A motel, also known as a motor hotel or motor lodge, is a hotel designed for motorists, usually having each room entered directly from the parking area for motor vehicles rather than through a central lobby.
Passive cooling techniques utilize natural heat sinks and airflow to cool buildings without mechanical devices. They include natural ventilation using wind and stack effects to circulate air, shading to block solar heat gain, wind towers to induce airflow, courtyards that circulate rising hot air, earth air tunnels that use constant underground temperatures, evaporative cooling through water evaporation, and passive downdraft systems that cool air flowing over water. Properly incorporating passive cooling strategies can significantly reduce cooling loads in buildings and improve occupant comfort.
The document discusses the hot and humid climate found in parts of India. It defines the characteristics of this climate, including temperature ranges between 21-32°C, high humidity around 75%, and rainfall between 2000-5000 mm. Areas with this climate include coastal regions in peninsular India like Goa, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The document then analyzes the climate and its influence on architecture in these areas, recommending design features like large windows, shaded facades, high thermal mass and light colors to cope with the hot and humid conditions.
The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
St Andrew's Primary School Multi Purpose Hall | Case StudyBaldassoCortese
The new multi-purpose hall at St Andrew's Primary School replaces an outdoor basketball court, shelter shed, and stand of gum trees. It was designed to maintain strong indoor/outdoor connections between the hardcourt play area to the west and the grassed playing oval to the east via tilt up doors and amenities accessible from both inside and outside. The design references the trees it replaced through an embossed concrete panel pattern and routed wall pattern derived from tree growth rings. The materiality of concrete and timber relate to the school's hard court and green space interfaces.
This document discusses different types of swimming pool finishes and construction processes. It describes open and skimmer overflow types of pools. It also summarizes the construction process, including layout, excavation, compaction, concrete laying, and brick wall installation. Pool finishes discussed include plaster, aggregate, quartz, and tile finishes. Plaster is one of the oldest and cheapest options but can degrade over time.
This document presents the site plan and analysis for a proposed motel development located along a highway in Karnataka, India. The 4-5 acre site has tropical climate and is near a town entrance. Amenities included in the site plan are parking, a gas station, café, restaurant, kiosks, public toilets, a service station, play area, and lodging. The document analyzes different aspects of the site plan such as parking layout, location of amenities, number of rooms, and landscaping. It provides inferences to improve the plan by adding more rooms and amenities, relocating some features, and providing parking for motorcycles.
The document describes plans for the construction of a new building, "S" Block, for the Delhi High Court. Key details include:
- The estimated cost is Rs. 1,66,91,74,382 and the tendered amount is Rs. 1,37,70,68,865.
- The building will be constructed on 2.74 acres of land in New Delhi and aims to achieve a 4-star GRIHA energy efficiency rating.
- Design plans include 7 floors above ground, 3 basement levels, and features like landscaped terraces, louvers, and high performance glazing to reduce energy consumption.
A motel, also known as a motor hotel or motor lodge, is a hotel designed for motorists, usually having each room entered directly from the parking area for motor vehicles rather than through a central lobby.
Passive cooling techniques utilize natural heat sinks and airflow to cool buildings without mechanical devices. They include natural ventilation using wind and stack effects to circulate air, shading to block solar heat gain, wind towers to induce airflow, courtyards that circulate rising hot air, earth air tunnels that use constant underground temperatures, evaporative cooling through water evaporation, and passive downdraft systems that cool air flowing over water. Properly incorporating passive cooling strategies can significantly reduce cooling loads in buildings and improve occupant comfort.
The document discusses the hot and humid climate found in parts of India. It defines the characteristics of this climate, including temperature ranges between 21-32°C, high humidity around 75%, and rainfall between 2000-5000 mm. Areas with this climate include coastal regions in peninsular India like Goa, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The document then analyzes the climate and its influence on architecture in these areas, recommending design features like large windows, shaded facades, high thermal mass and light colors to cope with the hot and humid conditions.
