This document discusses visual acuity testing in children of different age groups. It begins by defining visual acuity and its components. It then outlines the normal milestones of visual development in infants and children from birth through age 5. The document provides details on different vision tests appropriate for various age ranges, including tests of visual reflexes in infants, preferential looking tests for babies 6-12 months, and picture and letter matching tests for older children. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of comprehensive vision assessment and discussing results with parents.
The document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, causes, classification, risk factors, diagnosis, critical period of visual development, and management through eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion of the better eye or use of cycloplegic drugs. Amblyopia is a potentially reversible reduction in visual acuity that develops due to abnormal visual experience during the critical period of visual development from birth to around age 8.
Nystagmus is an involuntary, repetitive eye movement that can be congenital or acquired. It is classified based on morphology (jerk, pendular, mixed), plane (horizontal, vertical, torsional), amplitude, frequency, and degree. Common causes include sensory deprivation from poor vision early in life and motor imbalances in the eye muscles or brainstem. Treatment aims to improve vision by stabilizing eye movements, decreasing oscillopsia, and shifting the neutral zone through optical correction, prisms, medication, or surgery. Genetic counseling may be helpful for familial cases.
El documento describe varias metodologías para evaluar el desarrollo de la visión en la infancia, incluyendo mirada preferencial, potenciales evocados visuales y movimientos oculares de persecución. Además, detalla el desarrollo de procesos visuales como sensibilidad espacial, selectividad direccional, movimiento, visión binocular y más, según la edad del niño.
1. There are 14 extraocular muscles that control eye movement, including 6 muscles in each eyeball and 1 muscle in each eyelid.
2. The extraocular muscles originate from structures like the annulus of Zinn and insert into areas on the eyeball to facilitate movements.
3. Cranial nerves like the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves provide motor innervation to the extraocular muscles.
This document discusses binocular vision and its development. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The prerequisites for developing binocular vision include proper fixation with each eye, fusional eye movements, similar images formed on each retina, and overlapping visual fields between the two eyes. Binocular vision develops through sensory, motor, and central mechanisms, with the sensory mechanism relying on visual acuity, retinal correspondence, and proprioceptive impulses. Tests are used to assess the grades of binocular vision achieved through the coordinated use of both eyes to perceive a single mental image despite separate retinal images.
The document provides an overview of eye anatomy and development from embryology through childhood visual milestones. It describes the development of eye structures from the optic vesicle and lens placode in the embryo. Key structures of the adult eye are defined including the orbits, lids, anterior and posterior segments. The visual pathways and extraocular muscle innervation are also reviewed. Childhood visual development milestones from pupillary light reflex to coordinated eye movements and visual exploration are outlined.
This document discusses visual acuity testing in children of different age groups. It begins by defining visual acuity and its components. It then outlines the normal milestones of visual development in infants and children from birth through age 5. The document provides details on different vision tests appropriate for various age ranges, including tests of visual reflexes in infants, preferential looking tests for babies 6-12 months, and picture and letter matching tests for older children. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of comprehensive vision assessment and discussing results with parents.
The document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, causes, classification, risk factors, diagnosis, critical period of visual development, and management through eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion of the better eye or use of cycloplegic drugs. Amblyopia is a potentially reversible reduction in visual acuity that develops due to abnormal visual experience during the critical period of visual development from birth to around age 8.
Nystagmus is an involuntary, repetitive eye movement that can be congenital or acquired. It is classified based on morphology (jerk, pendular, mixed), plane (horizontal, vertical, torsional), amplitude, frequency, and degree. Common causes include sensory deprivation from poor vision early in life and motor imbalances in the eye muscles or brainstem. Treatment aims to improve vision by stabilizing eye movements, decreasing oscillopsia, and shifting the neutral zone through optical correction, prisms, medication, or surgery. Genetic counseling may be helpful for familial cases.
