GIS technology can help the building industry achieve greater sustainability, stewardship and savings. Currently, building data is often stored in paper formats or spreadsheets, making it difficult to analyze information across multiple buildings to inform decision making. GIS can aggregate building data from various sources into a single database, allowing stakeholders to visualize and analyze building performance data spatially. This helps optimize maintenance strategies, reduce costs and resource use, and ensure the long-term viability of the built environment.
The document discusses how industrialized construction techniques from manufacturing can improve the architecture, engineering, and construction industry through increased use of building information modeling (BIM) and building lifecycle management (BLM) systems. BIM level 3 allows for fully transactable building data across project contributors through a centralized database, enabling highly efficient collaboration throughout the project lifecycle. Dassault Systemes' 3DEXPERIENCE platform can integrate all project design and delivery elements through applications tailored for architecture, engineering, and construction workflows.
Whitepaper: "Construction Lifecycle Management – a necessary business strateg...Ionel GRECESCU
Historically, Product Lifecycle Management vendors have supported AEC solutions while Enterprise Resource Planning vendors have been focusing on the EPC side of the AEC/EPC ecosystem.
It is time to adopt a holistic approach to Construction Lifecycle and both, PLM and ERP vendors, must provide new technologies and solutions to promote efficient collaboration between Construction disciplines and streamline Business Practices that result in increased profitability and significant savings for their customers.
Construction Lifecycle Management promotes new ways of thinking and doing business, aiming to achieve Lean by delivering an innovative Construction Process Integration framework to manage holistically all the phases of the Lifecycle of a Capital Asset: design, build, operate and retirement.
0006-EUBIM-MGT-05-ARCADIS BIM White paper (English)Bram Mommers
1) BIM is defined as the processes and collaborative behaviors associated with creating and sharing object-oriented databases of an asset from its initial design through construction and eventual operation.
2) BIM provides significant advantages over traditional paper-based methods by enabling information sharing between project teams, improved coordination to reduce errors, and dynamic updates that reflect changes across the project documentation.
3) Examples of Arcadis projects demonstrate benefits of BIM including more efficient design processes, reduced project timelines through clashed detection and automatic updates, and improved collaboration between project stakeholders.
The design and documentation of large infrastructures have to respond, in an integrated way, to an increasing number of constraints and inter-connected variables. The complexity of those projects prevents them from being approached in a linear or hierarchical fashion, as every parameter has to be balanced in order to reach an optimum result.
This paper summarizes our approach to the management of four complexities in three different projects through the use of constraints and specific processes built around the development of customized design tools. These tools focus in the interoperability and compatibility of information
across the different disciplines engaged in the definition and construction of the project, paying special attention to geometric, structural and energetic issues.
This document discusses the use of prefabricated construction and building information modeling (BIM) enabled by the internet of things to address issues in the construction industry like cost overruns, waste, and delays. It presents MITBIMP, a conceptual framework that integrates BIM with IoT sensors to provide real-time tracking and management of prefabricated construction projects. A case study demonstrates how MITBIMP improved information sharing, decision making, and reduced waste and delays. While challenges remain in fully implementing such systems, prefabricated construction enabled by BIM and IoT provides opportunities for increased efficiency and sustainability in the construction industry.
Today’s infrastructure and facilities are “smart”. At least that is our objective as we seek to enhance lifecycle performance and capital efficiency. These “smart” facilities transcend any given sector and bring new challenges to the engineering and construction industry. In some ways our more traditional projects are today outcomes focused or capabilities delivering IT projects with bits of concrete and steel wrapped around them!
This “smart” focus is not limited to just a technology and systems dimension but goes further, demanding an increased and increasing environmental, social and governance (ESG) focus as well. Together “smart” and ESG create a greatly expanded set of interfaces for program and project managers to manage.
This document provides an introduction to Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the construction industry. It discusses how BIM is becoming a standard collaboration process that provides owners and managers with robust information across the entire lifecycle of construction projects. The document outlines the history and development of BIM, from its origins in the 1960s to its current uses. It also identifies some common BIM authoring tools used for architectural, structural, and mechanical/electrical/plumbing modeling.
The document discusses how industrialized construction techniques from manufacturing can improve the architecture, engineering, and construction industry through increased use of building information modeling (BIM) and building lifecycle management (BLM) systems. BIM level 3 allows for fully transactable building data across project contributors through a centralized database, enabling highly efficient collaboration throughout the project lifecycle. Dassault Systemes' 3DEXPERIENCE platform can integrate all project design and delivery elements through applications tailored for architecture, engineering, and construction workflows.
Whitepaper: "Construction Lifecycle Management – a necessary business strateg...Ionel GRECESCU
Historically, Product Lifecycle Management vendors have supported AEC solutions while Enterprise Resource Planning vendors have been focusing on the EPC side of the AEC/EPC ecosystem.
It is time to adopt a holistic approach to Construction Lifecycle and both, PLM and ERP vendors, must provide new technologies and solutions to promote efficient collaboration between Construction disciplines and streamline Business Practices that result in increased profitability and significant savings for their customers.
Construction Lifecycle Management promotes new ways of thinking and doing business, aiming to achieve Lean by delivering an innovative Construction Process Integration framework to manage holistically all the phases of the Lifecycle of a Capital Asset: design, build, operate and retirement.
0006-EUBIM-MGT-05-ARCADIS BIM White paper (English)Bram Mommers
1) BIM is defined as the processes and collaborative behaviors associated with creating and sharing object-oriented databases of an asset from its initial design through construction and eventual operation.
2) BIM provides significant advantages over traditional paper-based methods by enabling information sharing between project teams, improved coordination to reduce errors, and dynamic updates that reflect changes across the project documentation.
3) Examples of Arcadis projects demonstrate benefits of BIM including more efficient design processes, reduced project timelines through clashed detection and automatic updates, and improved collaboration between project stakeholders.
The design and documentation of large infrastructures have to respond, in an integrated way, to an increasing number of constraints and inter-connected variables. The complexity of those projects prevents them from being approached in a linear or hierarchical fashion, as every parameter has to be balanced in order to reach an optimum result.
This paper summarizes our approach to the management of four complexities in three different projects through the use of constraints and specific processes built around the development of customized design tools. These tools focus in the interoperability and compatibility of information
across the different disciplines engaged in the definition and construction of the project, paying special attention to geometric, structural and energetic issues.
This document discusses the use of prefabricated construction and building information modeling (BIM) enabled by the internet of things to address issues in the construction industry like cost overruns, waste, and delays. It presents MITBIMP, a conceptual framework that integrates BIM with IoT sensors to provide real-time tracking and management of prefabricated construction projects. A case study demonstrates how MITBIMP improved information sharing, decision making, and reduced waste and delays. While challenges remain in fully implementing such systems, prefabricated construction enabled by BIM and IoT provides opportunities for increased efficiency and sustainability in the construction industry.
Today’s infrastructure and facilities are “smart”. At least that is our objective as we seek to enhance lifecycle performance and capital efficiency. These “smart” facilities transcend any given sector and bring new challenges to the engineering and construction industry. In some ways our more traditional projects are today outcomes focused or capabilities delivering IT projects with bits of concrete and steel wrapped around them!
This “smart” focus is not limited to just a technology and systems dimension but goes further, demanding an increased and increasing environmental, social and governance (ESG) focus as well. Together “smart” and ESG create a greatly expanded set of interfaces for program and project managers to manage.
This document provides an introduction to Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the construction industry. It discusses how BIM is becoming a standard collaboration process that provides owners and managers with robust information across the entire lifecycle of construction projects. The document outlines the history and development of BIM, from its origins in the 1960s to its current uses. It also identifies some common BIM authoring tools used for architectural, structural, and mechanical/electrical/plumbing modeling.
William McGuyer has over 29 years of experience in geospatial analysis, software engineering, project management, and Oracle database administration. He currently provides GIS support to the Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, standardizing environmental geospatial data. Previously he has held roles as a GIS analyst, project manager, and Oracle database manager for various contractors supporting the Department of Defense and Air Force. He has extensive experience with GIS and CAD software, relational databases, and technical project work.
IRJET - To Extract GFC’s from Clash Free and Well Coordinated Revit ModelIRJET Journal
This document discusses clash detection in building information modeling (BIM). It begins with an abstract that defines clash detection as the process of finding where building elements overlap or have incompatible parameters. The document then reviews several research papers about implementing BIM and using it for clash detection. Key benefits identified include improved coordination, earlier identification of issues, and extraction of construction drawings with fewer errors. Challenges discussed include technical and managerial difficulties in adoption as well as cultural changes needed within the construction industry.
The document discusses Building Information Modeling (BIM) software tools that can be used to address sustainability in building design. It provides examples of how BIM tools allow analysis of building energy usage, ventilation, and other factors to optimize sustainability. The document also examines how linking BIM tools across different stakeholders in a project can help deliver successful sustainable building projects.
The document describes the Building Intelligence Quotient (BiQ) program developed by the Continental Automated Buildings Association. The BiQ rates the intelligence of building automation systems in large office buildings through an online assessment. It provides benchmark ratings and recommendations to improve building performance. Initial beta testing of the BiQ tool and an analysis of corporate building portfolios are discussed. The BiQ is intended to enhance knowledge of building intelligence and guide future decision making.
State of the art in engineering collaboration and data managementMatevz Dolenc
The document discusses the state of the art in engineering collaboration and data management. It describes the InteliGrid project, which aimed to create an information infrastructure for collaborative engineering in virtual organizations. The InteliGrid project developed technologies and architectures like ontologies, services, and a conceptual framework to enable secure information sharing and plug-and-play collaboration across engineering domains. Lessons from the project highlighted that user needs and semantic descriptions are key to building effective collaborative environments for multi-party engineering projects.
Digital construction for integrated project deliveryStephen Au
The industrial challenges and the value proposition, how and what are the Digital Construction with some case studies are discussed in the presentation.
he constant demand for immediate access to data and resources,
reliability and efficiency has created a new ideal of modern,
powerful enterprise IT. Based on market research and technology
observation, this paper explores which criteria modern platforms
have to meet and how leading vendors and service providers
respond in order to deliver these platforms. It is intended as a
guideline for executives who need to make informed purchase
decisions.
Mikael akkus, module 1, introduction to bim and the business case of bim R2mikael akkus
This document provides an overview of building information modeling (BIM) and its business case. It defines BIM, discusses why its adoption is increasing in Turkey, and outlines the benefits it provides to organizations and clients through improved visualization, risk reduction, quality, and facility management. Implementing BIM requires resources like specialized software, training, and legal review. Potential risks include determining data ownership and responsibility for input. A case study describes how BIM was used to manage the complex Istanbul Grand Airport project. Available BIM technologies and software are also listed.
Application of BIM for Scheduling and Costing of Construction ProjectIRJET Journal
The document discusses the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for construction project scheduling and costing. It begins with an introduction to BIM and its evolution since the 1970s. BIM extends traditional 2D drawings by adding the dimensions of time (4D) and cost (5D). The document then outlines the objectives and methodology of studying BIM applications for scheduling and cost estimation. This includes developing a 3D model in Revit and linking it to scheduling software. The benefits of BIM include more accurate quantity take-offs, reduced time for cost estimation, and improved scheduling and cost control. However, barriers to effective BIM implementation include the need for very accurate models and additional software capabilities.