The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
St Andrew's Primary School Multi Purpose Hall | Case StudyBaldassoCortese
The new multi-purpose hall at St Andrew's Primary School replaces an outdoor basketball court, shelter shed, and stand of gum trees. It was designed to maintain strong indoor/outdoor connections between the hardcourt play area to the west and the grassed playing oval to the east via tilt up doors and amenities accessible from both inside and outside. The design references the trees it replaced through an embossed concrete panel pattern and routed wall pattern derived from tree growth rings. The materiality of concrete and timber relate to the school's hard court and green space interfaces.
This document discusses different types of swimming pool finishes and construction processes. It describes open and skimmer overflow types of pools. It also summarizes the construction process, including layout, excavation, compaction, concrete laying, and brick wall installation. Pool finishes discussed include plaster, aggregate, quartz, and tile finishes. Plaster is one of the oldest and cheapest options but can degrade over time.
This document presents the site plan and analysis for a proposed motel development located along a highway in Karnataka, India. The 4-5 acre site has tropical climate and is near a town entrance. Amenities included in the site plan are parking, a gas station, café, restaurant, kiosks, public toilets, a service station, play area, and lodging. The document analyzes different aspects of the site plan such as parking layout, location of amenities, number of rooms, and landscaping. It provides inferences to improve the plan by adding more rooms and amenities, relocating some features, and providing parking for motorcycles.
The document describes plans for the construction of a new building, "S" Block, for the Delhi High Court. Key details include:
- The estimated cost is Rs. 1,66,91,74,382 and the tendered amount is Rs. 1,37,70,68,865.
- The building will be constructed on 2.74 acres of land in New Delhi and aims to achieve a 4-star GRIHA energy efficiency rating.
- Design plans include 7 floors above ground, 3 basement levels, and features like landscaped terraces, louvers, and high performance glazing to reduce energy consumption.
This document provides information about sanitary fixtures used in buildings. It discusses different types of sanitary fixtures including soil appliances like water closets (toilets), bidets, and urinals, as well as waste appliances like sinks and dishwashers. It describes the properties fixtures should have like durability and smooth surfaces for easy cleaning. Common materials used are listed, such as ceramic, metal, vitreous china and various plastics. Specific types of toilets and bidets are outlined, along with their dimensions and advantages.
Know about different types of Swimming Pools from this presentation by Arvind Raj (Certified Sports Engineer-Trainee) of Sports & Management Research Institute (SMRI).
Mechanical ventilation is the process of changing indoor air by withdrawing contaminated air and replacing it with fresh air from outside. There are three main methods for designing ventilation systems: equal velocity, velocity reduction, and equal friction. The equal velocity method selects the same air velocity throughout the system, velocity reduction uses variable velocities, and equal friction selects the same frictional resistance for all sections. Key components of mechanical ventilation systems include fans, filters, ductwork, diffusers, and fire dampers.
Christopher Charles Benninger, Indian architectDivya Suresh
ARCHITECTURE TO HIM?
“architecture is a curious craft !”
“one structure may follow all the laws of design ,yet be worth less ,while still another may beak all the principles and be profound !”
“A building may be bad without doing anything wrong ,yet another work may have to sin against architecture to reach perfection .”
This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems and their components. It describes window air conditioning systems, split air conditioning systems, centralized air conditioning systems, and packaged air conditioning systems. It also discusses new technologies like district cooling systems and chilled beam systems. The cooling cycle/refrigeration cycle is explained through its key components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Requirements for coolants used in air conditioning systems are outlined.
Presentation on the techniques used in two platinum rated intelligent buildings for reducing the energy consumption - United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Building (United States) and Suzlon-One Earth Building in Pune (India)
Planning and design of building services in multi Story Vj NiroSh
The document discusses water supply and distribution systems. It defines a water distribution system as a network of pipes that can distribute water supply to premises in an organized manner. It notes that factors to consider when planning water supply layouts include population growth, industrial development, and sources of water supply. The main sources of water supply are listed as surface sources like rivers and lakes, and underground sources like wells and springs. The document also discusses various types of pipes used in distribution systems, as well as fittings, valves, water heating methods, and hot water supply systems.
