmune diseases.
Mature stem cells exist in adult tissues and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types to repair and replace damaged cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst and are pluripotent, able to differentiate into any adult cell type. Stem cell research offers potential applications in drug testing, cell-based therapies, and organ regeneration but faces challenges in controlling differentiation, immune rejection, and ethical objections.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene inactivated through replacement or disruption with artificial DNA. This allows researchers to study the function of that gene. The technique was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a modified DNA sequence, introducing this into embryonic stem cells, and implanting the modified stem cells into mouse blastocysts. This generates chimeric mice that can pass the modified gene to offspring. Knockout mice provide insights into gene function in humans and are used as models for diseases. They also enable drug and therapy testing, though some genes cause developmental issues if knocked out.
A Brief History of Regenerative MedicineJohn Makohen
In the presentation ISREGEN outlines the history of regenerative medicine fro it's earliest days when Robert Briggs and Thomas King began cloning frogs to the present medicinal advancements in stem cell research and repair.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
NK cells are lymphocytes that constitute 5-10% of cells in human peripheral blood. They play an important role in the innate immune response by killing infected or abnormal cells. NK cells are divided into two main subpopulations, CD56dim NK cells which are highly cytotoxic and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and CD56bright NK cells which rapidly produce cytokines and chemokines upon activation. A specialized NK cell population in the uterus, uterine NK cells, help form the placenta during pregnancy by enlarging blood vessels to supply the growing fetus.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
1) It defines stem cells, outlines the history of stem cell research, and describes the different types of stem cells based on their potential.
2) It discusses the sources of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and therapeutic cloning.
3) It outlines the steps involved in stem cell therapy and provides examples of health problems that may be treated by stem cells, such as Parkinson's disease, heart disease, and diabetes.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC MORPHOLOGICALLY SELECTED SPERM INJECTION is a technique used in IVF treatment to examine and select sperm using a high-magnification digital imaging microscope for microinjection into the egg.
ENC 1101Assignment 2Topic Selection Genetics 1. Use the .docxchristinemaritza
ENC 1101
Assignment: 2
Topic Selection: Genetics
1. Use the two articles provided
a. Is it OK to make babies from 3 parents' DNA?
b. Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
2. Please include two sources from the library or the library databases
Research/Source Evaluation Paper:
A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. Source Evaluation is needed to scrutinize and analyze the given sources on their substance and academic validity.
Assignment:
Students will submit an outline and compose a three-page (research/evaluation) paper.
Instructions:
Make sure that your paper has:
•
A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first portion of the paper.
•
Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.
•
Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
•
Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).
•
A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.
Due Date:
Your three-page paper is due March 15. When typing your paper, please be sure to double-space and to use the standard 12-point font in either Times New Roman or Calibri. Follow MLA research guidelines. Be sure to also include a Works Cited.
Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
By WakingTimes January 22, 2013
Aaron Jackson, Guest Writer
Waking Times
Genetically screening our offspring to make them better people is just “responsible parenting”, claims an eminent Oxford academic, The Telegraph reports.
Professor Julian Savulescu, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Ethics, said that creating so-called designer babies could be considered a “moral obligation” as it makes them grow up into “ethically better children”, this based on a few genetic links to ‘personality disorders’.
He said that we should actively give parents the choice to screen out personality flaws in their children as it meant they were then less likely to “harm themselves and others”.
Studies show that the child’s upbringing, including parenthood and schooling methods are the root causes of many ‘personality flaws’. Other studies give strong evidence that nutrition, meditation and exercise greatly influence behavioural patterns and emotional well-being. This entire theory is also blind to the side effects of many medicines, vaccines, food additives and (some) GMO foods that have been proven to affect psychological behaviour, and this isn’t even touching on the possible beneficial use of marijuana and other substances for those with undesired personality traits.
“Surely trying to ensure that your children have the best, or a good enough, opportunity for a great life is responsible parenting?” wrote Prof Savulescu, the Uehiro Professor in practical ethics.
ENC 1101Assignment 2Topic Selection Genetics 1. Use the .docxgidmanmary
ENC 1101
Assignment: 2
Topic Selection: Genetics
1. Use the two articles provided
a. Is it OK to make babies from 3 parents' DNA?
b. Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
2. Please include two sources from the library or the library databases
Research/Source Evaluation Paper:
A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. Source Evaluation is needed to scrutinize and analyze the given sources on their substance and academic validity.
Assignment:
Students will submit an outline and compose a three-page (research/evaluation) paper.
Instructions:
Make sure that your paper has:
•
A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first portion of the paper.
•
Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.
•
Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
•
Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).
•
A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.