El documento describe varias metodologías para evaluar el desarrollo de la visión en la infancia, incluyendo mirada preferencial, potenciales evocados visuales y movimientos oculares de persecución. Además, detalla el desarrollo de procesos visuales como sensibilidad espacial, selectividad direccional, movimiento, visión binocular y más, según la edad del niño.
1. There are 14 extraocular muscles that control eye movement, including 6 muscles in each eyeball and 1 muscle in each eyelid.
2. The extraocular muscles originate from structures like the annulus of Zinn and insert into areas on the eyeball to facilitate movements.
3. Cranial nerves like the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves provide motor innervation to the extraocular muscles.
This document discusses binocular vision and its development. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The prerequisites for developing binocular vision include proper fixation with each eye, fusional eye movements, similar images formed on each retina, and overlapping visual fields between the two eyes. Binocular vision develops through sensory, motor, and central mechanisms, with the sensory mechanism relying on visual acuity, retinal correspondence, and proprioceptive impulses. Tests are used to assess the grades of binocular vision achieved through the coordinated use of both eyes to perceive a single mental image despite separate retinal images.
The document provides an overview of eye anatomy and development from embryology through childhood visual milestones. It describes the development of eye structures from the optic vesicle and lens placode in the embryo. Key structures of the adult eye are defined including the orbits, lids, anterior and posterior segments. The visual pathways and extraocular muscle innervation are also reviewed. Childhood visual development milestones from pupillary light reflex to coordinated eye movements and visual exploration are outlined.
This document provides information on the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the lens. It discusses the developmental stages of the lens from the lens placode to the formation of the lens vesicle and fibers. The anatomy sections describe the layers and structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers that make up the nucleus and cortex. The physiology section explains how the lens maintains transparency and focuses light through accommodation using active transport mechanisms and crystalline proteins. It also discusses metabolic pathways and anomalies that can affect accommodation.
This document discusses various oculomotor reflexes and the development of visual functions and eye movements. It describes unconditioned reflexes like postural reflexes that stabilize eye movement with respect to gravity and head movement. Conditioned reflexes include pursuit, fixation, and refixation eye movements. It also outlines the development of saccades, pursuits, optokinetic nystagmus and how these change from infancy to adulthood. Accommodation, vergence and their interactions are also summarized, as well as the development of stereopsis requiring coordinated binocular vision.
Anatomy of Lateral Rectus, Anatomy of Abducens Nerve, Palsy of Abducens Nerve | by Optometrist Hasnain Pasha | Presented at Isra School of Optometry - Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital
Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision and is quantified by the smallest object a person can see at a given distance. It can be measured using optotypes like letters of the Snellen chart or Landolt C. The Snellen chart standardized visual acuity testing and "20/20" vision refers to the ability to see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. For children, visual acuity develops rapidly in the first years of life and is tested using methods appropriate for their age like preferential looking tests for infants and picture charts for preschoolers.
Primary optic atrophy occurs due to direct damage to the optic nerve and results in chalky white disc color with well defined margins and normal cupping and vessels. Secondary optic atrophy follows conditions like papilledema that cause swelling first, resulting in a filled cup and dirty white color. Consecutive optic atrophy occurs after other retinal conditions and shows waxy pallor, normal cup and grossly thinned vessels.
Visual acuity in infants can be measured through tests that examine an infant's motor or sensory responses to visual stimuli of known size at a set distance. Some common tests of visual acuity in infants include the optokinetic nystagmus test, preferential looking test, and enhanced Bruckner's test. These tests assess visual acuity through analyzing an infant's eye and head movements in response to moving or contrasting visual patterns. The results of visual acuity tests in infancy can provide insights into the typical development of vision from birth through age 5 when vision fully matures.