The document discusses the HVAC system at the Gujarat Cancer Hospital & Research Institute in Sidhpur. It defines HVAC as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It describes the basic components and functions of an HVAC system, including controlling air temperature, moisture, and movement. It also lists various applications of air conditioning systems and types of chillers and compressors.
The document discusses the characteristics of a warm and humid climate and recommendations for building design in this climate type. Some key points include:
- The climate has high humidity, heavy rainfall, and hot temperatures year-round.
- Buildings should be oriented and designed to promote cross ventilation, with large openings and shaded overhangs.
- Materials that reflect heat such as light colors should be used. Roofs should be pitched and have openings to vent hot air.
- Courtyards and verandas help control humidity and enable air flow through buildings.
Omaxe Heights is a residential apartment complex located in Lucknow, India developed by Omaxe Constructions Ltd. It consists of 11 buildings arranged in a circular planning layout, with 3BHK, 4BHK, and penthouse units. Amenities include tennis courts, swimming pools, a gym, and parking. The project occupies a 28,282 square meter site and was approved by the local development authority. It aims to provide modern housing for high- and middle-income residents in a secure setting with amenities like pools and courts. Some issues were reported with seepage, negative spaces from the circular design, and quality of certain materials.
The document discusses factors that affect acoustics in buildings and acoustic design considerations for different types of buildings. It covers topics like reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes, resonance, and noise criteria. For different building types like lecture halls, classrooms, open offices, and concert halls, it provides recommendations for acoustic design including optimal reverberation times, sound absorption placement, limiting echoes and dead spots, and ensuring speech intelligibility. The document provides guidance on achieving good acoustics for various functions through room shape, materials used, and mechanical system design.
This document provides an overview of fire protection requirements for high-rise buildings in India according to the National Building Code. It discusses causes of fire, fire hazards, fire load classification, classification of building types, characteristics of combustible and non-combustible materials, concepts of passive and active fire protection including compartmentation, means of escape, and fixed firefighting installations. It also summarizes rules for minimum road widths, building entrance dimensions, setbacks, parking, staircases, lifts, refuge areas, service ducts, water tanks, pumps, fire alarm and detection systems, sprinklers, portable extinguishers, and requirements for a fire officer, helipad, fire drills and orders in high-rise buildings.
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
The document discusses the design considerations for auditoriums and recording studios. It addresses factors like room shape, size, absorption, diffusion, and reverberation time that impact acoustics. For auditoriums, a sloped floor and splayed walls can improve speech intelligibility. Absorption is placed in seating areas while keeping the stage reflective. Recording studios require low ambient noise and optimal reverberation. Room dimensions impact resonant modes so larger, irregularly-shaped rooms are preferred.
This document defines and compares structure-borne sound and air-borne sound. Structure-borne sound spreads through solid objects like walls via vibrations, while air-borne sound spreads through the air between 20-20,000 Hz. Common causes of structure-borne noise are vibrating sources that transmit energy through structures, while air-borne sound travels through air and may reverberate in enclosed spaces. The document also discusses sound propagation and methods to reduce structure vibration and noise transmission, such as using dampers, barriers and sound absorbing materials.
Swimming pool construction involves several steps:
1. Designing the pool shape and dimensions.
2. Excavating the area and grading the ground for the pool walls and floor.
3. Framing the walls with metal bars and installing plumbing, electricity, and the concrete floor.
4. Pouring and finishing the concrete walls, adding a moisture barrier, backfilling outside the walls, and filling the pool.
This presentation explains the slow sand filter for water treatment. These filters require large areas of land and a correspondingly large quantity of filter media (sand) and base material (gravel).
Cleaning of the filter is done by surface scrapping which may involve a lot of labor. A slow sand filter is suitable when the availability of land, labor, filter media are at a low cost.
A distinguishing property of slow sand filters is the availability of a thin layer, called the schmutzdecke, which results on the surface of the sand bed and contains a large variety of biologically active microorganisms. It is a very simple and effective technique for purifying surface water.