Due Date:
Your three-page paper is due March 15. When typing your paper, please be sure to double-space and to use the standard 12-point font in either Times New Roman or Calibri. Follow MLA research guidelines. Be sure to also include a Works Cited.
Oxford Professor Says Genetically Altering Unborn Babies Personalities A Moral Obligation
By WakingTimes January 22, 2013
Aaron Jackson, Guest Writer
Waking Times
Genetically screening our offspring to make them better people is just “responsible parenting”, claims an eminent Oxford academic, The Telegraph reports.
Professor Julian Savulescu, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Ethics, said that creating so-called designer babies could be considered a “moral obligation” as it makes them grow up into “ethically better children”, this based on a few genetic links to ‘personality disorders’.
He said that we should actively give parents the choice to screen out personality flaws in their children as it meant they were then less likely to “harm themselves and others”.
Studies show that the child’s upbringing, including parenthood and schooling methods are the root causes of many ‘personality flaws’. Other studies give strong evidence that nutrition, meditation and exercise greatly influence behavioural patterns and emotional well-being. This entire theory is also blind to the side effects of many medicines, vaccines, food additives and (some) GMO foods that have been proven to affect psychological behaviour, and this isn’t even touching on the possible beneficial use of marijuana and other substances for those with undesired personality traits.
“Surely trying to ensure that your children have the best, or a good enough, opportunity for a great life is responsible parenting?” wrote Prof Savulescu, the Uehiro Professor in practical ethics ...
This document discusses bioethics issues involved in cloning. It begins by defining bioethics and the different types of cloning technologies, including recombinant DNA technology, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning aims to generate an organism with the same nuclear DNA as another, while therapeutic cloning destroys embryos to harvest stem cells. The document outlines various bioethical considerations that must be addressed for cloning research, including risks, consent, and respect for subjects. It discusses specific ethical issues around animal cloning, human cloning, and religious and legal perspectives on cloning. Overall, the summary provides a high-level overview of the key bioethics topics related to cloning technologies.
1) In April 2015, scientists in China used the gene-editing tool CRISPR to alter genes in human embryos, igniting debate about the ethics of human genome editing.
2) While genome modification has occurred since the 1970s, CRISPR allows for simpler, faster, and cheaper genetic research and editing. However, editing human eggs, sperm, or embryos raises ethical issues about changing human heredity and traits for future generations.
3) In December 2015, an international summit of scientists and bioethicists outlined principles for further research, including not implanting gene-edited embryos and requiring addressing safety, efficacy, and broad societal consensus before any clinical use of germline editing.
The document provides an introduction to the field of bioethics including:
- What bioethics is and how it is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of philosophy, medicine, and science.
- An overview of three bioethics cases involving an AIDS vaccine trial, treatment for a critically ill premature baby, and determining death in a brain-dead pregnant woman.
- Questions are posed about each case to prompt ethical discussion and analysis of the complex issues involved.
1. In November 2018, He Jiankui revealed that he used CRISPR gene-editing to genetically modify twin babies, Lulu and Nana, born in late 2018.
2. He claims he disabled the CCR5 gene to make the babies resistant to HIV, as their father was HIV positive. However, He failed to receive proper ethics approval and conducted unsafe and unethical human experimentation.
3. He's actions faced significant backlash from the scientific community due to violations of ethical standards and risks to human research subjects.
1. The history of biotechnology can be divided into 3 stages - ancient, classical, and modern. Ancient biotech involved early applications related to food and shelter. Classical biotech built on these techniques and promoted fermentation. Modern biotech manipulates genetic information through techniques like genetic engineering.
2. Biotechnology has 5 main branches - animal, medical, environmental, industrial, and plant. Animal biotech improves livestock through techniques like artificial insemination, cloning, and transgenic animals. Medical biotech develops drugs and treatments.
3. Environmental biotech applies bioprocesses to clean pollution through bioremediation. Industrial biotech uses organisms to produce chemicals. Plant biotech engineers crops for desired traits like pest
The document discusses organ cloning and presents arguments both for and against it. It notes that organ cloning could help reduce waitlists by allowing people to clone their own organs, but it also carries risks like low success rates, potential tumors, and harming other species. While organ cloning may help patients in need, more research is still needed to address its disadvantages. In conclusion, organ cloning could provide benefits if developed safely, but may also cause unintended harm that requires further study.
The document discusses organ cloning and presents arguments both for and against it. It notes that organ cloning could help reduce waitlists by allowing people to clone their own organs, but it also faces challenges like low success rates, risks of tumors or viruses, and ethical concerns. While organ cloning may help patients in need, more research is still needed to address disadvantages and ensure safety.