BIM_Modelling-and-Asset-Management_Position-Paper.pdf.aspxSybil Tan
This document discusses the mutually supportive relationship between Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Asset Management. BIM involves managing asset information throughout the lifecycle, while Asset Management optimizes asset costs and performance. The document argues that fully realizing the benefits of both requires an integrated approach that considers them together within an asset management framework. It provides definitions of BIM and Asset Management and outlines how BIM supports effective Asset Management by providing structured asset information across the entire lifecycle. The benefits of this integrated approach include reduced costs, better asset information, and improved long-term performance and decision making.
COMMUNICATION THROUGH DIGITAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES IN AN AIRCRAFT PROGRAMijait
An aircraft is a complex, inherently multidisciplinary product that requires real time global collaboration for Design, Manufacture and Service. Digital engineering processes play an intelligent role in product and process design from concept to retirement, which is around 70 years. The entire engineering data is hierarchically structured and traced throughout the lifecycle under strict Configuration Control (CC). This requires an accurate, easily communicable Digital Mock-Up(DMU)as a Virtual 3D-static and dynamic platform for, real-time concurrent engineering through wide collaboration, a sample of which is presented herein. Holistically, this requires a networked Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system as an Integrated Digital Environment (IDE) for engineering (primary and continuous improvement) for life cycle of the aircraft. The latest feature in PLM is the use of Model Based Engineering
This document provides an executive summary of the National Building Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS) Version 1 - Part 1: Overview, Principles, and Methodologies.
The NBIMS aims to establish a standardized machine-readable information model for facilities that contains all relevant lifecycle information. This will improve planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance using BIM. This first publication communicates the scope, organization and development process of the NBIMS. It defines key BIM concepts including overall scope, data modeling requirements, and the need for information interoperability and a shared information repository. The goal is to establish international open standards to improve efficiency across the building lifecycle.
Closing the Gap on Digital Manufacturing
The concurrent engineering required for new product designs between design
engineering and manufacturing engineering has always been a critical
focal point for manufacturers to shorten time-to-market, accelerate time-tovolume,
and minimize cost of production. Today, collaboration between
product design (CAD) and manufacturing processes
(CAM) is a robust process due to tight
integration between CAD and CAM and the emergence
of extended PDM and PLM systems.
However, there has not been a corresponding
level of tight integration between CAD/CAM and
production management. But the benefits of exchanging
information between the product
definition domain and production management are becoming clear as
manufacturers move to a collaborative environment. Two leading PLM
suppliers, EDS and IBM/Dassault, have recently launched new programs
to integrate these disparate domains.
This document discusses the benefits of using integrated digital technologies across the entire shipbuilding lifecycle, from design through production, construction, and maintenance. It argues that current IT systems in shipyards are not fully integrated across departments and functions, leading to inefficiencies. A data-centric approach that stores all project information in databases enables benefits like consistent multi-discipline design, automated deliverable generation, real-time collaboration, materials management to reduce waste, and reuse of data throughout the lifecycle including for simulations. This integrated digital approach aims to increase quality, reduce costs and improve schedule compliance for shipbuilders.
Application of BIM and Construction Process Simulation using 5D BIM for Resid...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the application of 5D Building Information Modeling (BIM) for a residential building project. 5D BIM integrates 3D models, scheduling, and cost estimation to allow for construction process simulation. A case study of a proposed residential building is used to demonstrate the 5D BIM process. A 3D model was created in Autodesk Revit and schedule and cost estimates were prepared in Microsoft Project. These were then combined in Autodesk Navisworks to allow for simulation and visualization of the project over time and cost. The 5D model provides an integrated view of the project that is easier to use than separate documents and allows extraction of scheduling and cost information without referring to other sources.
Integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) offers a comprehensive approach to enhance collaboration and data integration in architectural and geospatial projects. By combining the detailed 3D modeling capabilities of BIM with the spatial data analysis of GIS, professionals can achieve a more holistic understanding of complex construction and infrastructure projects, leading to improved decision-making processes and optimized project outcomes.
Using Geotechnical Data in a 3D Space WhitepaperAmy Heffner
This document discusses integrating geotechnical data into 3D models using Building Information Modeling (BIM). It notes that traditionally, geotechnical data is reported separately without consideration for reuse. BIM ensures data sharing in real-time across disciplines. The document advocates putting geotechnical data into a database to enable easy transfer and reuse for site evaluation, design, and asset maintenance. For geotechnical data to be fully integrated into BIM, the 3D subsurface elements need to be "smart" and connected to related data, and the geotechnical and civil applications need to be connected to share information. This allows all project participants to visualize geotechnical data in the context of site design for improved understanding and efficiency.
1) Boeing and Dassault Systemes presented on leveraging the 3DEXPERIENCE platform to support Boeing's digital thread.
2) The presentation covered Boeing's digital transformation initiative and MBSE process, providing an example of system architecting in SysML.
3) It demonstrated the Cameo/3DX transformation and how it can support system traceability across modeling, design, simulation and production.
Interoperatibility and Building Information ModelingGlobal Associates
AEC firms are adopting technologies like BIM, aerial photogrammetry, and laser scanning to increase productivity. BIM allows project teams from different disciplines to collaborate by integrating their designs into a shared model, reducing errors and improving scheduling. BIM models can be used across the project lifecycle from design to construction to operations. True interoperability between BIM tools requires robust industry standards to be integrated, allowing improved collaboration, workflows, and productivity across infrastructure projects.
Application of GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping - GIS I Fundamentals - CEI40 - AGAAhmed Gamal Abdel Gawad
Contents of the presentation:
• Overview
• GIS Basics
• Water Resources Engineering
• GIS and Water Resources
• Flood Hazard Mapping
• Research Paper
• Flood mapping in ArcGIS
Introducing Binder: A Web-based, Open Source Digital Preservation Management ...Artefactual Systems - AtoM
Binder is a new digital preservation management application developed by Artefactual Systems in conjunction with the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). This new system aims to facilitate digital collections care, management, and preservation for time-based media and born-digital artworks and is built from integrating functionality of both Archivematica and AtoM.
MTWO Complete Construction Cloud for ContractorsRIB Software SE
MTWO is world's leading the 5D BIM construction cloud platform that empowered contractors to manage project planing and construction in one place, streamlining workflows, improving collaboration and maximizing productivity.
William McGuyer has over 29 years of experience in geospatial analysis, software engineering, project management, and Oracle database administration. He currently provides GIS support to the Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, standardizing environmental geospatial data. Previously he has held roles as a GIS analyst, project manager, and Oracle database manager for various contractors supporting the Department of Defense and Air Force. He has extensive experience with GIS and CAD software, relational databases, and technical project work.
IRJET - To Extract GFC’s from Clash Free and Well Coordinated Revit ModelIRJET Journal
This document discusses clash detection in building information modeling (BIM). It begins with an abstract that defines clash detection as the process of finding where building elements overlap or have incompatible parameters. The document then reviews several research papers about implementing BIM and using it for clash detection. Key benefits identified include improved coordination, earlier identification of issues, and extraction of construction drawings with fewer errors. Challenges discussed include technical and managerial difficulties in adoption as well as cultural changes needed within the construction industry.
The document discusses Building Information Modeling (BIM) software tools that can be used to address sustainability in building design. It provides examples of how BIM tools allow analysis of building energy usage, ventilation, and other factors to optimize sustainability. The document also examines how linking BIM tools across different stakeholders in a project can help deliver successful sustainable building projects.
The document describes the Building Intelligence Quotient (BiQ) program developed by the Continental Automated Buildings Association. The BiQ rates the intelligence of building automation systems in large office buildings through an online assessment. It provides benchmark ratings and recommendations to improve building performance. Initial beta testing of the BiQ tool and an analysis of corporate building portfolios are discussed. The BiQ is intended to enhance knowledge of building intelligence and guide future decision making.
State of the art in engineering collaboration and data managementMatevz Dolenc
The document discusses the state of the art in engineering collaboration and data management. It describes the InteliGrid project, which aimed to create an information infrastructure for collaborative engineering in virtual organizations. The InteliGrid project developed technologies and architectures like ontologies, services, and a conceptual framework to enable secure information sharing and plug-and-play collaboration across engineering domains. Lessons from the project highlighted that user needs and semantic descriptions are key to building effective collaborative environments for multi-party engineering projects.
Digital construction for integrated project deliveryStephen Au
The industrial challenges and the value proposition, how and what are the Digital Construction with some case studies are discussed in the presentation.
he constant demand for immediate access to data and resources,
reliability and efficiency has created a new ideal of modern,
powerful enterprise IT. Based on market research and technology
observation, this paper explores which criteria modern platforms
have to meet and how leading vendors and service providers
respond in order to deliver these platforms. It is intended as a
guideline for executives who need to make informed purchase
decisions.
Mikael akkus, module 1, introduction to bim and the business case of bim R2mikael akkus
This document provides an overview of building information modeling (BIM) and its business case. It defines BIM, discusses why its adoption is increasing in Turkey, and outlines the benefits it provides to organizations and clients through improved visualization, risk reduction, quality, and facility management. Implementing BIM requires resources like specialized software, training, and legal review. Potential risks include determining data ownership and responsibility for input. A case study describes how BIM was used to manage the complex Istanbul Grand Airport project. Available BIM technologies and software are also listed.
Application of BIM for Scheduling and Costing of Construction ProjectIRJET Journal
The document discusses the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for construction project scheduling and costing. It begins with an introduction to BIM and its evolution since the 1970s. BIM extends traditional 2D drawings by adding the dimensions of time (4D) and cost (5D). The document then outlines the objectives and methodology of studying BIM applications for scheduling and cost estimation. This includes developing a 3D model in Revit and linking it to scheduling software. The benefits of BIM include more accurate quantity take-offs, reduced time for cost estimation, and improved scheduling and cost control. However, barriers to effective BIM implementation include the need for very accurate models and additional software capabilities.
BIM_Modelling-and-Asset-Management_Position-Paper.pdf.aspxSybil Tan
This document discusses the mutually supportive relationship between Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Asset Management. BIM involves managing asset information throughout the lifecycle, while Asset Management optimizes asset costs and performance. The document argues that fully realizing the benefits of both requires an integrated approach that considers them together within an asset management framework. It provides definitions of BIM and Asset Management and outlines how BIM supports effective Asset Management by providing structured asset information across the entire lifecycle. The benefits of this integrated approach include reduced costs, better asset information, and improved long-term performance and decision making.
COMMUNICATION THROUGH DIGITAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES IN AN AIRCRAFT PROGRAMijait
An aircraft is a complex, inherently multidisciplinary product that requires real time global collaboration for Design, Manufacture and Service. Digital engineering processes play an intelligent role in product and process design from concept to retirement, which is around 70 years. The entire engineering data is hierarchically structured and traced throughout the lifecycle under strict Configuration Control (CC). This requires an accurate, easily communicable Digital Mock-Up(DMU)as a Virtual 3D-static and dynamic platform for, real-time concurrent engineering through wide collaboration, a sample of which is presented herein. Holistically, this requires a networked Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system as an Integrated Digital Environment (IDE) for engineering (primary and continuous improvement) for life cycle of the aircraft. The latest feature in PLM is the use of Model Based Engineering
This document provides an executive summary of the National Building Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS) Version 1 - Part 1: Overview, Principles, and Methodologies.
The NBIMS aims to establish a standardized machine-readable information model for facilities that contains all relevant lifecycle information. This will improve planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance using BIM. This first publication communicates the scope, organization and development process of the NBIMS. It defines key BIM concepts including overall scope, data modeling requirements, and the need for information interoperability and a shared information repository. The goal is to establish international open standards to improve efficiency across the building lifecycle.