It will remove practically all of the turbidity from the water as well as most of the pathogens without the addition of chemicals. If turbidity of raw water is high then plain sedimentation would be required to reduce turbidity to some extent so that the fillers arc not unduly loaded.
This document discusses various components of a water treatment and distribution system including:
1. Rapid sand filters that can filter 30 times more water than slow sand filters using larger sand sizes.
2. Water distribution systems aim to satisfy water requirements and can use gravity, pumping, or combined systems. Layouts include dead-end, gridiron, ring, and radial systems.
3. Reservoirs store treated water and come in clean water, surface, and elevated styles to balance demands and pressures.
This document provides information about sanitary fixtures used in buildings. It discusses different types of sanitary fixtures including soil appliances like water closets (toilets), bidets, and urinals, as well as waste appliances like sinks and dishwashers. It describes the properties fixtures should have like durability and smooth surfaces for easy cleaning. Common materials used are listed, such as ceramic, metal, vitreous china and various plastics. Specific types of toilets and bidets are outlined, along with their dimensions and advantages.
Know about different types of Swimming Pools from this presentation by Arvind Raj (Certified Sports Engineer-Trainee) of Sports & Management Research Institute (SMRI).
Mechanical ventilation is the process of changing indoor air by withdrawing contaminated air and replacing it with fresh air from outside. There are three main methods for designing ventilation systems: equal velocity, velocity reduction, and equal friction. The equal velocity method selects the same air velocity throughout the system, velocity reduction uses variable velocities, and equal friction selects the same frictional resistance for all sections. Key components of mechanical ventilation systems include fans, filters, ductwork, diffusers, and fire dampers.
Christopher Charles Benninger, Indian architectDivya Suresh
ARCHITECTURE TO HIM?
“architecture is a curious craft !”
“one structure may follow all the laws of design ,yet be worth less ,while still another may beak all the principles and be profound !”
“A building may be bad without doing anything wrong ,yet another work may have to sin against architecture to reach perfection .”
This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems and their components. It describes window air conditioning systems, split air conditioning systems, centralized air conditioning systems, and packaged air conditioning systems. It also discusses new technologies like district cooling systems and chilled beam systems. The cooling cycle/refrigeration cycle is explained through its key components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Requirements for coolants used in air conditioning systems are outlined.
Presentation on the techniques used in two platinum rated intelligent buildings for reducing the energy consumption - United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Building (United States) and Suzlon-One Earth Building in Pune (India)
Planning and design of building services in multi Story Vj NiroSh
The document discusses water supply and distribution systems. It defines a water distribution system as a network of pipes that can distribute water supply to premises in an organized manner. It notes that factors to consider when planning water supply layouts include population growth, industrial development, and sources of water supply. The main sources of water supply are listed as surface sources like rivers and lakes, and underground sources like wells and springs. The document also discusses various types of pipes used in distribution systems, as well as fittings, valves, water heating methods, and hot water supply systems.
The document discusses the HVAC system at the Gujarat Cancer Hospital & Research Institute in Sidhpur. It defines HVAC as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It describes the basic components and functions of an HVAC system, including controlling air temperature, moisture, and movement. It also lists various applications of air conditioning systems and types of chillers and compressors.
The document discusses the characteristics of a warm and humid climate and recommendations for building design in this climate type. Some key points include:
- The climate has high humidity, heavy rainfall, and hot temperatures year-round.
- Buildings should be oriented and designed to promote cross ventilation, with large openings and shaded overhangs.
- Materials that reflect heat such as light colors should be used. Roofs should be pitched and have openings to vent hot air.
- Courtyards and verandas help control humidity and enable air flow through buildings.
Omaxe Heights is a residential apartment complex located in Lucknow, India developed by Omaxe Constructions Ltd. It consists of 11 buildings arranged in a circular planning layout, with 3BHK, 4BHK, and penthouse units. Amenities include tennis courts, swimming pools, a gym, and parking. The project occupies a 28,282 square meter site and was approved by the local development authority. It aims to provide modern housing for high- and middle-income residents in a secure setting with amenities like pools and courts. Some issues were reported with seepage, negative spaces from the circular design, and quality of certain materials.