This document discusses several topics related to genetics and cloning. It defines different types of genetic inheritance including dominant/recessive alleles and co-dominant alleles. It then discusses the human genome project, genetic disorders like single gene disorders and chromosome abnormalities, and recent advancements in organ cloning including creating a urethra and reducing rejection risks. It argues the benefits of organ cloning and concludes by discussing the potential for engineering replacement organs.
This document discusses several topics related to genetics and cloning, including:
- Different types of genetic inheritance like dominant, recessive, and codominant alleles
- The goals and implications of the Human Genome Project
- Different types of genetic disorders like single gene disorders, chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders
- Scientific advancements in organ cloning research, including creating tissues and organs using cells and scaffolds
- Arguments for and against organ cloning, and potential future applications of this research
This document discusses several topics related to genetics and cloning. It defines different types of genetic inheritance including dominant, recessive, and co-dominant alleles. It also describes genetic disorders such as single gene disorders, chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders. Additionally, it discusses recent scientific advancements in organ cloning and regeneration at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine.
This document discusses several topics related to genetics and cloning. It defines different types of genetic inheritance including dominant, recessive, and co-dominant alleles. It also describes genetic disorders such as single gene disorders, chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders. Additionally, it discusses recent scientific advancements in organ cloning and regeneration at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
First Successful IVF: Birth of Louise Brown in 1978
Rapid developments in the field of ART
Moral panic
Ethics
Ethical issues
Ethical concerns
Moral issues
Social issues
Religion
Case study
The use of genetic engineering technology in animals has been associated with ethical issues, some of which relate to animal welfare. Discuss examples of genetically engineering animals and evaluate the ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
The document discusses the topic of designer babies. It begins by explaining basic genetic principles such as dominant and recessive alleles. It then discusses tools that can be used for genetic analysis like Punnett squares. The majority of the document focuses on the Human Genome Project which aimed to map the entire human genome. The project raised several ethical issues regarding genetic engineering and information. The document presents arguments both for and against the idea of designer babies.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix structure, forming a replication fork, and using DNA polymerases to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two new double helix DNA molecules each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. Key enzymes that aid in replication include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Precise DNA replication is essential for accurate cell division and the transmission of genetic information from parent cells to daughter cells.
This document provides information about animal cloning, including its history, processes, examples of cloned animals, and ethical issues. It discusses the three main types of cloning - reproductive cloning, gene cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning aims to produce genetically identical copies of animals and was used to create Dolly the sheep in 1996, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell. While cloning may help protect endangered species and improve livestock, it also raises ethical concerns about technical safety, personal identity, and the commercialization of life.
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Synthetic biology with Three parent Baby presentation and legal issues related to this
1. PRESENTATION ON
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY AND
LEGAL ISSUES WITH THREE PARENT BABY
Prepared By
Vikram Jeet Singh
14IP60003
1Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, IIT Kharagpur
2. Operational definition of Synthetic biology
• Synthetic biology is the engineering of biology the synthesis of complex,
biologically based (or inspired) systems which display functions that do not
exist in nature. European Commission Report of a NEST High- Level Expert
Group: “Synthetic Biology Applying Engineering to Biology” 2005.
• Synthetic biology is the engineering of biological components and systems that
do not exist in nature and the re-engineering of existing biological elements.
Synthetic Biology project EU FP6 2006.
• Synthetic biology aims to design and build new biological parts and systems or
to modify existing ones to carry out novel tasks by UK parliamentary office for
Science and Technology Post Note 2008.
2
3. BACKGROUND
• The birth of synthetic biology is can be traced with genetic
engineering in early 1970’s.
• In 1972, Dr. Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA
molecules by slicing DNA from a bacterial virus into that of a
monkey virus, SV40.
• After two years, first transgenic mammal is created and
introduced a foreign DNA into mouse embryos. In today world,
transgenic mouse is principal in biomedical research.
• In 1974, the Polish geneticist Waclaw Szybalski used the term
"synthetic biology”.
• SynBio is bringing together engineers and biologists to design and
build novel biomolecular components, networks and pathways,
and to use these constructs to rewire and reprogram organisms.
3
4. First Minimal Bacterial Genome
• Mycoplasma laboratorium: SYNTHETIC GENOMES
• Patent Number: US 2007/0264688 by Venter et al.
• What is claimed is:
1. A method for constructing a synthetic genome
comprising:
• assembling nucleic acid cassettes that comprise
portions of the synthetic genome, Wherein at least
one of the nucleic acid cassettes is constructed from
nucleic acid components that have been chemically
synthesized, or from copies of chemically synthesized
nucleic acid components.