Closing the Gap on Digital Manufacturing
The concurrent engineering required for new product designs between design
engineering and manufacturing engineering has always been a critical
focal point for manufacturers to shorten time-to-market, accelerate time-tovolume,
and minimize cost of production. Today, collaboration between
product design (CAD) and manufacturing processes
(CAM) is a robust process due to tight
integration between CAD and CAM and the emergence
of extended PDM and PLM systems.
However, there has not been a corresponding
level of tight integration between CAD/CAM and
production management. But the benefits of exchanging
information between the product
definition domain and production management are becoming clear as
manufacturers move to a collaborative environment. Two leading PLM
suppliers, EDS and IBM/Dassault, have recently launched new programs
to integrate these disparate domains.
This document discusses the benefits of using integrated digital technologies across the entire shipbuilding lifecycle, from design through production, construction, and maintenance. It argues that current IT systems in shipyards are not fully integrated across departments and functions, leading to inefficiencies. A data-centric approach that stores all project information in databases enables benefits like consistent multi-discipline design, automated deliverable generation, real-time collaboration, materials management to reduce waste, and reuse of data throughout the lifecycle including for simulations. This integrated digital approach aims to increase quality, reduce costs and improve schedule compliance for shipbuilders.
Application of BIM and Construction Process Simulation using 5D BIM for Resid...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the application of 5D Building Information Modeling (BIM) for a residential building project. 5D BIM integrates 3D models, scheduling, and cost estimation to allow for construction process simulation. A case study of a proposed residential building is used to demonstrate the 5D BIM process. A 3D model was created in Autodesk Revit and schedule and cost estimates were prepared in Microsoft Project. These were then combined in Autodesk Navisworks to allow for simulation and visualization of the project over time and cost. The 5D model provides an integrated view of the project that is easier to use than separate documents and allows extraction of scheduling and cost information without referring to other sources.
Integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) offers a comprehensive approach to enhance collaboration and data integration in architectural and geospatial projects. By combining the detailed 3D modeling capabilities of BIM with the spatial data analysis of GIS, professionals can achieve a more holistic understanding of complex construction and infrastructure projects, leading to improved decision-making processes and optimized project outcomes.
Using Geotechnical Data in a 3D Space WhitepaperAmy Heffner
This document discusses integrating geotechnical data into 3D models using Building Information Modeling (BIM). It notes that traditionally, geotechnical data is reported separately without consideration for reuse. BIM ensures data sharing in real-time across disciplines. The document advocates putting geotechnical data into a database to enable easy transfer and reuse for site evaluation, design, and asset maintenance. For geotechnical data to be fully integrated into BIM, the 3D subsurface elements need to be "smart" and connected to related data, and the geotechnical and civil applications need to be connected to share information. This allows all project participants to visualize geotechnical data in the context of site design for improved understanding and efficiency.
1) Boeing and Dassault Systemes presented on leveraging the 3DEXPERIENCE platform to support Boeing's digital thread.
2) The presentation covered Boeing's digital transformation initiative and MBSE process, providing an example of system architecting in SysML.
3) It demonstrated the Cameo/3DX transformation and how it can support system traceability across modeling, design, simulation and production.
Interoperatibility and Building Information ModelingGlobal Associates
AEC firms are adopting technologies like BIM, aerial photogrammetry, and laser scanning to increase productivity. BIM allows project teams from different disciplines to collaborate by integrating their designs into a shared model, reducing errors and improving scheduling. BIM models can be used across the project lifecycle from design to construction to operations. True interoperability between BIM tools requires robust industry standards to be integrated, allowing improved collaboration, workflows, and productivity across infrastructure projects.
Application of GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping - GIS I Fundamentals - CEI40 - AGAAhmed Gamal Abdel Gawad
Contents of the presentation:
• Overview
• GIS Basics
• Water Resources Engineering
• GIS and Water Resources
• Flood Hazard Mapping
• Research Paper
• Flood mapping in ArcGIS
Introducing Binder: A Web-based, Open Source Digital Preservation Management ...Artefactual Systems - AtoM
Binder is a new digital preservation management application developed by Artefactual Systems in conjunction with the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). This new system aims to facilitate digital collections care, management, and preservation for time-based media and born-digital artworks and is built from integrating functionality of both Archivematica and AtoM.
MTWO Complete Construction Cloud for ContractorsRIB Software SE
MTWO is world's leading the 5D BIM construction cloud platform that empowered contractors to manage project planing and construction in one place, streamlining workflows, improving collaboration and maximizing productivity.
1) Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a process that generates and manages building data throughout the lifecycle of a construction project using 3D modeling software.
2) BIM allows all project stakeholders to visualize, simulate, and coordinate designs in real-time, improving productivity in design and construction.
3) BIM provides greater project insight through analysis of costs, schedules, and constructability which enables prompt response to changes and more efficient processes.
This interim report summarizes testing of a geo-addressing location system developed for GeoRIST. The system allows users to locate particular houses or collections of urban units on a map with associated road networks. It is designed to locate houses even for users unfamiliar with the city. The system provides information on facilities in each colony. It was developed using GIS software and can load any map file. The report describes the system configuration, analysis of the current and proposed systems, and system testing.
GIS KNOWLEDGE SHARING: USING THE WEB FOR OPEN BUSINESS TO PROMOTE REGIONAL GI...Greg Babinski
Successful GIS operation requires access to detailed technical knowledge in a wide variety of subjects. Many small and medium sized GIS operations struggle, and some fail, because of a lack of appropriate technical knowledge. This presentation outlines how and why King County GIS utilizes a web based GIS knowledge sharing system to conduct its business openly. Open business and structured knowledge sharing can be useful to improve internal operations, enhance GIS staff knowledge and level of professionalism, and promote the success of regional GIS.
Delivered at 2002 URISA Annual Conference
Capgemini ses - the gis centric enterprise pov (gr)Gord Reynolds
The document discusses how a Geographic Information System (GIS) can serve as the central asset repository at the heart of a utility company's operations. It describes how a GIS-centric approach positions the GIS to store network asset information and link to various business processes and applications. This overcomes issues with inconsistent or incomplete network data across different legacy systems. The GIS provides mapping, connectivity analysis, and proximity analysis capabilities critical for network planning, operations, maintenance and other functions in a utility.
Advancing Electrical Design in High-Rise Buildings with Revit 3D ModelingIRJET Journal
This document discusses the benefits of using 3D modeling software like Revit for electrical design of multi-story buildings instead of traditional 2D drafting. Specifically, it summarizes a pilot project using Revit to model the electrical system of a multi-story building. 3D modeling allows for a holistic design approach, easier collaboration between disciplines, and catching issues earlier in the process. The document also notes the importance of document control for managing the large amounts of data involved in 3D building information modeling.
William McGuyer GIS Analyst Resume 2015 newestBill McGuyer
William McGuyer has over 26 years of experience as a GIS Analyst, Project Manager, and database administrator with expertise in Esri ArcGIS, AutoCAD, Oracle, and SQL. He currently works as a GIS Analyst for Colorado State University assisting the Air Force with standardizing their environmental geospatial datasets. Prior to his current role, he held GIS and database roles for various government contractors providing geospatial support and analysis to the Department of Defense.
World Pipelines - Better Together - SCADA and GISsmrobb
This document discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems can work together to improve pipeline operations. Traditionally, pipeline operators have relied on SCADA alone, but integrating SCADA data with GIS capabilities offers significant benefits. The combination allows operators to view pipeline assets and real-time operating conditions within an accurate geospatial context. Linking GIS and SCADA without data duplication also reduces long-term costs while providing operators a comprehensive picture to more effectively troubleshoot problems and dispatch field crews. Pipeline companies are now able to realize improved logistics, decision-making, and overall operational efficiency by integrating their GIS and SCADA systems.
The document provides an overview of how geographic information systems (GIS) can be used in civil engineering applications. It discusses how GIS allows civil engineers to manage and analyze spatial data to support infrastructure planning, design, construction, and maintenance. It also summarizes several specific ways GIS is used, including infrastructure management, transportation, land use planning, watershed management, and environmental analysis. GIS provides a centralized way to store and visualize spatial data, analyze relationships, and share information across teams and organizations.
Envision of an Integrated Information System for Projectdriven Production in ...Ricardo Magno Antunes
Construction frequently appears at the bottom of productivity charts with decreasing indexes of productivity over the years. Lack of innovation and delayed adoption, informal processes or insufficient rigor and consistency in process execution, insufficient knowledge transfer from project to project, weak project monitoring, little crossfunctional cooperation, little collaboration with suppliers, conservative company culture, and a shortage of young talent and people development are usual issues. Whereas work has been carried out on information technology and automation in construction their application is isolated without an interconnected information flow. This paper suggests a framework to address production issues on construction by implementing an integrated automatic supervisory control and data acquisition for management and operations. The system is divided into planning, monitoring, controlling, and executing groups clustering technologies to track both the project product and production. This research stands on the four pillars of manufacturing knowledge and lean production (production processes, production management, equipment/tool design, and automated systems and control). The framework offers benefits such as increased information flow, detection and prevention of overburdening equipment or labor (Muri - 無 理 ) and production unevenness (Mura - 斑), reduction of waste (Muda - 無駄), evidential and continuous process standardization and improvement, reuse and abstraction of project information across endeavors
GIS allows organizations to combine geographic data with other business information to improve strategic and operational decision making. By integrating disparate datasets and visualizing relationships spatially through maps, GIS provides a powerful analytical tool. The article discusses how GIS can benefit various parts of resource companies, from executive dashboards to asset management to regulatory compliance. While GIS implementation faces challenges around data standards and integration, its ability to add value across a business through locations intelligence makes it a worthwhile investment.
Definition of project profiles to streamline MBSE deployment effortsObeo
Discover how Capella has been deployed and used in a large range of projects in the field of the energy industry with Assystem
Assystem has over 50 years of experience providing industrial infrastructures with engineering services and managing projects complex in size, technological content, and safety requirements.
With the help of Capella and Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE), Assystem as a leading engineering company is helping its clients to face big challenges against an exponential increase in demand worldwide for energy combined with the goals of achieving sustainability of energy supply and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
During this webinar, you will:
Get an overview of their pathway towards MBSE approach to structure projects more and more complex and organizations more and more transverse, their MBSE motivations as a communication means for extended organization, and for co-development within other engineering team.
Discover how their initiative architecture has provided both a modeling platform and methodology that can be flexibly adapted to best fit their engineering, construction and research context.
Understand how their systems architects can closely collaborate with engineers responsible for multiple design, construction and commissioning tasks, within a robust framework to ensure both quick and long term added value.
INIA- CISA: Análisis de las amenazas en la fauna silvestreEsri
El documento describe cómo un centro de investigación utilizó herramientas SIG para analizar datos sobre animales silvestres ingresados en un centro de recuperación con el fin de identificar especies, áreas y períodos con mayor riesgo de amenazas y sus relaciones con factores humanos y ambientales. Esto permitió enfocar medidas correctivas de manera más eficiente para conservar la fauna silvestre y prevenir amenazas. En particular, se analizó el riesgo de colisión de rapaces nocturnas con vehículos, identificando las zonas de mayor
Aena Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez-Barajas crea potentes aplicaciones para sus cli...Esri
Aena Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez-Barajas creó aplicaciones personalizadas para sus clientes internos utilizando ArcGIS, aprovechando su experiencia previa. Estas nuevas aplicaciones son fáciles de usar y gestionar, y permiten responder más rápidamente a las necesidades de los usuarios. Ahora los usuarios internos y externos tienen acceso a herramientas de mapeo actualizadas que mejoran la eficiencia de las operaciones en el aeropuerto.