The document discusses factors that affect acoustics in buildings and acoustic design considerations for different types of buildings. It covers topics like reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes, resonance, and noise criteria. For different building types like lecture halls, classrooms, open offices, and concert halls, it provides recommendations for acoustic design including optimal reverberation times, sound absorption placement, limiting echoes and dead spots, and ensuring speech intelligibility. The document provides guidance on achieving good acoustics for various functions through room shape, materials used, and mechanical system design.
This document provides an overview of fire protection requirements for high-rise buildings in India according to the National Building Code. It discusses causes of fire, fire hazards, fire load classification, classification of building types, characteristics of combustible and non-combustible materials, concepts of passive and active fire protection including compartmentation, means of escape, and fixed firefighting installations. It also summarizes rules for minimum road widths, building entrance dimensions, setbacks, parking, staircases, lifts, refuge areas, service ducts, water tanks, pumps, fire alarm and detection systems, sprinklers, portable extinguishers, and requirements for a fire officer, helipad, fire drills and orders in high-rise buildings.
Natural ventilation and air movement could-be considered under the heading of 'structural controls’ as it does not rely on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation, but due to its importance for human comfort, it deserves a separate section.
The document discusses the design considerations for auditoriums and recording studios. It addresses factors like room shape, size, absorption, diffusion, and reverberation time that impact acoustics. For auditoriums, a sloped floor and splayed walls can improve speech intelligibility. Absorption is placed in seating areas while keeping the stage reflective. Recording studios require low ambient noise and optimal reverberation. Room dimensions impact resonant modes so larger, irregularly-shaped rooms are preferred.
This document defines and compares structure-borne sound and air-borne sound. Structure-borne sound spreads through solid objects like walls via vibrations, while air-borne sound spreads through the air between 20-20,000 Hz. Common causes of structure-borne noise are vibrating sources that transmit energy through structures, while air-borne sound travels through air and may reverberate in enclosed spaces. The document also discusses sound propagation and methods to reduce structure vibration and noise transmission, such as using dampers, barriers and sound absorbing materials.
Swimming pool construction involves several steps:
1. Designing the pool shape and dimensions.
2. Excavating the area and grading the ground for the pool walls and floor.
3. Framing the walls with metal bars and installing plumbing, electricity, and the concrete floor.
4. Pouring and finishing the concrete walls, adding a moisture barrier, backfilling outside the walls, and filling the pool.
This presentation explains the slow sand filter for water treatment. These filters require large areas of land and a correspondingly large quantity of filter media (sand) and base material (gravel).
Cleaning of the filter is done by surface scrapping which may involve a lot of labor. A slow sand filter is suitable when the availability of land, labor, filter media are at a low cost.
A distinguishing property of slow sand filters is the availability of a thin layer, called the schmutzdecke, which results on the surface of the sand bed and contains a large variety of biologically active microorganisms. It is a very simple and effective technique for purifying surface water.
It will remove practically all of the turbidity from the water as well as most of the pathogens without the addition of chemicals. If turbidity of raw water is high then plain sedimentation would be required to reduce turbidity to some extent so that the fillers arc not unduly loaded.
This document discusses various components of a water treatment and distribution system including:
1. Rapid sand filters that can filter 30 times more water than slow sand filters using larger sand sizes.
2. Water distribution systems aim to satisfy water requirements and can use gravity, pumping, or combined systems. Layouts include dead-end, gridiron, ring, and radial systems.
3. Reservoirs store treated water and come in clean water, surface, and elevated styles to balance demands and pressures.
This document discusses various types of household water treatment systems such as boiling, storage, sand filters, ceramic filters, UV treatment, and biosand filters. It provides details on how biosand filters and slow sand filtration work, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Municipal water treatment is also defined as a water supply provided from a central point and piped to individual users under pressure.
