The document discusses the synthesis of new elements in laboratories, outlining the role of atomic numbers and various nuclear reactions involved, such as capture, fission, and fusion. It details the discovery and production of both naturally occurring and synthetic elements, along with specific examples, including their names and synthesis methods. The text also theorizes about additional elements beyond the current periodic table, emphasizing advancements in nuclear science.

1. SYNTHESIS OF
NEW ELEMENTS
IN THE
LABORATORY

2. OBJECTIVES:
• Explain how the concept of
atomic numbers led to the
synthesis of the new elements
in the laboratory
• Write the nuclear reactions
involved in the synthesis of
new elements

3. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
• Shows the tabular arrangement of tabular
elements

4. GROUP (FAMILY)
•Exhibit related
physical and chemical
properties
PERIOD
•Order elements in
increasing atomic number

5. ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
• NUCLIDE
- atomic species characterized by the specific
constitution of its nucleus

6. ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
• Discovered or synthesized
• 94 natural occurring elements
• 24 synthetic elements

7. SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS
• a chemical element that does not occur
naturally on Earth
• can only be created artificially
• radioactive and decay rapidly into lighter
elements
• only occur on Earth as the product of atomic
bombs or experiments

11. NUCLEAR
REACTOR
PARTICLE
ACCELERATOR

12. NUCLEAR REACTION
• Term implied that causes a
nuclide to change by
bombarding it with energetic
particle
• Involves a heavy target
nucleus and a light
bombarding particle
• Produces a heavier product
nucleus
• Emits a very high
electromagnetic energy

13. NUCLEAR REACTION INVOLVED IN
SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENT IN
THE LABARATORY
1. Capture Reaction
2. Fission Reaction
3. Fusion reaction

14. THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
• Uses extremely
high temperature
• Temperature is a
measure of the
average kinetic
energy of a
particle

15. AMERICIUM
• analogy was named after
the Americas
• first produced in 1944 by
the group of Glenn T.
Seaborg
• uranium or plutonium
being bombarded
with neutrons in nuclear
reactors

16. CURIUM
• was named
after Marie and Pierre Curie –
both were known for their
research on radioactivity
• first intentionally produced and
identified in July 1944 by the
group of Glenn T. Seaborg
• produced by
bombarding uranium
or plutonium with neutrons in nu
clear reactors

17. BERKELIUM
• named after the city
of Berkeley, California where
it was discovered in
December 1949
• produced by bombarding
lighter
actinides uranium (238
U)
or plutonium (239
Pu)
with neutrons in a nuclea
reactor

18. CALIFORNIUM
• first synthesized on or
about February 9, 1950
• Most of these applications
exploit the property of
certain isotopes of
californium to emit neutrons
• made by bombarding
berkelium-249 with
neutrons

19. EINSTEINIUM
• discovered as a
component of the debris
of the first hydrogen
bomb explosion in 1952
• named after Albert
Einstein
• produced in minute
quantities by bombarding
lighter actinides with
neutrons

20. FERMIUM
• the heaviest element that can be
formed by neutron bombardment
of lighter elements
• discovered in the debris of
the first hydrogen
bomb explosion in 1952
• named after Enrico Fermi
• produced by the bombardment
of lighter actinides
with neutrons in a nuclear
reactor

21. MENDELEVIUM
• first element that currently
cannot be produced in
macroscopic quantities
through neutron bombardment
of lighter elements
• discovered by
bombarding einsteinium with al
pha particles in 1955
• bombarding plutonium and am
ericium targets with lighter ions
of carbon and nitrogen

22. NOBELIUM
• named in honor of Alfred Nobel,
the inventor of dynamite and
benefactor of science
• can only be produced in particle
accelerators by bombarding
lighter elements with charged
particles
• produced by bombarding
actinide targets to neutron
• 255
No, can be produced from
bombarding curium-248 or
californium-249 with carbon-12