4
5. Minimal Bacterial Genome
Cell with essential
and non essential
genes
Essential genes were put
together, a minimum genome
could be created artificially
By adding more genes,
the creation of an
organism of desired
properties
New Organism is created
J. Craig Venter Institute applied
for a broad patent of its
"minimal bacterial genome"
called Mycoplasma
laboratorium.
5
6. Synthetic biology approaches and Uses
It has been characterized by two approaches:
• Top-down Approach
• Bottom-up approach
Use of Synthetic Biology
These re-engineered organisms will change our lives over the coming years:
To create Super fermenting yeast and bacteria
Bio-alcohols can be prepared
Use of synthetic biology in Agriculture, food to save crops from disease and from bacteria.
Used in the synthesis of Unnatural amino acids
Hydrogen fuels for clean burning and producing water as a by-product.
Phyto-synthetic algae can be produced
leading to cheaper drugs,
targeted therapies for attacking 'superbugs' and diseases, such as cancer.
6
7. Issues Related To SynBio
• Ethical Issues: Playing with god.
• Legal Issues:
• Regulatory Issues:
The shift to synthetic biology and other newer genetic engineering techniques will
leave many engineered plants without any premarket regulatory review.
number and diversity of engineered microbes for commercial use will increase in
the near future, challenging EPA’s resources, expertise, and perhaps authority to
regulate them.
• Religious Issues: Italian Bishop, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco gave his views in
synthetic biology that intelligence can never be without responsibility.
Vatican View: The acceptability of the use of biological and biogenetic
techniques is only one part of the ethical problem: as with every human
behaviour.
Pope St. John Paul II said that all research using stem cells from human
embryos is “morally unacceptable.
7
8. • Intellectual Property issues: Patent law legal battles over
the patentability and monopolies of information technology and
business methods, genetic testing, medical information, and
stem cell research, and computer programs which includes
software for design of biological devices
• Other issues:
Biosecurity
infectious polio virus creation.
strain of influenza virus.
Artificial Life issues
8
9. HISTORY OF THREE PARENT BABY
In the 1990s, embryologists tried to create a baby using
DNA from three people, when they injected mitochondrial
DNA from a donor into another woman’s egg, along with
sperm from her partner.
Two of the foetuses developed genetic disorders, and the
technique was halted by the US Food and Drug
Administration.
U.S. law prevents federal government funding research that
destroys human embryos or embryos created solely for
research. In February this year, however, a panel of experts
from the National Academy of Medicine told the Food and
Drug Administration that mitochondrial replacement
procedures were ethically permissible.
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, IIT Kharagpur
9
11. PROCEDURE FOR THREE PARENT BABY
• Take eggs from a mother with damaged
mitochondria.
• Take eggs from a donor with healthy mitochondria.
• Remove and save the nucleus from the mother's egg.
This contains the majority of her genetic material.
• Remove and discard the donor's nucleus.
• Place the mother's nucleus in the donor's egg with
the healthy mitochondria.
• The egg can then be fertilised by the father's sperm.
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, IIT Kharagpur
11
12. FIRST THREE PATENT BABY IN MEXICO • Born in Mexico as there are no rules w.r.t. to
embryo replacement or to destroy the embryo.
• Procedure to produce the boy was approved by
an ethical committee, and the clinic is overseen
by a regulatory agency
• The first three parent baby boy was born on 6
April 2016
• HISTORY: A Jordanian couple was trying to start
a family for almost 20 years. Ten years after they
married, she became pregnant, but it ended in
the first of four miscarriages.
• In 2005, the wife gave birth to a baby girl. It was
then that they discovered the probable cause of
their fertility problems: a genetic mutation in
the mother’s mitochondria. Their daughter was
born with Leigh syndrome, which affects the
brain, muscles and nerves of developing infants.
Sadly, she died aged six. The couple’s second
child had the same disorder, and lived for 8
months.
• Using a controversial “three-parent baby”
technique, the boy was born on 6 April 2016. He
is showing no signs of disease.
MEXICO CLINIC PLANS 20 ‘THREE-PARENT’ BABIES IN 2017 12
13. TESTS CONDUCTED ON BOY FOR DISORDER
• Huang has confirmed that most of the boy’s mitochondria
come from the donor. The team tested cells from many
different parts of his body: hair follicles, saliva, cheek swabs,
blood, umbilical cord, urine and foreskin.
• In some tissues, no mutant mitochondria were detected at
all.
• Most had 3 to 4 per cent mutant mitochondria, while the
highest level was 9 per cent.
• That is far below the level that causes Leigh syndrome, and
the mother has seen no signs of the problems that her other
children had.