This document provides an overview of water treatment processes and technologies. It discusses the criteria for selecting water treatment plant sites, and describes various purification methods including intake works, sedimentation, filtration using slow sand filters and rapid sand filters, disinfection, and water softening. The key steps in the water treatment process are outlined, from drawing water from the source and removing large suspended particles, to filtration, disinfection to kill bacteria, and ensuring water quality meets standards.
The document discusses the purification of water on both large and small scales, including various filtration and disinfection methods. It describes slow sand filtration and rapid sand filtration processes, and different disinfection techniques like chlorination. The key standards and criteria for water quality are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of an in-plant training conducted at Netafim Irrigation India Pvt. Ltd. in Vadodara. It discusses the company profile, principles of micro irrigation systems, components and design of drip irrigation systems, and the role of the Gujarat Green Revolution Company in promoting micro irrigation in Gujarat. The training covered topics such as the study and design of drip irrigation systems, field surveys, installation, and the benefits of fertigation. The document provides details on the various components of drip irrigation systems and the procedures for designing, installing, and implementing such systems.
Aquapro is the world’s finest purification system based from Dubai UAE. Our residential and commercial water quality improvement products include a wide range of reverse osmosis systems & residential water testing supplies.
This document provides information on aerobic attached growth systems, specifically trickling filters. Key points include:
- Trickling filters are fixed film bioreactors that use media like rock or plastic to develop biofilms, treating wastewater as it trickles through the media.
- Wastewater flows over the biofilms, exposing them alternately to wastewater and air to facilitate treatment.
- Design considerations include media type, wastewater distribution, ventilation, and secondary clarification after treatment.
- Empirical equations are provided to help design trickling filters based on parameters like organic loading, temperature, media characteristics, and wastewater flow.
Tertiary treatment involves additional wastewater treatment processes beyond secondary treatment to further improve water quality before discharge or reuse. It typically includes nutrient removal through nitrification/denitrification or phosphorus precipitation, disinfection through UV, ozone, or chlorine, and filtration through sand filters, membrane filters, or activated carbon to remove remaining solids and chemicals. The goal of tertiary treatment is to remove nearly all organic and inorganic compounds to produce very high quality effluent suitable for sensitive reuse applications or discharge into the environment. Common tertiary treatment processes include nutrient removal, disinfection, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and sand or activated carbon filtration.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
This document discusses greywater systems for reuse. Greywater is wastewater from washing machines, laundry, showers, baths and sinks, but not toilets or garbage disposal. It recommends designing greywater systems based on water availability, quantity of greywater, land availability, and intended reuse such as irrigation or flushing toilets. Primary treatment includes screens and sedimentation tanks while secondary treatment uses filters like upflow-downflow, multi-media and slow sand filters to further purify the greywater before disinfection and storage. The treated greywater can then be reused for subsurface irrigation or surface uses like additional irrigation, flushing toilets, or cooling.
2017 Oregon Wine Symposium | Dr. Stuart Childs- Tracking and Reducing Winery ...Oregon Wine Board
Learn a variety of ways in which wineries can begin to track and assess winery water usage and the connection between water conservation, energy use and wastewater. An overview of the assessment tools and worksheets available on the Winerywise web site as well as the current status of waste water permits in Oregon will be shared. Examples of winery water conservation measures and how to monitor methods for water and wastewater will be described for application in both small and large facilities. This presentation will also demonstrate the advantages of ‘cloud’ storage of data for real time data analysis and show methods to quantify groundwater supply use with wellhead power monitoring as well as measurement of EC, pH, and other parameters in wastewater.
The document provides an overview of different types of irrigation systems including center pivots, hard hose towable systems, and drip systems. It discusses the basic components needed for any irrigation system including a water source, pump, filters, pipes, and sprinklers/emitters. It also explains factors like water pressure and total dynamic head that influence irrigation system design. Key types of irrigation equipment are defined such as center pivots, impacts, hard hose, drip tape, and microjets.
The document describes the plate and frame filter press. It has the following key points:
1. It uses surface filtration where slurry enters the frame under pressure and flows through the filter medium, with filtrate collected on the plates.