This document discusses the Teller Acuity Card test, which is used to test visual acuity in young children and those unable to complete standard acuity tests. The test involves showing cards with different sized black and white gratings to determine the finest grating a child can detect. A child's ability to see finer gratings indicates better visual acuity. The test is performed at set distances based on a child's age, and results are provided in cycles per degree or Snellen equivalents. While simple to perform and reliable, Teller Acuity Cards can be expensive and time consuming with uncooperative patients.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
This document discusses the pupillary pathway and various pupillary disorders. It begins by describing the development of the pupil from the pupillary membrane. It then discusses the muscles that control pupil size and various reflexes like the light and accommodation reflex. It describes different types of pupil abnormalities including iris colobomas, aniridia, traumatic causes and neurological causes. Specific disorders like Horner's syndrome and Adie's tonic pupil are explained in detail. Pharmacological tests to localize lesions in different parts of the pupillary pathway are provided. The document concludes by mentioning some references.
The vitreous functions to transmit light to the retina, provide optical clarity, and protect the retina. It is composed primarily of water along with collagen, hyaluronic acid, and cells. The vitreous develops from the primary, secondary, and tertiary vitreous. With age, the vitreous can undergo syneresis where fluid pockets form, potentially causing detachment from the retina. Diseases and injuries can also cause inflammation or hemorrhage in the vitreous. A vitrectomy procedure surgically removes the vitreous.
Este documento describe el estudio de la fijación ocular. Explica que la fijación permite determinar qué área de la retina está usando un paciente para mirar y es importante para orientar exámenes oftalmológicos. Describe que la fijación puede ser foveal, excéntrica, nistagmoidea o errática y proporciona detalles sobre cómo evaluar cada tipo. También detalla los procedimientos e instrumentos para examinar correctamente la fijación.
Optic atrophy refers to changes in the optic nerve resulting from axonal degeneration between the retina and lateral geniculate body, causing visual disturbance and changes in the optic nerve head appearance. It can be classified as primary, secondary, or consecutive. Primary optic atrophy occurs without prior nerve swelling and may result from lesions along the visual pathway. Secondary optic atrophy is preceded by long-term nerve swelling and includes causes like chronic papilledema. Consecutive optic atrophy is caused by diseases of the inner retina or its blood supply. Neuroretinitis refers to optic neuritis with retinal inflammation, most commonly caused by cat scratch fever, and presents with papillitis, macular edema, and sometimes a macular
Tonometry is used to measure intraocular pressure. There are two main types - indentation and applanation tonometers. The Schiotz indentation tonometer, introduced in 1905, made tonometry a routine clinical test. It measures indentation of the eye to determine pressure. Applanation tonometers flatten a portion of the cornea and relate this to intraocular pressure. The Maklakoff applanation tonometer from 1885 was an early prototype. The Goldmann applanation tonometer, introduced in 1954, is now the gold standard and measures the force needed to flatten a standard corneal area. Recent advances include non-contact tonometry using air puffs and improved accuracy and portability of applanation devices.
1. The supranuclear control centers for eye movements include the brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. The brainstem centers determine how the eyes move while the cortex determines when and where the eyes move.
2. Important brainstem centers include the PPRF, MLF, NPH, riMLF, and INC which control horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movements through connections to the cranial nerve nuclei. Lesions can cause gaze palsies, nystagmus, and impaired gaze holding.
3. Other centers control smooth pursuit, vergence, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Supranuclear disorders can impair sacc
The document summarizes the development of the eye and vision from conception through early childhood in humans. It describes how the eye begins forming in the 4th week of pregnancy as optic vesicles and develops layers from various tissues. After birth, the eyes continue developing, with the lens thinning and visual acuity improving over the first few years as the retina matures and coordination increases. Major developmental milestones are seeing faces at 1 month, following objects at 3 months, and normal vision being achieved by ages 2-3 years.
The oculomotor nucleus complex present in the midbrain, at the level of the superior colliculus
Contains Main motor nucleus and Accessory parasympathetic nucleus (Edinger-Westphal nucleus)
Fibers pass between the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery to reach the cavernous sinus.
During this course, the oculomotor nerve lies lateral to the posterior communicating artery.