El Ayuntamiento de Móstoles implementó una plataforma Smart City utilizando ArcGIS para mejorar la eficiencia, permitir la participación ciudadana y gestionar los activos municipales en tiempo real. La solución integró toda la información municipal en una sola plataforma e incorporó sensores para supervisar servicios como el alumbrado público. Además, una aplicación permite a los ciudadanos reportar incidencias y el ayuntamiento responder más rápido, ahorrando costos.
ArcGIS Online es una plataforma en la nube que permite crear y compartir mapas, aplicaciones y datos geográficos. Los usuarios pueden publicar y almacenar servicios web en la nube, crear mapas interactivos a partir de datos como hojas de cálculo, y colaborar y compartir contenido con otros mediante grupos privados o públicos.
Portal for ArcGIS is a content management system that provides a framework to easily manage and secure geographic assets within an organization. It extends the reach of GIS to everyone in an organization, enabling better decision making. Portal for ArcGIS can be used to implement web GIS on-premises or in the cloud for organizations with specialized security requirements. It will be included with ArcGIS for Server Standard and Advanced starting at version 10.3.
GIS-Based Web Services Provide Rapid Analysis and Dissemination of Maritime DataEsri
The Royal Australian Navy's Hydrography, Meteorology and Oceanography Branch is responsible for collecting, managing, analyzing, and disseminating meteorological and oceanographic data to enable defense users to properly consider environmental impacts. This data comes in large volumes and various formats. Using ArcGIS for Server and custom scripts, the branch can serve this data as OGC web services, including nautical charts and bathymetry as WMS and netCDF weather data as WMS and WCS. This allows for rapid analysis and dissemination of data to gain knowledge of the battlespace and environment.
An Effective Tool for Drinking Water ProtectionEsri
The document discusses ICWater, a tool developed by Leidos to predict the spread and impact of hazardous material releases in river systems. ICWater forecasts (1) where contaminants will travel, (2) if they will reach drinking water intakes, (3) when they will arrive, and (4) if concentrations will threaten human health. It interfaces with USGS stream gauges and databases on infrastructure to provide timely information to decision makers. ICWater successfully modeled the 2014 Elk River chemical spill in West Virginia to advise authorities and protect drinking water.
GeoCollector for ArcPad is a mobile GIS solution that combines Esri's ArcPad software with Trimble GPS hardware to improve the accuracy of collected location data. It provides field workers with a rugged tablet equipped with an integrated GPS receiver and ArcPad software for mapping and data collection. This solution allows organizations to make timely decisions based on reliable location information gathered by field staff.
GeoCollector for ArcGIS for Windows Mobile is a mobile GIS solution that combines Esri's GIS software with Trimble's GPS hardware to improve the accuracy of collected data. It allows field workers to visualize maps, collect geo-located data, and integrate accurate location information into organizational decision making. The solution includes a Trimble Geo 7X handheld device with integrated GPS receiver and ArcGIS for Windows Mobile software for mobile field mapping and data collection with minimal training.
Data Appliance for ArcGIS is an enterprise solution that provides high performance and secure access to terabytes of preloaded geospatial data stored on a network-attached storage device. It includes global basemaps that allow users to immediately build mapping applications. Organizations can publish maps and build apps to share securely behind their firewall. A server bundle is also available for organizations that do not have ArcGIS for Server.
This document describes new premium imagery services from Esri and BlackBridge that provide continuously updated 5-band, 5-meter imagery for use in ArcGIS. The services include a Living Image Basemap service sourced from BlackBridge's RapidEye constellation, regional Mosaics services with virtually cloud-free hand-picked images, and a Living Image Multispectral service providing temporal multispectral imagery through online services.
GeoPlanner for ArcGIS is a web-based app that helps users create, assess, and share planning designs using the geographic knowledge and tools of the ArcGIS platform. It allows users to bring in their own planning data, sketch design plans, compare alternative designs using dashboards, and enable collaboration throughout the planning process. GeoPlanner incorporates each aspect of a geodesign workflow into a single app so that designers, evaluators, and the public can assess the impacts of various scenarios. The app runs on both desktop and mobile devices with touch-enabled tools, supporting planning and design access from anywhere.
This document summarizes an Esri and AccuWeather partnership that provides weather data and warnings through ArcGIS Online. It allows key personnel to access real-time weather reports and warnings to communicate updates. The partnership protects people, property, and assets from severe weather threats with AccuWeather warnings developed by meteorologists. ArcGIS tools can analyze weather data to understand weather impacts and help determine emergency procedures. AccuWeather aims to provide the earliest warnings to enact procedures and save lives.
Esri and Airbus Defense & Space provide imagery products and services including thematic imagery layers with region-specific basemaps and fresh 50cm resolution orthorectified imagery. Their site monitoring service analyzes changes at targeted sites on a daily, weekly or monthly basis and delivers a detailed change detection report as an ArcGIS image service and Story Map app. Their satellite tasking and archive app allows users to task Airbus Defense & Space satellites to acquire new imagery over areas of interest or order images from the archive, with images delivered as an ArcGIS image service.
This document provides a summary of various US demographic and business data sources available from Esri, including descriptions, frequencies of updates, and data vintages. It describes datasets covering topics such as population, households, income, businesses, retail sales, crime, banking and demographics. The data comes from sources including the US Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Dun & Bradstreet and other public and private organizations. Most datasets are updated annually, with some updated decennially, quarterly or semiannually.
ArcGIS for Server on Microsoft Azure JumpstartEsri
This document discusses ArcGIS for Server on Microsoft Azure and the ArcGIS for Server on Microsoft Azure Jumpstart offering from Esri. It provides an overview of deploying ArcGIS for Server in the Microsoft Azure cloud, including advantages such as lower hardware costs, automatic scaling, and leveraging the Azure management portal. It then describes the Jumpstart as providing on-site support and training to help customers get started with ArcGIS Server on Azure, including orientation, VM setup, data loading, service creation, and custom VM configuration. It notes that Esri Professional Services can determine if the Jumpstart is a good fit or provide custom services if additional needs exist. The Jumpstart can be purchased through Esri Professional Services or a customer's
ArcGIS provides tools and capabilities to enable naval units to operate self-sufficiently in remote locations with limited bandwidth. It allows warfighters to access and analyze geospatial data through familiar applications like dashboards and Microsoft Office. The ArcGIS platform delivers low-cost and interoperable solutions to support maritime operations and command and control decisions. It helps transform raw data into actionable intelligence through geoanalytics and visualization.
Esri Geoportal Server is an open source product that enables discovery and use of geospatial resources like datasets, rasters, and web services. It helps organizations manage and publish metadata for their geospatial resources so users can discover and connect to those resources. Key features include supporting international standards, cataloging GIS resources regardless of location or type, and facilitating discovery through a customizable geoportal web interface.
GeoEvent Extension for Server allows users to connect streaming sensor data to GIS applications in real time to monitor assets and alert personnel of specified conditions. It can process and filter multiple data streams using user-defined rules, and includes connectors for common sensors. Key benefits include incorporating real-time data into existing GIS systems to show updated information and detect important spatial or attribute events. The software can be integrated with various monitoring applications and deployed on-premises or in the cloud.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
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This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
9 CEO's who hit $100m ARR Share Their Top Growth Tactics Nathan Latka, Founde...
The Role of GIS Technology in Sustaining the Built Environment
1. The Role of GIS Technology
in Sustaining the Built Environment
By Patrick Wallis, AICP, LEED AP, GISP
1
2. Table of Contents
An Introduction 3 OmniClass 22
Executive Summary 4 Building Interior Spatial Data Model 23
A Sustainability Problem 7 Spatial Relationships and Hidden Patterns 25
A Communication Breakdown 7 Geographic Fabric 25
Integrated Project Teams 8 Keys to Better Management and Optimal
Performance 26
Value Engineering 10
Awareness 26
Providing the Evidence 10
Actualization 27
Data Interoperability 10
Steps to Optimize Performance 28
US Commercial Facilities 11
The Benefit of GIS as the Underlying Platform 29
US Residential Facilities 14
Conclusion 33
The Value of Value Engineering 16
GIS for Stewardship 33
Problem Synopsis 17
GIS for Sustainability 33
Sustainability Solutions:
Sustainability Solutions:
Enabling Technologies 18 GIS for Savings 33
Enabling Technologies 18
Building Information Models 18 Summary 34
GIS for the Built Environment 20 Works Cited 34
The Relational Database 22 About the Author 35
Data Models and Standards 22 Notes 36
Industry Foundation Class 22
2
4. Executive Summary
Over the past 30 years, key practices for shaping and managing the built environment within building
and related industries have proved unsustainable. Available evidence demonstrates that these practices
were not economically, environmentally, or socially viable in the long run. One barrier to achieving
greater sustainability has been the industries’ partial, lukewarm embrace of advanced technologies for
shaping and managing the built environment. Typical examples include existing difficulties exchanging
and integrating data contained in paper or complex spreadsheet formats to provide an intuitively
GIS technology can be understandable holistic view. GIS is rapidly emerging in a new role as the enabling technology for
better communication and data interoperability. Using GIS as a means to achieve required stewardship,
exploited to provide key
sustainability, and savings targets significantly enhances the ability for a triple bottom line approach in
facility information for expanding, operating, and maintaining the built environment.
decision makers when they At present, industry stakeholders most often use technologies such as building information models
need it. (BIM) and other more traditional computer-aided drafting (CAD) systems to design and store data about
buildings. Usually, this information is queried and reported building by building. The challenge for
facility managers is querying, analyzing, and reporting this information for all buildings across a site or an
even broader geographic region. Facility age and the technologies used to design them contribute to
this challenge. In many cases, building data is managed within spreadsheets and in hard and soft copy
floor plans with no real organized system of data management. By importing and aggregating into a GIS
the geometries and tabular data of the multiple BIM and/or CAD files required to accurately represent
the built environment, the efficiencies and power of BIM can be leveraged, extended, and connected in
geographic space to other relevant site, neighborhood, municipal, and regional data.
GIS technology can be exploited to provide key facility information for decision makers when
they need it. In this context, it is used to answer questions regarding the best manner to develop and
manage the built environment. This ability is largely a result of the relational database technology
underlying it, as well as the capacity for GIS to identify spatially related objects. Spatial relationships
allow GIS to merge different worlds of knowledge—it is significant and powerful because it unearths and
exposes related patterns that would otherwise go undiscovered. It is a powerful system and enabling
technology for shaping and managing the built environment—one that:
• Provides a common and coordinated view, thereby increasing collaboration and understanding
while reducing risk and its associated costs.
• Enables visualization, analysis, and comparison of possible alternatives to optimize
performance.
• Provides the analytic tools necessary for stakeholders to determine which strategy presents the
best short- and long-term solutions to pursue.
• Can provide the support the building industry requires to realize more sustainable development
practices and patterns.
4
5. Since 1980, average US expenditures on the maintenance and construction of facilities has
accounted for nearly 9 percent of the annual US gross domestic product (GDP).4 At the height of the
US construction boom in 2007, the estimated value of all US construction accounted for 12.4 percent
of US GDP5, totaling nearly $1.95 trillion6. In 2010 alone, facilities “directly account[ed] for almost 40
percent of primary energy use, 12 percent of water use, and 60 percent of all non-industrial waste. The
processes used to produce and deliver energy to facilities for heating, cooling, ventilation, computers,
and appliances account[ed] for 40 percent of US greenhouse gas emissions.”7 Indeed, considering
only changes in residential construction practice, average home sizes ballooned compared to what
was standard in 1980—a capital cost premium of $1.75 trillion,8 or .5 percent of the US GDP for that
same period.9 Obviously, more energy was consumed to heat and cool this added space—accounting
for nearly $2.33 trillion in additional energy costs.10 So, coupled with rising energy prices, there was
an enormous 263 percent increase in residential energy expenditures11 that was borne by smaller
households whose median income had been relatively static.