2. It is made of plates and frames, usually of aluminum alloy, with studded or grooved plates to support the filter cloth.
3. Multiple plates and frames are arranged in parallel to increase filtration rate, with inlet and outlet channels connecting the plates and frames.
4. It operates in two steps - filtration where cake is formed, and washing using additional wash plates and channels to efficiently wash the entire cake surface.
This document summarizes the key components of a water purification system used in industry. It discusses the various steps involved: deep well water collection, pumping, storage, sand filtration, carbon filtration, resin filtration, and UV sterilization. The goal is to remove contaminants and produce clean water suitable for uses like drinking, bottle washing, cleaning, and boilers. Stainless steel pipes, appropriate filter media like sand, activated carbon, ion exchange resins, and UV lamps are used to purify the water through physical and chemical processes.
This document provides definitions and information related to sewage and sewerage systems. It defines key terms like sewage, sewerage, stormwater, and night soil. It describes the evolution from manual waste disposal to modern water carriage systems. It also covers various sewer system types (combined, separate, partially separate) and layout patterns (perpendicular, radial, fan, interceptor, zone). Additionally, it discusses sewer materials like concrete, vitrified clay, asbestos cement, plastic, and their advantages and limitations.
This document discusses sewage collection and conveyance systems. It describes three main components required for waste disposal in towns: collection works, treatment works, and disposal works. The collection works involve collecting waste products, which was traditionally done through conservancy (dry) systems but is now mainly done through water-carriage systems in modern cities. The document then discusses the conservancy and water-carriage collection systems in more detail, outlining their various components and methods. It also covers the different types of sewerage systems (combined, separate, and partially separate), comparing their merits and demerits.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
This document discusses stormwater harvesting, which involves collecting stormwater from urban areas and treating it so it can be reused. The key points are:
- Stormwater is collected from drains or creeks and treated to make it safe for non-drinking uses like watering parks. This reduces drinking water demand and pollution entering waterways.
- A stormwater harvesting scheme includes an extraction point, transport pipes, a storage tank, treatment system, distribution pipes, and management of byproducts. Several case studies and types of schemes are presented.
- Benefits include alternative water source, sustainable water management, and reducing flooding and pollution. Solutions discussed include modular tanks, filtration, pond development, ecological channels
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Swimming pool filter system
1. How the contaminants come into the pool water.
Why Use the Filter
Swimming pool filter system is used to removes
• Dust
• Dirt
• Debris
• and other particulates from the water.
The contaminant come into the pool water through the –
• Environment
• Chemicals
• Or carried by the swimmers
Source: http://hardsoftwater.com/swimming-pool-filter-system/
2. Types of Swimming pool water filter
Pool water filters are basically three types:
• Sand filter
• Cartridge filter
• and diatomaceous earth filter.
Source: http://hardsoftwater.com/swimming-pool-filter-system/
3. Pool Sand Filter
Pros
• Cheaper and easy to maintenance
• Sand last 5-7 years
Cons
• Less energy efficient
• Needed frequent backwashing about every week.
Source: http://hardsoftwater.com/swimming-pool-filter-system/
4. Pool Cartridge Filter
Pros
• No backwash
• Requires less water to clean
• Environmentally friendly
• Filter runs at lower speeds
• Larger surface area
• Traps tiny particles as small as 5-10 microns
• Cartridges are available and reasonable price
Cons
• More maintenance cost than sand filters
• Cartridges need to be clean once or twice per year
and replaced after about every three years.
Source: http://hardsoftwater.com/swimming-pool-filter-system/
5. Diatomaceous Earth Filter
Pros
• Most efficient
• Traps the smallest particles
• Provide the cleanest water
Cons
• Expensive and higher maintenance costs.
• Not the environmental friendly
• The D.E. powder is carcinogenic
Source: http://hardsoftwater.com/swimming-pool-filter-system/
6. Conclusion:
You can choose best filter for your pool by considering:-
• Pool size
• Energy efficient
• Cost effective system
Source: http://hardsoftwater.com/swimming-pool-filter-system/