The nerve then divides into a superior and inferior division and enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
Third nerve palsy results from dysfunction of the nerve along its pathway from the midbrain to the extraocular muscles it innervates.
Third nerve palsies can cause dysfunction of the somatic muscles (SR ,IR,MR,IO, levator palpebral superioris) and autonomic muscles (the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle.)
classification
1. Complete or incomplete palsy
Complete: Involves both superior and inferior divisions of the nerve.
Incomplete: Involves superior division, inferior division (rarely), or an isolated muscle
2. Total palsy or partial paresis
● Total: Full restriction of extraocular muscles is present.
● Partial: Restriction of extraocular muscles is limited.
3. Pupil-involving or pupil-sparing palsy
● Pupil involving: Pupil is dilated, with an accommodative insufficiency.
● Pupil sparing: Pupil and accommodative function are normal.
El proceso de desarrollo y maduración visual continúa después del nacimiento. Las distintas funciones visuales maduran en diferentes momentos y es importante proveer estimulación visual adecuada. Existe un período crítico en los primeros meses de vida donde las experiencias visuales son determinantes para el desarrollo visual futuro del niño.
This document discusses sports vision and its importance. Sports vision refers to evaluating an athlete's eyesight and visual functions to improve sports performance. It involves testing vision, eyesight, eye tracking, peripheral vision, visual reaction time, depth perception, eye-hand coordination, and visualization. These visual skills are important for sports like cricket, football, volleyball, tennis, baseball, and others that require clearly seeing fast-moving objects, tracking balls, peripheral awareness, quick reactions, judging distances, and coordinating the body with visual input. Optometrists can help athletes improve these visual abilities through exercises and practice to enhance their sports performance.
Visual development is a complex process beginning in utero and continuing through childhood. Key aspects of visual development include anatomical growth of the eyes and visual pathways, development of oculomotor skills like accommodation and binocular vision, and maturation of visual information processing abilities. Several critical periods exist where the visual system is plastic and experience-dependent development occurs. Deficiencies in any aspect of visual development can negatively impact academic performance by interfering with skills like reading, writing, and number recognition.
Paralytic squint. Here 4th nerve and 6th nerve palsy have been explained briefly. Even few important point related to its investigation and management is explained.
Este documento contiene guías para observar una escuela preescolar, incluyendo guías para entrevistar al maestro, alumnos y padres de familia. También incluye una descripción del plantel escolar y sus instalaciones y aulas, evaluando aspectos como limpieza, seguridad y materiales disponibles.
This document provides information on the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the lens. It discusses the developmental stages of the lens from the lens placode to the formation of the lens vesicle and fibers. The anatomy sections describe the layers and structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers that make up the nucleus and cortex. The physiology section explains how the lens maintains transparency and focuses light through accommodation using active transport mechanisms and crystalline proteins. It also discusses metabolic pathways and anomalies that can affect accommodation.
This document discusses various oculomotor reflexes and the development of visual functions and eye movements. It describes unconditioned reflexes like postural reflexes that stabilize eye movement with respect to gravity and head movement. Conditioned reflexes include pursuit, fixation, and refixation eye movements. It also outlines the development of saccades, pursuits, optokinetic nystagmus and how these change from infancy to adulthood. Accommodation, vergence and their interactions are also summarized, as well as the development of stereopsis requiring coordinated binocular vision.
Anatomy of Lateral Rectus, Anatomy of Abducens Nerve, Palsy of Abducens Nerve | by Optometrist Hasnain Pasha | Presented at Isra School of Optometry - Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital
Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision and is quantified by the smallest object a person can see at a given distance. It can be measured using optotypes like letters of the Snellen chart or Landolt C. The Snellen chart standardized visual acuity testing and "20/20" vision refers to the ability to see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. For children, visual acuity develops rapidly in the first years of life and is tested using methods appropriate for their age like preferential looking tests for infants and picture charts for preschoolers.