With the benefit of hindsight, these trends and the cumulative net impact of previous individual
actions become clear. Had there been tools available to forecast the short- and long-term impacts
of proposed development, the market and consumers would have been better informed regarding
available alternatives—such as those to provide the same or better functionality using fewer fiscal,
personnel, or material resources. In this manner, it would have been possible for developers and
architects to configure more efficient layouts to achieve the same net square feet (NSF) as other
alternatives with more gross square feet (GSF) for the purpose of increasing profitability for developers
and reducing energy costs for consumers.
Enabling technology, such as GIS, provides industry managers and executives with the tools
required to be better stewards of the built environment. The common and coordinated awareness that
GIS delivers provides a better understanding of the present. Shared awareness enables stakeholders
to visualize and analyze data regarding the built environment and its links to the world at large. This
enables better collaboration among stakeholder disciplines, thereby reducing the unknowns and
leading to lower project contingencies, risk, and cost.
By spatially organizing and linking the standards, policies, and values that guide the development
and ultimate form of the built environment to the analysis required to achieve shared awareness, GIS
helps industry stakeholders better understand the future. In this way, GIS provides stakeholders with
the predictive capability needed to manage and actualize performance of the built environment. This
ability allows decision makers to visualize performance and virtualize scenarios to improve the built
environment, thus ensuring its future viability. For example, it allows facility managers to abandon run-
to-failure maintenance strategies and instead adopt strategies for preventive and reliability-centered
maintenance, which can dramatically lengthen facility service lives as well as reduce operating costs.
5
6. As shown in figure 1, a GIS-based system for managing the built environment can provide industry
stakeholders with the awareness required to manage it, as well as the technology, tools, and processes
required to actualize its potential for optimal performance. GIS for the built environment is powered
by the geospatial information model, which serves as the primary data source for all managed facilities
throughout the entire facility management (FM) life cycle. Information contained in the geospatial
information model can be visualized in geographic space via the GIS, thereby providing users of the
system with a common and coordinated view of the built environment. By further linking the geospatial
information model to authoritative data sources, stakeholder workflows, needed reports, and relevant
standards, GIS provides industry stakeholders with a predictive capability essential for understanding
the future, as well as for optimizing it.
Figure 1: The Geospatial Information Model Framework, a Solution for Management of the Built Environment
6
7. A Sustainability Problem
Since 1980, average US expenditures on the maintenance and construction of facilities has accounted
for nearly 9 percent annual US GDP (see figure 2).12 That the industry has been integral to the economy’s
growth over the past 30 years is undeniable; however, its key practices for shaping and managing
the built environment have proved unsustainable. Available evidence demonstrates that while these
practices may have in the short term proved lucrative, they are not economically, environmentally, or
socially viable in the long run. Juxtaposed against this state of affairs are the precepts of sustainable
development, which are based on an understanding that “all the Earth’s resources are limited, and that GIS provides industry
it is less expensive to build in harmony with the environment.”13
stakeholders with a predictive
capability essential for
understanding the future.
Figure 2: Buildings Share of US GDP
A Communication Breakdown
The global information revolution has, over the past 30 years, radically transformed global computing,
networking, communications, and business processes, “[making] it possible to apply information
technologies in all phases of the building/facility life cycle, creating the potential for streamlining
historically fragmented operations . . . “14 Despite the availability of such transformational technology,
the industry remained slow to embrace and adopt it, the evidence of which can be found stored away in
the lead engineering office of any private, public, or commercial organization. What will most likely be
found are stacks upon stacks of flat files containing hard-copy as-built and design documentation.
7
8. The persistence of paper-driven processes has proved to be the bane of the industry. It was obvious
by 2002 that a significant technological gap had developed between it and other global industries.
That year, the National Institute of Standards and Technology published a report noting this gap and
the negative impacts to the industry, writing that other global industries (e.g., aerospace, automotive)
had moved forward and taken “the lead in improving the integration of design and manufacturing,
harnessing automation technology, and using electronic standards to replace paper [documentation]”
and business processes.15
Enabling technologies supporting tele-present communications and data interoperability were
One of the key not widely utilized. The result was that meaningful, timely communication did not occur as part of an
responsibilities and benefits established process between industry stakeholders (e.g., owners, developers, planners, cost engineers,
of using integrated project architects, suppliers)16 and those directly responsible for the built environment’s form, condition, and
management. Consequently, forging a common understanding and attaining a coordinated view
teams (IPTs) is that realistic, became more difficult than necessary—directly impacting the timeliness and effectiveness of project
comprehensive project communications and activities.
objectives can be established.
Integrated Project Teams
The “stove-piping”17 of stakeholder contributions, within and between disciplines, impeded the
formation of effective integrated project teams. One of the key responsibilities and benefits of using
integrated project teams (IPTs) is that realistic, comprehensive project objectives can be established.
Typical cross-disciplinary IPT objectives include
1. Sustainability, functionality and performance.
2. Making informed decisions about [needed] tradeoffs among resources, materials, mission
objectives.
3. Short and long-term building performance.18
To support sustainable development goals, industry disciplines must be tightly integrated to
eliminate conflicting needs in their processes for shaping and managing the built environment. This
level of integration requires leveraging and coordinating fiscal, environmental, personnel, and material
resources more precisely “toward the goal of meeting user needs.”19 A primary reason for the industry’s
ineffective integration was its failure to adopt advanced data interoperability and communication
technologies for providing shared awareness and the efficient, near-instantaneous flow of critical
information between stakeholders throughout the FM life cycle.
With their absence, valuable fiscal and material resources were spent “validating and/or re-creating
facility information that should be readily available.”20 This resulted in “scope creep”21 between different
FM phases (see Figure 3), as well as a lack of clarity regarding the composition (quantity and quality)
of the facility assets managed by public and private organizations. At a minimum, fiscal and personnel
resources were lost as these organizations tried to better understand the resources they were managing.
8
9. At worst, this lack of coordination enabled and empowered industry stakeholders to sacrifice long-term
economic, environmental, and functional viability in favor of short-term gains.
Figure 3: The FM Life Cycle22
Without a unified view of benefits and consequences (short- and long-term) of proposed development,
industry stakeholders ultimately proved that consideration of first costs was primary, regardless of the
long-term impacts. Based on available data,23 it was inconsequential whether the impacts were fiscal,
environmental, or social. The unsustainable practices justified by this myopic world view have changed
the face of the built and natural environment in the United States, perhaps irretrievably, creating many
negative impacts, some of which will be highlighted in this report.
9
10. Value Engineering
At this time, value engineering and life cycle costing in the conceptual planning phase is not standard
industry practice. Unfortunately, it is during this phase that decisions having the greatest impact on
cost and ultimate sustainability of a facility are made. These include decisions affecting siting, energy,
materials, water, indoor environmental quality, and operation and maintenance practices.24 The earlier
in the process that value engineering is employed, the greater the potential benefits for sustainable
development and cost savings.25
Making value engineering common practice is contingent on making industry business processes
more efficient within and between disciplines during all phases of the FM life cycle. The introduction
of streamlined communication and data interoperability made possible by computing and information
advances is required. Such technologies make it possible to foster utilization of IPTs at an industry-wide
scale.
Providing the Evidence
The following section investigates existing research regarding data interoperability within the industry,
as well as the characteristics of US commercial and residential facilities, to include physical attributes as
well as energy use, exposing the significant costs of failing to embrace advanced technologies. It also
builds on this research by relaying the results of new analysis conducted to support the findings of this
document.
Data Interoperability
Since the advent of the information revolution, the records used by the industry to design and store
data about buildings have been increasingly created digitally instead of by hand. For example, “by the
early 1980s, some design professionals and engineers prepared and made decisions on facilities using
computer-aided drafting and design.”26 Another example is the use of digital spreadsheets to capture
project information for industry stakeholders. By the 1990s, technology advanced to the point where
digital spreadsheet and CAD applications were run from desktop computers.27
Typically, the facility information contained within these systems is queried and reported building
by building. The challenge for facility managers and other industry stakeholders is querying, analyzing,
and reporting this information for all buildings across a site or an even broader geographic region.
The age of facilities and the technologies used to design them contribute to this challenge. In many
cases, building data is managed within spreadsheets and in hard- and soft-copy floor plans with no real
organized system of data management.
10
11. Since the facility information produced by these systems has no intrinsic structure too often, it is not
machine readable or available for use within enterprise systems. This is the case because enterprise data
solutions rely on the use of structured data so that the right data can be aggregated or decomposed
at the required level to answer end-user queries. Presently, “most correspondence, including project
reports and drawings, fall into this category. For these documents, the only way to interpret the contents
or to check their quality is for someone to actually read them.”28
“Unstructured data of this type cannot be truly interoperable, although it might be compatible Value engineering and
with multiple software products. Some human effort will be required to interpret the data for the
receiving system. A good example is the work firms do to reach agreement on Computer-Aided
life cycle costing in the
Design (CAD) layering for a particular project. This creates the appearance of structure in the CAD conceptual planning
files. However, the structure is not intrinsic: a user can place a furniture item on the wall layer.”29 phase is not standard
industry practice.
Individual layers within a CAD file have no understanding of how the objects they represent
relate to each other, nor do these objects understand that they are indeed discrete.“ Drafting systems
cannot natively detect clashes, missing components, incompatible connections, inconsistencies
between drawings, physically impossible configurations, and many other errors that plague design.”30
Consequently,“quantity take-offs from unstructured CAD files have always been subject to error.” 31
It is estimated that in 2002 up to $5.1 billion32 was lost in the United States just verifying that FM
documentation accurately represented existing conditions, and another $742 million33 was wasted
converting and transforming that data into a useful format.34 Interoperability costs totaling $19.1 billion35
were accounted for in the capital facilities industry alone, with facility owners bearing 66 percent of
the burden. “Architects and engineers had the lowest interoperability costs at [$1.5 billion],”36 and
contractors, fabricators, and suppliers accounted for the rest. “Examples of inefficiencies resulting
from inadequate interoperability [e.g., avoidance costs, mitigation costs, and delay costs] include
manual reentry of data, duplication of business functions, and the continued reliance on paper-based
information management systems.”37
Interoperability solutions for facility information must be able to provide a structured data
environment where a common vocabulary for classifying the built environment exists. A shared
semantic structure is critical for ensuring that such data is accessible throughout the FM life cycle by
industry stakeholders, regardless of their discipline. Existing, more advanced technologies, such as
relational database management systems (RDBMS) and modeling systems, can provide the commonly
understood structure needed to meet the industry’s interoperability requirements. Such systems “have
already replaced drafting systems in [many] complex system projects” yet have not yet been adopted
industry-wide.
11
12. US Commercial Facilities
Over the past 30 years, US commercial facilities have become much more inefficient. Based on available
data, carbon emissions grew by 59 percent,38 and energy consumption rose by 81—so much that it now
accounts for 19 percent of all US and 4 percent of all global energy consumption.39 This should not be
a surprise, as the number of commercial buildings has increased by 1.45 million, a 39 percent growth,40
and the total floor space has grown by 31.2 billion square feet, a 62 percent increase.41 The rise in the
number and size of commercial facilities since 1980 has very much been pushed along by the large,
simultaneous growth of the US economy, which is up to $14.8 trillion—a 127 percent increase.42 The
largest commercial facility growth was in the mercantile, office, warehouse, educational, and lodging
sectors—increasing in size by 75, 73, 62, 50, and 117 percent, respectively. Figure 4 details the change in
the US commercial building stock. The significant rise in the amount of available floor space was a direct
cause of the simultaneous and also significant rise in energy consumption by commercial facilities. This
change in commercial energy consumption is depicted in figure 5.
