2. OBJECTIVES:
• Explain how the concept of
atomic numbers led to the
synthesis of the new elements
in the laboratory
• Write the nuclear reactions
involved in the synthesis of
new elements
3.
4. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
• Shows the tabular arrangement of tabular
elements
6. ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
• NUCLIDE
- atomic species characterized by the
specific constitution of its nucleus
7. ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
• Discovered or synthesized
• 94 natural occurring elements
• 24 synthetic elements
8. SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS
• a chemical element that does
not occur naturally on Earth
• can only be created artificially
• radioactive and decay rapidly
into lighter elements
• only occur on Earth as the
product of atomic bombs or
experiments
13. NUCLEAR REACTION
• Term implied that causes a
nuclide to change by
bombarding it with energetic
particle
• Involves a heavy target
nucleus and a light
bombarding particle
• Produces a heavier product
nucleus
• Emits a very high
electromagnetic energy
14. NUCLEAR REACTION INVOLVED IN
SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENT IN
THE LABARATORY
1. Capture Reaction
2. Fission Reaction
3. Fusion reaction
15. THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
• Uses extremely
high temperature
• Temperature is a
measure of the
average kinetic
energy of a
particle
16. AMERICIUM
• analogy was named after
the Americas
• first produced in 1944 by
the group of Glenn T.
Seaborg
• uranium or plutonium
being bombarded
with neutrons in nuclear
reactors
17. CURIUM
• was named
after Marie and Pierre Curie –
both were known for their
research on radioactivity
• first intentionally produced and
identified in July 1944 by the
group of Glenn T. Seaborg
• produced by
bombarding uranium
or plutonium with neutrons in nu
clear reactors
18. BERKELIUM
• named after the city
of Berkeley, California where
it was discovered in
December 1949
• produced by bombarding
lighter
actinides uranium (238U)
or plutonium (239Pu)
with neutrons in a nuclea
reactor
19. CALIFORNIUM
• first synthesized on or
about February 9, 1950
• Most of these applications
exploit the property of
certain isotopes of
californium to emit neutrons
• made by bombarding
berkelium-249 with
neutrons
20. EINSTEINIUM
• discovered as a
component of the debris
of the first hydrogen
bomb explosion in 1952
• named after Albert
Einstein
• produced in minute
quantities by bombarding
lighter actinides with
neutrons
21. FERMIUM
• the heaviest element that can be
formed by neutron bombardment
of lighter elements
• discovered in the debris of
the first hydrogen
bomb explosion in 1952
• named after Enrico Fermi
• produced by the bombardment
of lighter actinides
with neutrons in a nuclear
reactor
22. MENDELEVIUM
• first element that currently
cannot be produced in
macroscopic quantities
through neutron bombardment
of lighter elements
• discovered by
bombarding einsteinium with al
pha particles in 1955
• bombarding plutonium and am
ericium targets with lighter ions
of carbon and nitrogen
23. NOBELIUM
• named in honor of Alfred Nobel,
the inventor of dynamite and
benefactor of science
• can only be produced in particle
accelerators by bombarding
lighter elements with charged
particles
• produced by bombarding
actinide targets to neutron
• 255No, can be produced from
bombarding curium-248 or
californium-249 with carbon-12
24. LAWRENCIUM
• named in honor of Ernest
Lawrence, inventor of
the cyclotron
• 266Lr isotopes are produced
only as alpha decay products
of dubnium
• 255Lr to 262Lr can all be
produced by bombarding
actinide (americium
to einsteinium) targets with light
ions (from boron to neon)
25. RUTHERFORDIUM
• Produced in the 1960s
• Synthesized the element
by bombarding
a californium-249 target
with carbon-12 ion
• correlated with the
daughter decay
of nobelium-253
26. DUBNIUM
• element was officially
named in 1997 after the
town of Dubna
• 243Am was bombarded by
a beam of 22Ne ions
• synthesized the element
by bombarding
a californium-249 target
with nitrogen-15 ions
27. SEABORGIUM
• named after the
American nuclear
chemist Glenn T. Seaborg
• produced in laboratories
in 1974
• targets of lead-208 and lead-
207 were bombarded with
accelerated ions
of chromium-54
28. Bohrium
• named after Danish physicist Niels
Bohr
• was first reported in 1976 by a
Russian research team led by
Yuri Oganessian
• targets of bismuth-209 and lead-
208 were bombarded with
accelerated nuclei of chromium-54
and manganese-55 respectively
29. HASSIUM
• named after the German
state of Hesse
• bombarded a target
of lead-208 with
accelerated nuclei of
iron-58 to produce
3 atoms of
the isotope hassium-265
30. • The most stable known
isotope, meitnerium-278, has
a half-life of 7.6 seconds
• named for Lise Meitner
• bombarded a target
of bismuth-209 with
accelerated nuclei of iron-58
and detected a single atom
of the isotope meitnerium-
266
MEITNERIUM
31. DARMSTADTIUM
• An extremely radioactive synthetic
element
• has a half-life of approximately
10 seconds
• bombarded a lead-208 target with
accelerated nuclei of nickel-62 in a
heavy ion accelerator and
detected a single atom of the
isotope darmstadtium-269
32. ROENTGENIUM
• named after the
physicist Wilhelm Röntgen
• bombarded a target
of bismuth-209 with
accelerated nuclei of nickel-64
and detected a single atom of
the isotope roentgenium-272
33. COPERNICIUM
• was created by firing
accelerated zinc-70
nuclei at a target made
of lead-208 nuclei in a
heavy ion accelerator
34. NIHONIUM
• name comes from the common Japanese
name for Japan
• half-life of about 8 seconds
• was identified as an alpha decay product of
element 115, moscovium in August 2003
• Synthesized via cold fusion reactions
(bombarding closed-
shell lead and bismuth targets with
3d transition metal ions, creating fused
nuclei with low excitation energies due to
the magic shells of the targets)
36. MOSCOVIUM
• bombarded americium-
243 with calcium-48 ions
to produce four atoms of
moscovium. These atoms
decayed by emission of
alpha-particles
to nihonium in about
100 milliseconds
37. LIVERMORIUM
• bombarded a curium-
248 target with
accelerated calcium-48 ions. A
single atom was detected,
decaying by alpha emission
with decay
energy 10.54 MeV to an
isotope of flerovium. The
results were published in
December 2000.
38. TENNESSINE
• involved fusing
a berkelium (element 97)
target and
a calcium (element 20)
beam, conducted via
bombardment of the
berkelium target with
calcium nuclei
39. OGANESSON
• synthesized in 2002 by a
joint team of Russian and
American scientists
headed by Russian
nuclear physicist Yuri
Oganessian
• produced via collisions
of californium-249 atoms
and calcium-48 ions
40. EXTENDED PERIODIC TABLE
• theorizes about elements
beyond oganesson (beyond period 7, or row 7)
• An eight-period table containing this block was
suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969
• elements with atomic number 119(Ununennium)-
127(Unbiseptium)