Primary optic atrophy occurs due to direct damage to the optic nerve and results in chalky white disc color with well defined margins and normal cupping and vessels. Secondary optic atrophy follows conditions like papilledema that cause swelling first, resulting in a filled cup and dirty white color. Consecutive optic atrophy occurs after other retinal conditions and shows waxy pallor, normal cup and grossly thinned vessels.
Visual acuity in infants can be measured through tests that examine an infant's motor or sensory responses to visual stimuli of known size at a set distance. Some common tests of visual acuity in infants include the optokinetic nystagmus test, preferential looking test, and enhanced Bruckner's test. These tests assess visual acuity through analyzing an infant's eye and head movements in response to moving or contrasting visual patterns. The results of visual acuity tests in infancy can provide insights into the typical development of vision from birth through age 5 when vision fully matures.
This document discusses the Teller Acuity Card test, which is used to test visual acuity in young children and those unable to complete standard acuity tests. The test involves showing cards with different sized black and white gratings to determine the finest grating a child can detect. A child's ability to see finer gratings indicates better visual acuity. The test is performed at set distances based on a child's age, and results are provided in cycles per degree or Snellen equivalents. While simple to perform and reliable, Teller Acuity Cards can be expensive and time consuming with uncooperative patients.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
This document discusses the pupillary pathway and various pupillary disorders. It begins by describing the development of the pupil from the pupillary membrane. It then discusses the muscles that control pupil size and various reflexes like the light and accommodation reflex. It describes different types of pupil abnormalities including iris colobomas, aniridia, traumatic causes and neurological causes. Specific disorders like Horner's syndrome and Adie's tonic pupil are explained in detail. Pharmacological tests to localize lesions in different parts of the pupillary pathway are provided. The document concludes by mentioning some references.
The vitreous functions to transmit light to the retina, provide optical clarity, and protect the retina. It is composed primarily of water along with collagen, hyaluronic acid, and cells. The vitreous develops from the primary, secondary, and tertiary vitreous. With age, the vitreous can undergo syneresis where fluid pockets form, potentially causing detachment from the retina. Diseases and injuries can also cause inflammation or hemorrhage in the vitreous. A vitrectomy procedure surgically removes the vitreous.
Este documento describe el estudio de la fijación ocular. Explica que la fijación permite determinar qué área de la retina está usando un paciente para mirar y es importante para orientar exámenes oftalmológicos. Describe que la fijación puede ser foveal, excéntrica, nistagmoidea o errática y proporciona detalles sobre cómo evaluar cada tipo. También detalla los procedimientos e instrumentos para examinar correctamente la fijación.
Optic atrophy refers to changes in the optic nerve resulting from axonal degeneration between the retina and lateral geniculate body, causing visual disturbance and changes in the optic nerve head appearance. It can be classified as primary, secondary, or consecutive. Primary optic atrophy occurs without prior nerve swelling and may result from lesions along the visual pathway. Secondary optic atrophy is preceded by long-term nerve swelling and includes causes like chronic papilledema. Consecutive optic atrophy is caused by diseases of the inner retina or its blood supply. Neuroretinitis refers to optic neuritis with retinal inflammation, most commonly caused by cat scratch fever, and presents with papillitis, macular edema, and sometimes a macular
Tonometry is used to measure intraocular pressure. There are two main types - indentation and applanation tonometers. The Schiotz indentation tonometer, introduced in 1905, made tonometry a routine clinical test. It measures indentation of the eye to determine pressure. Applanation tonometers flatten a portion of the cornea and relate this to intraocular pressure. The Maklakoff applanation tonometer from 1885 was an early prototype. The Goldmann applanation tonometer, introduced in 1954, is now the gold standard and measures the force needed to flatten a standard corneal area. Recent advances include non-contact tonometry using air puffs and improved accuracy and portability of applanation devices.
1. The supranuclear control centers for eye movements include the brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. The brainstem centers determine how the eyes move while the cortex determines when and where the eyes move.
