Here is another project. based on -effects of human population on the environment in brief. Consisting the factors affecting population growth, effects of population, and prediction of population growth rate

1. Topic: The human population and
environment.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Population : The word population has been
derived from the Latin word “populatio” which
means people.
• The group of individual species which occupy a
definite geographic area is defined as population.

4. • Population Growth : The change in population
per unit area at particular time is called
population Growth.
• Population density : Population density is
defined as the number of individual or people
per unit area in per unit volume of Environment.
• Carrying Capacity : Maximum population size
indefinitely supported by available resources .

5. Human Settlement
• The human settlement can be defined as communities
who live in city, village or town with all social, material
,organizational, spiritual and cultural elements which
exist and sustain for long time.
• The human settlement needs natural resources, physical
elements as well as services to sustain.
• These components comprises of fresh clean air, water ,
food, shelter and services include like education, medical
facilities.

7. 1. High Birth Rate :
• The crude birth rate is the number of child’s birth per 1000
people per year.
• If the birth rate is high , it implies a greater number of people
will be for human settlement and will therefore cause
overpopulation.
• Birth rates are affected by a number of factors : Social beliefs,
Religious beliefs, Mortality rate, Literacy, Economic prosperity,
Abortion rate

8. 2. Low Death Rate:
• Decline in mortality rate
• The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people
per year.
• Low death rate is basically due to technological advancement in
the field of medical science which reduced the mortality rate.
• Other reason for this may be: Average age , Nutritional levels,
Standard of diet and housing, Access to clean water, Hygiene
level.

9. 3. Migration :
• People from towns and villages generally migrate to cities in
search of jobs and better living standards which overpopulates
the cities.
• Similarly, people from developing countries try to migrate to
developed countries making them overpopulated.

11. 1. High Demand Of Basic Needs :
Population explosion causes scarcity of food and increase in the
prices of food items.
• It also leads to the formation of slums in big cities.
• Shortage in agricultural land and water may also cause starvation
in some parts.
• It creates problems like rush in transportation, education and
medical Facilities.

12. 2. Reduction In Natural Resources : Population Explosion causes
depletion in natural resources due to more consumption of these
resources by the people.
• It leads to high consumption of fossil fuels , minerals and forest
resources.
• More forest will be cut down to provide wood for housing and
fuel.
• More water is required for drinking, irrigation and industrial
purpose.

13. 3. Generation Of Huge Quantity Of Waste:
• Population explosion results in generation of wastewater ,
industrial effluents and solid waste which poses the stresses over
the facilities for disposal of wastewater.
• Causes ecological imbalance

14. 4. OTHER EFFECTS :
(a) Increase in migration rate and reduction in living standard of people.
(b)Reduction in agriculture land.
(c) Increase in unemployment
(d) Deterioration in the quality of environment due to pollution in soil , air , water
and air.
(e)High crime rate
(f) Energy crisis
(g)Increases number of slums

15. Population Growth Rate
• The population growth can be expressed by
Population Growth Rate.
• Population Growth Rate is the fractional rate at which
the number of individuals in a population increases

16. Exponential Growth Rate
• In these , the rate of change of population is directly
proportional to population at that time.
• If after time ‘t’ population is Nt and r is the rate of
population growth , then
dNt/dt= rNt
Nt=Noe^rt
• The above-mentioned equation is used for calculating
Exponential Growth Rate.

17. • Doubling Time :
The time required for a population to double itself is
called the doubling time.
• In these, when Nt =2No , t=td , then the equation
becomes
td=0.693/r

18. Logistic Growth Rate
• Rate of increase of population never remains constant but varies
with time.
• It is also called as S-shaped or Sigmoidal growth curve.
• This curve is density-dependent
. dN/dt=rN{1-N/K}
where,
N=Population size
K=Carrying capacity
r=Logistic growth Rate

19. • The factor (1-N/K) is called environmental resistance
and it becomes negative when population exceeds
carrying capacity and thus factor (1-N/K) is responsible for
achieving logistic growth from exponential growth.
• Logistic Growth is divided into three phases:

20. • Phase-I : In this phase, population size is much less
than the carrying capacity and rate of growth is
proportional to population size
• Phase-II : In this phase, increase in population is rapid
compared to phase-I and growth is steady .
(dN/dt=Constant).
• Phase-III : Here , population growth decreases as
population approaches to carrying capacity i.e. dN/dt=0.

21. PREDICTING POPULATION GROWTH,
Two modes of population growth.

22. • The Exponential curve also known as J-curve. It occurs
when there is no limit no population size.
• The logistic curve also known as S-curve. It shows the
effect of limiting factor ( in these case the carrying
capacity of environment.)