23. LAWRENCIUM
• named in honor of Ernest
Lawrence, inventor of
the cyclotron
• 266
Lr isotopes are produced only
as alpha decay products
of dubnium
• 255
Lr to 262
Lr can all be produced
by bombarding actinide
(americium to einsteinium)
targets with light ions
(from boron to neon)

24. RUTHERFORDIUM
• Produced in the 1960s
• Synthesized the element
by bombarding
a californium-249 target
with carbon-12 ion
• correlated with the
daughter decay
of nobelium-253

25. DUBNIUM
• element was officially
named in 1997 after the
town of Dubna
• 243
Am was bombarded by
a beam of 22
Ne ions
• synthesized the element
by bombarding
a californium-249 target
with nitrogen-15 ions

26. SEABORGIUM
• named after the
American nuclear
chemist Glenn T. Seaborg
• produced in laboratories
in 1974
• targets of lead-208 and lead-
207 were bombarded with
accelerated ions
of chromium-54

27. Bohrium
• named after Danish physicist Niels
Bohr
• was first reported in 1976 by a
Russian research team led by
Yuri Oganessian
• targets of bismuth-209 and lead-
208 were bombarded with
accelerated nuclei of chromium-54
and manganese-55 respectively

28. HASSIUM
• named after the German
state of Hesse
• bombarded a target of
lead-208 with
accelerated nuclei of
iron-58 to produce
3 atoms of the isotope
hassium-265

29. • The most stable known
isotope, meitnerium-278, has
a half-life of 7.6 seconds
• named for Lise Meitner
• bombarded a target
of bismuth-209 with
accelerated nuclei of iron-58
and detected a single atom
of the isotope meitnerium-
266
MEITNERIUM

30. DARMSTADTIUM
• An extremely radioactive synthetic
element
• has a half-life of approximately
10 seconds
• bombarded a lead-208 target with
accelerated nuclei of nickel-62 in a
heavy ion accelerator and
detected a single atom of the
isotope darmstadtium-269

31. ROENTGENIUM
• named after the
physicist Wilhelm Röntgen
• bombarded a target
of bismuth-209 with
accelerated nuclei of nickel-64
and detected a single atom of
the isotope roentgenium-272

32. COPERNICIUM
• was created by firing
accelerated zinc-70
nuclei at a target made
of lead-208 nuclei in a
heavy ion accelerator

33. NIHONIUM
• name comes from the common Japanese
name for Japan
• half-life of about 8 seconds
• was identified as an alpha decay product of
element 115, moscovium in August 2003
• Synthesized via cold fusion reactions
(bombarding closed-
shell lead and bismuth targets with
3d transition metal ions, creating fused
nuclei with low excitation energies due to
the magic shells of the targets)

34. FLEROVIUM
• bombarded a target
of plutonium-244 with
accelerated nuclei
of calcium-48

35. MOSCOVIUM
• bombarded americium-
243 with calcium-48 ions
to produce four atoms of
moscovium. These atoms
decayed by emission of
alpha-particles
to nihonium in about
100 milliseconds

36. LIVERMORIUM
• bombarded a curium-248 target
with accelerated calcium-48
ions. A single atom was
detected, decaying by alpha
emission with decay
energy 10.54 MeV to an
isotope of flerovium. The
results were published in
December 2000.

37. TENNESSINE
• involved fusing
a berkelium (element 97)
target and
a calcium (element 20)
beam, conducted via
bombardment of the
berkelium target with
calcium nuclei

38. OGANESSON
• synthesized in 2002 by a
joint team of Russian and
American scientists
headed by Russian
nuclear physicist Yuri
Oganessian
• produced via collisions
of californium-249 atoms
and calcium-48 ions

39. EXTENDED PERIODIC TABLE
• theorizes about elements
beyond oganesson (beyond period 7, or row 7)
• An eight-period table containing this block was
suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969
• elements with atomic number 119(Ununennium)-
127(Unbiseptium)

40. “The science of
today is technology
of tomorrow”
-Edward Teller

41. THANK YOU!