2. Important brainstem centers include the PPRF, MLF, NPH, riMLF, and INC which control horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movements through connections to the cranial nerve nuclei. Lesions can cause gaze palsies, nystagmus, and impaired gaze holding.
3. Other centers control smooth pursuit, vergence, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Supranuclear disorders can impair sacc
The document summarizes the development of the eye and vision from conception through early childhood in humans. It describes how the eye begins forming in the 4th week of pregnancy as optic vesicles and develops layers from various tissues. After birth, the eyes continue developing, with the lens thinning and visual acuity improving over the first few years as the retina matures and coordination increases. Major developmental milestones are seeing faces at 1 month, following objects at 3 months, and normal vision being achieved by ages 2-3 years.
The oculomotor nucleus complex present in the midbrain, at the level of the superior colliculus
Contains Main motor nucleus and Accessory parasympathetic nucleus (Edinger-Westphal nucleus)
Fibers pass between the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery to reach the cavernous sinus.
During this course, the oculomotor nerve lies lateral to the posterior communicating artery.
The nerve then divides into a superior and inferior division and enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
Third nerve palsy results from dysfunction of the nerve along its pathway from the midbrain to the extraocular muscles it innervates.
Third nerve palsies can cause dysfunction of the somatic muscles (SR ,IR,MR,IO, levator palpebral superioris) and autonomic muscles (the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle.)
classification
1. Complete or incomplete palsy
Complete: Involves both superior and inferior divisions of the nerve.
Incomplete: Involves superior division, inferior division (rarely), or an isolated muscle
2. Total palsy or partial paresis
● Total: Full restriction of extraocular muscles is present.
● Partial: Restriction of extraocular muscles is limited.
3. Pupil-involving or pupil-sparing palsy
● Pupil involving: Pupil is dilated, with an accommodative insufficiency.
● Pupil sparing: Pupil and accommodative function are normal.
El proceso de desarrollo y maduración visual continúa después del nacimiento. Las distintas funciones visuales maduran en diferentes momentos y es importante proveer estimulación visual adecuada. Existe un período crítico en los primeros meses de vida donde las experiencias visuales son determinantes para el desarrollo visual futuro del niño.
This document discusses sports vision and its importance. Sports vision refers to evaluating an athlete's eyesight and visual functions to improve sports performance. It involves testing vision, eyesight, eye tracking, peripheral vision, visual reaction time, depth perception, eye-hand coordination, and visualization. These visual skills are important for sports like cricket, football, volleyball, tennis, baseball, and others that require clearly seeing fast-moving objects, tracking balls, peripheral awareness, quick reactions, judging distances, and coordinating the body with visual input. Optometrists can help athletes improve these visual abilities through exercises and practice to enhance their sports performance.
Visual development is a complex process beginning in utero and continuing through childhood. Key aspects of visual development include anatomical growth of the eyes and visual pathways, development of oculomotor skills like accommodation and binocular vision, and maturation of visual information processing abilities. Several critical periods exist where the visual system is plastic and experience-dependent development occurs. Deficiencies in any aspect of visual development can negatively impact academic performance by interfering with skills like reading, writing, and number recognition.
Paralytic squint. Here 4th nerve and 6th nerve palsy have been explained briefly. Even few important point related to its investigation and management is explained.
Este documento contiene guías para observar una escuela preescolar, incluyendo guías para entrevistar al maestro, alumnos y padres de familia. También incluye una descripción del plantel escolar y sus instalaciones y aulas, evaluando aspectos como limpieza, seguridad y materiales disponibles.
OK I'll admit that creating fight scenes isn't something I specialize in. Remember that this is a rough draft. There are two of the main points of this issue. One of them is to see Morbid and The Impactor go at it. The other is ... well ... you'll see at the end.
This document expresses a range of emotions from love, confusion, irritation, sadness, and hate. Moods change frequently between being tired, bored, and confused to feeling lonely and in need of affection. Different tones are used including serious, silly, and joking.