Figure 4: Commercial Building Floor Space by Type (1979 and 2010)43
12
13. In far too many instances, the lack of advanced communication, RDBMS, and modeling technology
frustrates attempts by industry stakeholders to understand the structure, size, and quality of what
they are responsible for managing—eventually hampering attempts to stem or reverse trends toward
increasing energy consumption. Over periods of months, years, and decades, facility occupants
often wind up being assigned space based on what makes the most sense from a tactical day-to-
day perspective. While this may be the logical result of tactical decision making, the story from a
strategic vantage point is very different. When managers first apply a coherent structure to their
facility information, it is common that its aggregation reveals striking imbalances, inefficiencies, and
deficiencies. Before the application of this structure, the risk to current operations was unknown. With
it, strategic understanding of the current situation can be realized and used to reduce the risk to current
and future operations.
When facility utilization statistics are aggregated at the floor level, inefficiencies in departmental
functional adjacencies can be revealed. These inefficiencies can lead to redundancies in departmental
common areas, administrative support spaces, and equipment and storage spaces. When this data is
aggregated at the building level, there is frequently noticeable over- or underutilization that could have
otherwise been resolved through the use of space available on a different floor. Additionally, in many
cases, the present predominant use of the facility turns out to be different from what the facility was
originally designed for (e.g., a warehouse used as an administrative facility or an office complex used
for medical purposes). When this happens, it is very difficult to achieve an efficient layout for building
occupants, and it generally costs more to improve, alter, and repair spaces with mismatched uses. At the
campus level and higher, aggregated facility information can reveal clusters of under- and overutilized
spaces, floors, and buildings.
At the strategic investment level, this type of information can be crucial in formulating capital
improvement plans that make the most use of the existing infrastructure. However, when delivery of a
strategic view is impeded by a lack of advanced communication, RDBMS, and modeling technology,
ill-advised investment decisions are made. For example, it is frequently the case that plans are made to
acquire new facilities when the same functionality could have been provided within the existing facility
inventory. Generally, and depending on its location and condition, the costs to alter, improve, and
modernize an existing facility are half the cost to build a new one with equivalent functionality. Plans
to eliminate over- and underutilization can be designed and executed by first identifying swing space
in the existing inventory so that current occupants can temporarily relocate while their old spaces are
altered, improved, and modernized to efficiently meet the demands of their current intended use.
13
14. Figure 5: Changes in the US Commercial Building Stock (1979 and 2010)
US Residential Facilities
During the same period, the US population grew only 36 percent, and the average household size
dropped by 6 percent to 2.7 persons.44 Counterintuitive to this, in 2010, the average floor space of all
new single-family homes constructed increased by 730 square feet (42%) over the 1980 average of 1,740
square feet.45 In total, this represents a cumulative capital cost premium of $1.75 trillion,46 about half of 1
percent of the US GDP for that same period.47
Looking closer at these phenomena, what’s striking is that over the past 30 years, the average size
for all new housing units (single-family, multifamily, and mobile) grew by 95 percent. Counterbalancing
this increase was the fact that the energy efficiency of these new units had actually increased, so that
on a per-household basis, the average home in 2010 had become 3.2 percent more energy efficient.48
Yet, due to the large growth in the number of homes and their size,49 total energy consumption for US
households increased significantly (40%).50 In fact, the total amount of energy lost in 2010 due to these
trends was equivalent to 11.3 quadrillion British thermal units (BTUs).51 This was enough energy to raise
the temperature of Lake Superior, the largest of the Great Lakes, by half a degree Fahrenheit, and since
1980, it was enough to raise the temperature of all the Great Lakes by 4.4 degrees Fahrenheit.
14
15. As with commercial facilities, attempts to stay or reverse trends toward increasing costs and energy
consumption are frustrated by the infrequent use of advanced technologies to improve communication
among stakeholders or structure and analyze facility information. Without these tools, it becomes more
difficult for developers and architects to improve home design and efficiency. Designers cannot easily
configure more efficient layouts to achieve the same net square feet as other alternatives with more
gross square feet for the purpose of increasing profitability for developers and reducing energy costs
for consumers. It is harder to identify and provide specifications for more efficient building materials to
decrease operating costs. It is also more difficult to understand how proximity to mass transit nodes,
transportation corridors, utility networks, and markets impact needed quantities of parking and storage
space for new homes, and it is hard to measure the eventual up-front capital and recurring costs for
these spaces.
Figure 6: Trends in Residential Facilities
(1980–2010)52
15
16. The Value of Value Engineering
As noted, implementation of value engineering prior to commissioning enables comparison of short-
and long-term costs between different alternatives, as well as consideration of what effect changes
in the design program will have in “maintaining or improving on desired levels of capability and
performance.”53 To support sustainable development, value engineering can also evaluate a range of
options during the conceptual planning, design, and construction phases of acquisition.
By way of example, a relatively simple exercise was conducted. Its purpose was to highlight the
power of value engineering in exposing these types of deleterious results early and avoiding scenarios
where they are realized. The exercise compared differences in net present value (NPV54) between various
alternatives for residential development in Redlands, California.
In one alternative, the average home size in 2010 was used, and in the other, the average home
size in 1980 was used. The cost per unit of measure was derived from historical Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) housing affordability reports,55 and the study period was for 30 years for each
alternative. Up-front capital costs and annual operations and maintenance costs were considered. As is
demonstrated in figure 8, the opportunity cost for not reducing the average home size is phenomenal,
given that the 1980-sized home is only 70 percent the cost of the 2010-sized home.
ALTERNATIVE Total NPV
1 2010 Sized Home $666,900
2 1980 Sized Home $469,300
Figure 8: 30-Year NPV Totals for 1980- and
2010-Sized Homes
16 Figure 7: 30-Year NPV Totals for 1980- and 2010-Sized Homes
17. Problem Synopsis
Data recording the pulse, outline, and trajectory of the industry over the last 30 years shows that the
desire for larger homes cost US households nearly $2.33 trillion in additional energy costs and $1.75
trillion in additional capital costs. These enormous sums account for nearly 1.23 percent of the entire US
GDP from 1980 to 2010. It is evidence with a consistent and conflicted narrative thread.
While it is clear that these changes were, on the whole, relatively ill conceived and unsustainable,
they are obviously not what industry stakeholders had intended. It is a story of industry professionals
working to produce a quality product for their clients. US households and US businesses had grown
significantly in number and had outgrown the available housing stock and commercial facilities. But it
is also a story of how a whole industry sector, in clear favor of short-term capital gains, was allowed to
generally ignore or pay little serious attention to the long-term impacts of proposed development to
meet these needs.
The unintended consequences of failing to adopt available advanced technologies may have
appeared reasonable at individual project scale, but the net cumulative impacts were deleterious for
the environment. By adopting these technologies, these trends could most likely have been pushed
toward a more sustainable path. With them, formation of IPTs and industry-wide application of value
engineering principles would have been practical. Thus, the most harmful changes could have been
identified before project implementation and designs changed to minimize negative impacts as well as
maximize opportunities for improved efficiency.
17
18. Sustainability Solutions: Enabling Technologies
Building Information Models
It really is only in the last five years that noticeable progress has been made in resolving the industry’s
data interoperability problems. This progress has largely been accomplished by the National Institute
of Building Sciences (NIBS) buildingSMART alliance (bSa). With a mission to “improve all aspects of
the facility and infrastructure lifecycle by promoting collaboration, technology, integrated practices and
open standards,”56 bSa has focused on enabling BIM technology. To that end, bSa published the first US
National BIM Standard (NBIMS US) in 2007 and just recently revised and updated it in 2011.57
Figure 9: BIM Representation of a Medical Clinic Figure 10: BIM Representation of the Same Clinic
Revealing Building Elements
BIM technology encompasses many aspects and ideas, but in short, it “is a digital representation
of the physical and functional characteristics of the built environment.”58 It is “a shared knowledge
resource for information about a facility,”59 purposefully designed to form “a reliable basis for [FM]
decisions during its lifecycle, from inception onward. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by
different stakeholders at different phases of the lifecycle of a facility to insert, extract, update, or modify
information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. The BIM is [also] a shared
digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability.”60
18
19. Figure 11: Further Decomposition of the Same BIM,
Depicting Associated Tabular Attributes
Figure 12: Further Decomposition of the Same BIM,
Depicting Spaces within the Model
19
20. GIS for the Built Environment
By importing and aggregating into a GIS the geometries and tabular data of the multiple BIM and/
or CAD files required to accurately represent the built environment, the efficiencies and power of BIM
can be leveraged, extended, and connected in geographic space to other relevant site, neighborhood,
municipal, and regional data. The infrastructure and asset management capabilities of existing BIM and
CAD systems are greatly expanded by using the geospatially enabled databases and rich analytic and
visualization tools provided by a GIS. By geospatially enabling their current systems for managing the
built environment, industry stakeholders, such as portfolio managers, gain holistic access to relevant
facility information, which in turn supports faster, more accurate decision making. Consequently, many
Figure 13: BIM-Derived GIS Data in a Common Data Model, Connected to the Larger World
20
21. Facility managers are now
exploring, and in many cases
using, GIS to overcome these
challenges.
Figure 14: BIM-Derived GIS Data, Depicting the Ability to Visualize Space Utilization
facility managers are now exploring, and in many cases using, GIS to overcome these challenges. Typical
solutions include
• Design and configuration of workflows and models to transform existing CAD and computer-
aided facilities management (CAFM) data into an integrated GIS model
• Transformation of existing CAD and BIM objects to GIS and, via common keys, relating them to
relevant facility information systems (FIS) data
• Design and configuration of executive dashboards and facility viewers to provide stakeholders
with a common, coordinated view of the built environment, as well as the status and performance
of the facilities managed within it
21
22. The Relational Database
The fundamental component supporting the power of GIS to extend and leverage existing systems for
facilities and building information is a relational GIS database. It is a GIS-based RDBMS that supports all
facilities composing the built environment—both inside and outside buildings. Data management and
the workflow processes required to collect, manage, edit, analyze, and model infrastructure data can be
enhanced through an enterprise GIS approach, and those workflows can be documented and enforced
within GIS. Again, GIS is not a replacement for existing facilities and building information systems but
rather a complementary technology to extend and leverage their capabilities in an enterprise context.
Data Models and Standards
Industry Foundation Class
One of the truly fascinating aspects of how GIS uses BIM technology and data to design and manage
the built environment is that the interoperability standard, Industry Foundation Class (IFC), promulgated
by NBIMS US, has proved to be a format that readily works with the data models and relational database
technology powering GIS. 61 It provides a practical and coherent hierarchical structure for the elements
(doors, windows, walls, floors, etc.) and spatial containers (site, buildings, stories, spaces, conveyances,
etc.) that compose a building.