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, IIT Kharagpur
13
14. SECOND THREE PARENT BABY
IN KIEV, UKRAINE
The girl baby was born on 5
January, 2017 in a fertility clinic
in Kiev, Ukraine.
A 34-year-old woman who had
suffered from infertility for more
than 15 years gave birth to a
healthy baby that’s genetically
her own
REGULATIONS ARE NOT THERE TO
PROHIBIT PROCEDURES
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, IIT Kharagpur
14
15. WHY BRITAIN IS SO PERMISSIVE
About 2,500 women of child-bearing age in Britain are
thought to be at risk of passing on mitochondrial disorders
to their children.
About one in 6,500 babies is born with a severe form of the
disease, which affects vital organs such as the brain, heart
and muscles.
One of the reasons is the lack of education amongst the
general public, who have always tended to trust the ‘ruling
classes.
U.K. people are also proud of being ‘pragmatic,’ “though
this is actually only ‘lazy ethics,’ suggesting that what is
possible and useful is automatically ethical.
Proposed amendment to the 2008 Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Act
Newcastle University has already started offering women
£500 to become ‘second mothers’ to three-parent babies.
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, IIT Kharagpur
15
Born in July 25, 1978 and Brown married in
2004 and now has two sons, both conceived
without IVF
16. ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST
FOR
• It would be immoral not to take
advantage of a technique that could
prevent devastating and potentially lethal
diseases.
• fertility regulator, the Human Fertilisation
and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to
judge each application on its merits and
decide whether or not it should be
approved. Licences permitting
mitochondrial donation will only be
granted if the Authority is satisfied that
women or their babies will not be put in
harms way.
• Mitochondrial DNA only accounts for 0.1
per cent of a person's total DNA, and
affects metabolism but not individual
characteristics such as facial features and
eye colour, which are determined by
nuclear DNA.
AGAINST
• Procedures have so far only been tested
in the laboratory and on animals. No
clinical trial has taken place to show
conclusively that the treatments are safe
in humans.
• mDNA affects personal traits as well as
metabolism in unforeseen ways.
• Epigenetic effects are seen as another
hazard. These are environmental
influences that can affect the way genes
work, either switching them on or off to
produce permanent changes.
• It crosses an ethical boundary. It could
leads to the creation of "designer
babies" whose genes are tweaked to
provide desirable characteristics.
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, IIT Kharagpur
16
17. ISSUES IN THREE PARENTS BABY
Inherited mitochondrial diseases include devastating
conditions that result in:
poor growth,
muscle weakness,
loss of co-ordination,
seizures, vision and hearing problems,
learning disabilities and organ failure.
As safety issues around mitochondrial donation are still being explored.
• ‘Third-Parent’ Concerns
• MIGHT BE STERILE IN NATURE
• CHANGES ON DEMAND: Revolutionary new gene-editing
method called CRISPR could make possible to safely alter the
main genome in human embryos
Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, IIT Kharagpur
17
18. CONCLUSION
• No legal definition of SynBio.
• Regulatory processes are not defined.
• Commercialization.
• Ethical Issues
• Bio-safety concerns
Bio-Terrorism
Bio-war
18
19. References
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
– European Commission Report of a NEST High- Level Expert Group: “Synthetic Biology Applying Engineering to
Biology” 2005
– http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consultations/public_consultations/scenihr_consultation_21_
en.htm
– Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, NEW DIRECTIONS The Ethics of Synthetic Biology and
Emerging Technologies, December 2010.
• BACKGROUND
– Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, NEW DIRECTIONS The Ethics of Synthetic Biology and
Emerging Technologies, December 2010.
– Patent Number: US 2007/0264688, patft.uspto.gov/
– https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US20070264688.pdf
– Nature Reviews Genetics 11, 367-379 (May 2010), Ahmad S. Khalil & James J. Collins, Synthetic biology:
applications come of age
– http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/synthetic-biology-and-the-us-biotechnology-regulatory-
system/overview/#sthash.fouXBCrE.dpuf
• Use of Synthetic Biology
– New Directions The Ethics of Synthetic Biology Emerging Technologies, Presidential Commission for the Study of
Bioethical Issues, December 2010
• ISSUES RELATD TO THE SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
– Parens et al 2009
– Bugl et al 2007
– http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace_doc_20060526_
compendio-dott-soc_en.html
– http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/synthetic-biology-and-the-us-biotechnology-regulatory-
system/overview/
– Synthetic Biology: Navigating the Challenges Ahead by Arjun Bhutkar, The Journal of Biolaw & Business vol.8,
no.2, 2005
– Public will fear biological accidents, not just attacks , Markus Schmidt in Nature, 2006, vol. 441, no. 7097
•
19