The document outlines the key tasks for a new CEO taking over at Red5. It discusses conducting internal assessments of strengths, weaknesses, and creating a vision document. It also covers forming a winning team, introducing processes, potential rebranding, and a sales management strategy. Specific action points include creating milestones and plans, establishing a knowledge management system, forming project teams, building a customer database, finalizing a growth strategy, exploring partnerships, and generating market buzz. The overall goal is to understand the current situation and lead the company towards its new strategic vision.
El documento presenta una evaluación inicial de educación secundaria obligatoria que incluye diferentes pruebas físicas para medir las cualidades del alumno en comparación con deportistas de élite y aficionados. Se pide sinceridad en los resultados para que el alumno tome conciencia de su estado físico sin que se califiquen los resultados. Se describen pruebas como el test de Cooper, lanzamiento de balón medicinal, salto vertical, flexiones, velocidad en 50 metros y pruebas de flexibilidad.
La representación de Jesucristo como Pantocrátor en la catedral trata de resumir al Salvador y Creador en una sola figura. Se mencionan varios encuentros de Jesús en el Evangelio de Juan, incluyendo con la samaritana, Nicodemo, Lázaro y el ciego. Finalmente, se presentan diversos nombres y títulos de Jesús como Hijo de Dios, Hijo del Hombre, Salvador y Mesías según varios versículos.
The document outlines the roles and responsibilities of various positions at a mining project, including a project engineer who designs infrastructure and interacts with regulators, a coal quality and distribution manager who schedules, monitors, and reports on coal, a truck/shovel engineer who commissions new equipment and plans reserves to meet targets, a blasting supervisor who designs blasts and manages explosives inventory and crews, a mine planner who oversees surface reserves, production, and the transition to underground mining with support from geology, exploration, reserves, and survey teams, a contracts/commercial manager who handles finance, contracts, legal matters and $300 million in annual coal sales along with stakeholders, and a marketing manager who reports to London and is responsible for sales
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1. Sviluppo del sistema visivo
Elena Piozzi
A.O. Niguarda Milano
S.C. di Oftalmologia Pediatrica
Direttore: Dott.ssa E. Piozzi
2. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
Lo sviluppo delle normali capacità visive è
condizionato dall’ interazione di fattori
GENETICI, MATURATIVI ED AMBIENTALI.
3. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
Tappe dello sviluppo: SVILUPPO INTRAUTERINO e la
MATURAZIONE POST-NATALE
Il normale sviluppo neurosensoriale e del sistema oculomotore,
necessitano di stimoli visivi adeguati
4. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
Nei primi mesi di vita extrauterina si modificano
numerosi fenomeni comportamentali.
5. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
• Alla nascita è presente il fenomeno della chiusura palpebrale alla
luce intensa ma occorre attendere la fine del primo mese per il
riflesso di chisura alla minaccia
• I primi movimenti oculari si presentano intorno alla 16ª settimana
dal concepimento
• La risposta oculo-vestibolare è presente alla 34ª settimana di
gestazione
6. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
• Il nistagmo optocinetico in determinate condizioni è evocabile già
alla nascita
• I movimenti di inseguimento raggiungono il loro completo sviluppo
intorno al terzo mese
7. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
• Il parallelismo degli assi visivi si stabilizza intorno al 1°-2° mese, la
convergenza necessaria per fondere le immagini provenienti dai 2
occhi nello sguardo da vicino è ben sviluppata dal 6° mese
8. Tra 0-4 mesi (periodo critico di Drummond=17
sett.) si sviluppano:
le principali funzioni monoculari e binoculari sia
sensoriali che motorie
i movimenti orizzontali rapidi (saccadi)
la convergenza
l’accomodazione
9. Tra 2-6 mesi si perfezionano:
i movimenti coniugati
i movimenti di stabilizzazione delle immagini
sulla fovea (fissazione, inseguimento lento, etc.)