Figure 15: IFC Hierarchy
Figure 16: An Example of the Semantic Structure for OmniClass Table 21—Elements
22
23. OmniClass
There is a well-defined and robust taxonomy describing the objects within each leaf of this hierarchy
called OmniClass,62 which is compatible with ISO standard 12006-2. Conveniently enough, it is a self-
described “strategy for classifying the built environment.” It was designed to “provide a standardized
basis for classifying information created and used by the North American architectural, engineering and
construction (AEC) industry, throughout the full facility life cycle . . . encompassing all of the different
types of construction that make up the built environment. [It] is intended to be the means for organizing,
sorting, and retrieving information [about the built environment] and deriving relational computer
applications [for it].”63
Building Interior Spatial Data Model
The challenge then is preventing the loss of key facility data from BIM as it is mapped and migrated
to GIS. Tackling this challenge has been one of the Building Interior Spatial Data Model (BISDM)
committee’s primary concerns since its inception in 2007. The BISDM committee is a volunteer
organization comprising more than 30 public, private, educational, commercial, and governmental
member institutions, whose mission focus is to create a GIS schema for buildings. The benefit to
the industry is a reliable and functional schema for representing BIM-derived GIS—one that honors
the hierarchies and classification schemes for component building elements and spatial containers.
The BISDM schema, now in its third iteration, is used by organizations in projects and GIS models
throughout the world to manage the built environment.
Figure 18: Example of the Detailed Campus
and Building Cartography Available via
BISDM
Figure 17: Example of the Relationships
between BISDM Building Interior Objects
23
24. Figure 19: A More Detailed Example of the Cartography Available via BISDM
24
25. This type of detail becomes critical in an enterprise GIS context at other stages of the FM life
cycle. For example, as part of an organization’s programming and budgeting process, a portfolio
manager may need to determine the estimated capital and operating costs of facilities that have been
geospatially selected. To do this, it becomes necessary to link the selected features to industry standard
sources for cost estimating via the OmniClass common keys previously imported into GIS from a BIM.
By combining multiple BIM and/or CAD data in GIS and structuring it on a common schema such
as BISDM, the relational database technology underlying GIS can be exploited to summarize and
decompose key facility information for decision makers. Industry stakeholders are able to interrogate
their GIS to retrieve the right information, at the right time, about the right place and building element
to answer questions regarding the best manner to develop and manage the built environment.
Spatial Relationships and Hidden Patterns
Augmenting this powerful capability is the capacity for GIS to identify spatially related objects,
especially those that reside within wholly different domains. The ability of GIS to merge these different
worlds of knowledge based solely on location is significant and powerful because it unearths and
exposes related patterns that would otherwise go undiscovered. From the scale of a single oversized
space in a development proposal for a new community to efforts for the design of more stable global
systems, the fundamental key to more sustainable development patterns and processes is finding and
changing these patterns between the built and natural environments.
Geographic Fabric
GIS provides the ability to scale from individual assets within a building to a virtually global context.
For this reason, GIS technologies have long been used by many in the industry to model and manage
infrastructure. These technologies answer questions, such as those about size, value, utilization,
operations and maintenance, location, and security, that facility and property managers are increasingly
challenged to answer.
This comprehensive view in geographic space of the data managed, at all scales, is commonly
referred to as the geographic “fabric.” It is a continuous view of all data together in space. A
geographic fabric is a collection of many different data elements, all combined in geographic space.
When facility and broader data regarding the built environment is combined in this manner, one can
ask questions and generate information about an individual site or assets that span an entire site, city,
region, or much larger geographic region.
25
26. Keys to Better Management and Optimal Performance
A GIS-based system for managing the built environment can provide industry stakeholders with
• The awareness64 required to manage it
• The technology, tools, and processes required to actualize65 its potential for optimal performance
Awareness of as-is managed inventories within the built environment and actualization of required
to-be inventories will allow industry stakeholders to continuously analyze the effectiveness of their
standards, budget, and facility configurations. Management and staff can then make effective plans to
The first step in achieving improve their standards, budget, facility configuration, and urban form, as required. By executing these
plans, the potential for optimal performance of the built environment is physically actualized.
awareness is to import and
aggregate relevant facility
data into a GIS, migrating it Awareness
The first step in achieving awareness is to import and aggregate relevant facility data into a GIS,
to a common data model.
migrating it to a common data model. The second step requires that tabular attribute data found in key
enterprise data stores (e.g., inventory management, financial management, environmental management)
is joined to the geometry of the virtual model via common keys stored in the related datasets. This
geospatial information model serves as the primary data source for all managed facilities throughout the
entire FM life cycle (figures 20 and 21). The final step in providing awareness of the built environment
requires delivery of a common, coordinated view of the geospatial information model in geographic
space, linked to relevant process documentation. Awareness in this context is simply a shared geospatial
representation of an as-is inventory.
26 Figure 20: Geospatial Information Model Framework: GIS for the Built Environment
27. Actualization
Capabilities and Functionality
GIS also provides industry stakeholders with the
tools required to actualize performance of the
built environment they manage. This capability
meets their requirements to
• Achieve predictive capability for
performance of the built environment and
the facilities within it
• Minimize suboptimization
• Extend facility service life
• Prevent and understand failures
More specifically, it provides the functionality
required to manage performance of the built
environment in geographic space, including
• Delivering basemap data per required
extent
• Converting BIM and CAD to GIS
• Geospatial clash detection
• Mobile condition assessments
• Performance monitoring
• 2D, 3D, and 4D geospatial visualization and
analysis Figure 21: Connecting decision makers with maps and analysis of the built environment.Okay,
• Trends in location and geography
• Geospatial visualization of inventory,
activities, plans, performance, costs, and
budgeting
• Dashboard visualization of facility
performance
27
28. The Steps to Optimize Performance
Step 1—Systems Integration
Integrate with key stakeholder identified systems and connect other authoritative data to the geospatial
information model. These are the data warehouses required for FM utilization operations. Most often,
these include
• CAFM
• Integrated workplace management system (IWMS)
• Inventory management system (IMS)
• Financial management system (FMS)
• Document management system (DMS)
• Construction management system (CMS)
• Building automation system (BAS)
• Computer maintenance management system (CMMS)
• Personnel management system (PMS)
Step 2—Standards
Actualize optimal performance by creating a database of relevant standards tied to associated GIS
spatial objects; in other words, join the space and functional adjacency standards for an agency or
an organization to building-level spaces represented in GIS. In this manner, delta reporting66 can be
enabled for objects that industry stakeholders require to be represented in GIS.
Step 3—Delta Reporting
Provide the results (visual and tabular) of the delta report in GIS and represent the key performance
indicators (KPIs)67 for performance in geographic space. Once the built environment has been virtually
modeled in the geospatial information model, facility design and project management teams can
perform almost real-time assessments of design scenarios throughout the FM life cycle based on the
impact of KPIs. This capability allows facility managers to model their to-be inventory.
Step 4—Scenario and Adaptive Management
Enable scenario and adaptive management capability from within GIS. Using GIS scenario management
tools, stakeholders can lay out and manage multiple views of the model(s), including 2D, 3D, and 4D
visualization. Geospatially enabled adaptive management is simply the continuous and rapid analytic
evaluation of multiple design scenarios in geographic space. The ability to determine, on the fly, the
differences between various alternatives provides GIS users with a powerful tool to conduct spatially
based strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analyses for the purpose of achieving
better outcomes. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool to identify those aspects of different project
alternatives.
28
29. The Benefits of GIS Technology as the Underlying Platform
Presently, GIS technology companies such as Esri provide this functionality out of the box. By utilizing
a common data model to describe the built environment in combination with tools that essentially
take a snapshot of a project alternative, Esri GIS technology is able to package each scenario and
®
then, because they are all based on the same data model, run a delta report across each package to
determine quantitatively how each alternative differs from the other(s).
Through the use of GIS, it is possible to measure spatial coefficients, relationships, and so forth, The superiority of using GIS
which is key to obtaining the numerical results needed for any empirical study.68 In the case of managing
the built environment and the facilities within it, the most important numerical result is the metrics
to provide a SWOT analysis
defining qualitatively and quantitatively how well managed facilities are performing.69 The superiority for the built environment
of using GIS to provide a SWOT analysis for the built environment is that facilities in a GIS environment is that facilities in a GIS
are spatially aware. Conversely, in a CAD-, BIM-, or even CAFM-based system, one is only aware of
environment are spatially
the objects in those files. Generally, one is modeling only one building at a time. Consequently, one is
aware of all the components, equipment, floors, and spaces within that building; however, there is no aware.
awareness of other objects in the same class external to that building.
Figure 22: Adaptive Management—A Model for Iterative Decision Making
29
30. Tightly coupled to the concepts of scenario management and delta reporting is that of geospatially
enabled “adaptive management.” It is a geodesign70 process providing project managers with the
ability to rapidly assess and test multiple alternatives, or scenarios, helping them make the most
educated and informed decisions based on those alternatives and achieve cost savings and better
facility performance. The continuous feedback (see figure 22), combined with the high level of
transparency for GIS data among industry stakeholders, provides almost real-time assessment of
performance throughout the FM life cycle, enabling course correction as needed. “Transparency of
information breeds self-correcting behavior. If everyone understands the goals of the organization and
[project managers] make information available . . . it becomes empowering. It breeds a common sense
of purpose.”71
Figure 23: Example of Tabular Reports and Input Forms for a Decision Model Linked to the Underlying GIS Data
30
31. GIS makes more evident
the interplay and interaction
between the facilities under
consideration and all the
other inventoried objects
in the natural and built
environment.
Figure 24: An Example of Using the Geospatial Information Model and Linked Performance Standards to Drive
Design of the Built Environment
With GIS, one gains awareness of all other inventoried objects in that feature class, as well as other
related feature classes, such as the number and status of all the spaces within a half-mile of a subject
building. Moreover, because a building in GIS is spatially aware, it is cognizant of the proximity and
impact of features in wholly unrelated domains. For example, one may be able to determine whether
there are external environmental factors that may affect the construction process, or if an event such as a
protest is planned to occur on a route that would delay the arrival of a critical construction component.
In other words, via the overlay of thematic layers, a GIS makes more evident the interplay and interaction
between the facilities under consideration and all the other inventoried objects in the natural and built
environment. With GIS, it becomes immediately clear what the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and
opportunities are for management of the built environment.
31
32. Figure 25: An Example of Using GIS-Based Line of Sight (LOS) Analysis to Determine Desirability of a Proposed
Design
32
33. Conclusion
To conclude, industry stakeholders can use GIS as an enabling technology to better manage the built
environment. It is a powerful system that can provide the support the industry requires to realize more
sustainable development practices and patterns.
GIS for Stewardship
GIS provides industry managers and executives with the tools required to be better stewards of the
built environment. It provides a common and coordinated awareness enabling stakeholders to visualize
and analyze the links between the built environment and the standards, policies, and values that
guide its development and ultimate form. This is the awareness required for responsible planning and
management of resources to optimize performance and ensure compliance with applicable standards,
policies, and values.
GIS for Sustainability
Tools to achieve awareness and optimize performance are vital in mitigating the waste of limited fiscal,
material, and personnel resources on marginal and even ill-advised projects. GIS can be used as an
enabling technology to help ensure the future viability of the built environment by providing industry
decision makers with a means to visualize performance and virtualize scenarios to improve it. This
predictive capability enables managers to abandon run-to-failure maintenance strategies and instead
adopt strategies for preventive and reliability-centered maintenance, which can dramatically lengthen
facility service life, as well as reduce operating costs. The visualization, virtualization, and simulation
tools provided by GIS technology better enable industry stakeholders to meet sustainability goals.