il riflesso della fusione
si completa la visione binoculare singola
10. Tra il secondo ed il terzo mese la curva di
sensibilità al contrasto è simile a quella
dell’adulto
Già a tre mesi il bambino sembra avere una
forma di visione cromatica, anche se gli studi
sono molto contraddittori
11. L'acutezza visiva
è approssimativamente quantificabile fin dalle
prime settimane di vita con lo studio delle
risposte:
•
•
•
riflesse (N.O.C.)
elettrofisiologiche (P.E.V.)
comportamentali (scelta di sguardo preferenziale)
12.
con il metodo della visione preferenziale
-1/40 nel neonato
-1/10 a 3 mesi
-10/10 a 3-5 anni
con i PEV al 6° mese l'acutezza visiva è
simile a quella dell'adulto
13. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
Funzioni visive del bambino
0-1 mese
Presta attenzione alla luce; limitata capacità di
fissazione.
1-2 mesi
Segue oggetti e luci in movimento; presta
attenzione a stimoli nuovi e complessi.
2-3 mesi.
Matura la capacità di convergenza, di fissazione e
di focalizzazione.
3-4 mesi.
Movimenti oculari più lineari ed aumento
dell'acuità visiva; osserva e manipola oggetti
4-5 mesi.
Sposta lo sguardo dagli oggetti alle parti del
corpo; tenta di raggiungere e spostarsi verso gli
oggetti; riconosce visi e oggetti familiari.
5-6 mesi
Raggiunge e afferra gli oggetti.
6-7 mesi
Movimenti oculari completi e coordinati; sposta lo
sguardo da un oggetto all'altro.
14. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
Funzioni visive del bambino
7-8 mesi.
Manipola gli oggetti guardandoli.
9-10 mesi.
Manipola gli oggetti guardandoli.
11-18 mesi.
Tutte le funzioni visive giungono a maturazione.
18- 24 mesi.
Appaia oggetti, imita azioni.
24-30 mesi.
Appaia colori e forme; esplora visivamente oggetti
distanti.
30- 36 mesi.
Appaia forme geometriche; disegna rudimentali
cerchi.
36-48 mesi
Buona percezione della profondità; riconosce
molte forme.
15. SVILUPPO DEL SISTEMA VISIVO
Primi mesi di vita:il neonato ha una limitata capacità di fissazione
4-5 mesi il neonato distingue alcuni colori fondamentali
7 mesi il piccolo comincia a percepire il senso di profondità
16. Oftalmologia pediatrica
Campi di interesse
1. Normale sviluppo del sistema visivo
2. Individuazione quadri patologici
a) Patologie sistemiche con interessamento oculare
( sindromi genetiche,quadri plurimalformativi)
b) Patologie con esclusivo interessamento oculare
(strabismo, cataratta congenita, glaucoma
congenito)
17. Le principali cause di ipovisione
nell’infanzia
• Malformazioni del bulbo
(microftalmo, albinismo)
• Palpebre (ptosi)
• Diottro oculare
Cornea
Cristallino (anomalia di forma, di trasparenza e
di sede)
• Glaucoma congenito
• Uvea
18. Le principali cause di ipovisione
nell’infanzia
• Nervo ottico: Subatrofia ottica o atrofia ottica causata
da patologie congenite o acquisite
• Retina : Patologie congenite (genetiche e
malformazioni)
Patologie acquisite
(infiammatorie,traumatiche,ROP,
retinoblastoma,miopia elevata,
facomatosi)
• C.V.I.: disturbo visivo di origine centrale
19. in conclusione:
“lo sviluppo anatomo-funzionale della visione è un
processo che dipende dall’esperienza visiva e che
avviene seguendo dei meccanismi indotti dallo
stimolo visivo”
20. Lo stimolo visivo è il supporto per un armonico e
regolare sviluppo del sistema visivo
se inadeguato o alterato è responsabile di deficit
sensoriali più o meno gravi ai quali corrisponde un
disordine citologico ed architettonico delle vie
visive di differente entità