GIS for Savings
With the adoption of a more advanced technological approach to shaping and managing the built
environment, the growth trend in the cost to construct and maintain facilities can be reversed while
simultaneously making them more sustainable. Changes brought by the computing and information
revolutions made it possible for the information flow through industry business processes to be more
efficient, “while at the same time improving the ability to share information between [them].”72 Using
GIS for a common coordinated view and shared awareness enables better collaboration among the
various disciplines required to manage the built environment. The benefits are less scope creep and
reduced conflict between phases. Shared awareness reduces the unknowns, leading to fewer project
contingencies and risks and lower costs. Furthermore, use of GIS allows managers to avoid unnecessary
costs or improve the timing and scope of required future acquisitions.
33
34. Summary
GIS technology can be exploited by the industry to provide key facility information for decision makers
when they need it. This ability derives from the relational database technology underlying it, as well as
its capacity to identify spatially related objects. Spatial relationships allow GIS to merge different worlds
of knowledge—it is significant and powerful because it unearths and exposes related patterns that
would otherwise go undiscovered. In closing, GIS for the built environment can:
• Provide a common and coordinated view, thereby increasing collaboration and understanding
while reducing risk and its associated costs
• Enable visualization, analysis, and comparison of possible alternatives to optimize performance
• Provide the analytic tools for stakeholders to determine which strategy is the best to pursue in
the short and long term
• Answer questions regarding the best manner to develop and manage the built environment
Works Cited
Allen, T. (2006, June 12). Commandant, US Coast Guard. (N. T. Patricia Kime, Interviewer)
Ameri, F. K. (2009). Using SWOT Analysis in Map and Spatial Information Office of SCI. Tehran, Iran:
University of Technology.
buildingSMART alliance (bSa). (2007). National BIM Standard US. NBIMS Committee. Washington,
DC: National Institue of Building Sciences.
buildingSMART alliance (bSa). (2011, 12 28). about bSa. Retrieved 12 28, 2011, from bSa:
www.buildingsmartalliance.org/index.php/about/.
buildingSMART alliance (bSa). (2011). National BIM Standard US. NBIMS Committee.
Washington, DC: National Institue of Building Sciences.
Department of Energy (DOE). (1983). Non-Residential Buildings Energy and Consumption Survey:
1979 Consumption and Expenditures. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration.
Department of Energy (DOE). (1995). Buildings and Energy in the 1980’s (DOE/EIA-0555(95)/1).
Washington DC: Energy Information Administration.
McElvaney, S. (2012, 09 16). Project Manager, Esri GeoDesign Services. (P. Wallis, Interviewer)
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). (2002). NIST 04-867: Cost Analysis
ofInadequate Interoperability in the Capital Facilities Industry. Washington, DC: NIST.
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). (2007). NISTR 7417—General Buildings
Information Handover Guide: Principles, Methodologies & Case Studies. Washington, DC: NIST.
National Research Council (NRC). (2011). Predicting Outcomes from Investments in Maintenance
and Repair for Federal Facilities. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). (2008). Federal Research and Development
Agenda for Net-Zero Energy, High Performance Green Buildings. Washington, D.C.: NSTC.
OCCS Development Committee. (2012, 02 08). OmniClass: A Strategy for Classifying the Built
34
35. Environment. Retrieved 02 07, 2012, from www.omniclass.org.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (2010). Buildings Energy Data Book. Washington, DC:
Department of Energy.
Sano, M. (2003). Integration of the SWOT Analysis as a Coastal Management Tool with a GIS.
Genova: University of Genova.
The Federal Facilities Council Ad Hoc Task Group on Integrating Sustainable Design, L.-C. C. (2001).
Federal Facilities Technical Report No. 142 “Sustainable Federal Facilities”. Washington DC: National
Academy Press.
US Census Bureau. (2011, 12 28). US Census 2012 Statistical Abstract—Construction & Housing.
Retrieved 12 28, 2011, from US Census: www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/construction_housing.
html.
US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2011, 12 28). US BEA, National
Economic Accounts: Current Dollar and Real GDP. Retrieved 12 28, 2011, from US DOC, BEA:
http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdplev.xls.
US Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD). (2011, 12 28). US Housing Market
Conditions. Retrieved 12 28, 2011, from HUD.gov: www.huduser.org/portal/periodicals/ushmc.html.
Virilio, P. (1993). “The Third Interval: A Critical Transition” In Re-Thinking Technologies. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press.
About the Author
Patrick Wallis is a project manager with Esri, providing technical expertise in support of facilities
management, master planning, ports, and maritime projects. He is an architect and designer by training
(M.Arch, LEED AP), as well as a certified planner (AICP) and GIS professional (GISP), with nearly 14 years’
project experience shaping and managing the built and natural environment. His technical expertise is
in facilities acquisition, real estate management, municipal and master planning, economic analysis, and
GIS solutions.
Wallis’ past work experience includes positions as a senior planner and portfolio manager for the US
Coast Guard (USCG), senior planner for the Town of Moraga, and US Army Corps of Engineers officer.
Prior to working at Esri, he spent almost seven years with USCG, where he was responsible for the
performance of more than $3 billion in facilities and real estate. In that position, he supervised numerous
regional strategic planning efforts including the creation and use of improvement plans, master plans,
and specific plans. He was also appointed to numerous IPTs to reengineer the Coast Guard’s civil
engineering program and was a member of the Department of Defense Real Property Classification
Panel. Wallis also serves as a member of the NBIMS US Committee (2011–present), and the NBIMS US
BIM/GIS Integration Team (2011–present).
35
36. Notes
1
“US Capital Facilities Industry Encompasses the Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Large Commercial, Institutional, and
Industrial Buildings, Facilities, and Plants.” Cost Analysis (National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST], 2002), iii–iv.
2
Virilio, “The Third Interval,” 1. Simultaneously “here” and elsewhere. In Paul Virilio’s “The Third Interval,” published in 1993, tele-
present is used to convey the compression of intervals of time (duration) and space (extension), via use of advanced technologies,
based on the absolute speed of electronic transmission. He describes this as the third interval of the title. This speed is not used in the
traditional sense of quickly traveling great distances, but rather to “see, to hear, to perceive, and thus, to conceive more intensely the
present world.” Virilio held that “the sudden emergence of an interval of the third type,” signaled the world was undergoing a radical
transformation affecting traditional human relationships with the environment.”
3
NIST, Cost Analysis, 21.
4
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, tables 1.3.1, “Estimated Value of All U.S. Construction Relative to
the GDP,” and 1.3.2, “Value of New Building Construction Relative to GDP, by Year.”
5
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, table 1.3.1. Includes renovation; heavy construction; public
works; residential, commercial, and industrial new construction; and noncontract work.
6
2010 dollars.
7
National Research Council (NRC), Predicting Outcomes, S-2.
8
2010 dollars.
9
US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2011, National Economic Accounts: “Current Dollar and ‘Real’ Gross
Domestic Product.”
10
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, table 2.3.3, “Residential Aggregate Energy Expenditures, by
Year and Major Fuel Type.”
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, table 2.1.4, “Residential Delivered and Primary Energy
11
Consumption Intensities, by Year.”
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, table 1.3.2, “Value of New Building Construction Relative to
12
GDP, by Year.”
13
The Federal Facilities Council, Sustainable Federal Facilities, 1.
14
NIST, Cost Analysis, iii–iv.
15
Ibid.
16
The Federal Facilities Council, Sustainable Federal Facilities, 4.
17
“Stove-piping” references the long vertical silos, or flutes, that directed smoke away from the fires contained within a stove—each
stove having its own pipe. In this context it uses the image of multiple long vertical silos, each separate from the other, as an analogy
to a business process where each stovepipe represents a separate discipline with no real connection to other disciplines, to the detri-
ment of the entire process.
18
Ibid., 1–3.
36
38. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, table 3.2.1, “Total Commercial Floorspace and Number of
41
Buildings, by Year.”
42
US Department of Commerce, National Economic Accounts. 2010 dollars.
43
Data points from 1979 are found in DOE, Buildings and Energy in the 1980s, Table 2.3, “Number of Commercial Buildings and Total
Floorspace, 1979 and 1989.” This data excludes residential, industrial, agricultural, laboratory, and federal government facilities. Data
points from 2010 are based on Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, Table 3.2.2, “Principal Commercial
Building Types, as of 2003 (Percent of Total Floor Space)”. Projected growth from the 2003 data is based on a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of .56% from the years 1980 to 2003 for the US commercial floor space to building ratio, with floor space as the
numerator and the number of buildings as the denominator.
44
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, table 2.2.1, “Total Number of Households and Buildings,
Floorspace, and Household Size, by Year.” Sourced to the Statistical Abstract of the US 2008, Oct. 2007, No. 948, p. 626, 1980–2000
households, No. 2–3, pp. 7–8 for population; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Early Release, Dec. 2010, table A4, pp. 9–10 for
2005–2030 households, and table A19.
45
US Census Bureau, Census 2012 table 971, “Characteristics of New Privately Owned One-Family Houses Completed.”
46
2010 dollars.
47
BEA, Current and Real Economic Gross Domestic Product (1929–2011), www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdplev.xls.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, table 2.1.4, “Residential Delivered and Primary Energy
48
Consumption Intensities, by Year.”
49
49 percent and 42 percent, respectively.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Buildings Energy Data Book, tables 2.1.4, “Residential Delivered . . .” and 2.2.1, “Total
50
Number of Households and Buildings, Floorspace, and Household Size, by Year.”
51
Ibid.
52
Periods of flat growth in residential floor space represent a lack of data points for those years.
53
The Federal Facilities Council, Sustainable Federal Facilities, 12.
54
NPV is an economic summing technique that accounts for the time value of money (e.g., a dollar today is worth more than a dollar
five years from now).
55
HUD, US Housing Market Condition.
56
bSa, About bSa, www.buildingsmartalliance.org/index.php/about/.
57
bSa, National BIM Standard.
58
Ibid., 21.
59
Ibid.
60
Ibid.
38
39. 61
Per the official buildingSMART website for the IFC standard, http://buildingsmart.com/standards/ifc/model-industry-foundation-
classes-ifc., “IFC format is registered by ISO as ISO/PAS 16739 and is in the process of becoming an official International Standard
ISO/IS 16739.”
62
www.omniclass.org/.
63
Ibid.
64
Awareness: An “as-is” inventory, noting how many, how much, and where based on standards, values, and science.
65
Actualization: A “to-be” inventory, noting optimized quantities and locations based on standards, values, and science. These are
documented qualitative, quantitative, and functional requirements the client is subject to (e.g., International Building Code, ground
transportation “level of congestion” standards, and health department facility space standards). The to-be represents the inventory
that is required and not the one actually on hand.
66
Delta reporting documents the difference between the as-is and to-be inventories.
67
KPIs are documented qualitative, quantitative, and functional standards to which industry stakeholders, including facility managers,
are subject, such as recapitalization requirements, repair requirements, and Facility Condition Index (FCI).
68
Sano, Integration of SWOT Analysis, Page 3.
69
F. Ameri, Using SWOT Analysis.
70
“GeoDesign provides a new way of thinking that integrates science and values into the design process, by providing designers with
robust tools that support rapid evaluation of design alternatives and the probable impacts of those designs. It provides the framework
for exploring issues from an interdisciplinary point of view and for resolving conflicts between alternative value sets. In this sense, it
can be seen as an integral framework for intelligent, holistic design that moves from designing around geography to actively design-
ing with geography.” McElvaney (project manager, GeoDesign Services, Esri), in interview with the author, September 2011.
71
T. Allen (commandant, US Coast Guard), in interview with N. T. Patricia Kime, June 2006.
72
NIST, General Buildings Information, 2.
39