1. The document describes an automatic plant irrigation system that uses soil moisture sensors and a relay to control a water pump without manual intervention.
2. It uses a transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator to power the system and sensors from a 230V mains supply. An op-amp comparator monitors the sensors and switches the relay to turn the pump on or off depending on whether the sensors detect dry or wet soil conditions.
3. The system aims to save water by only irrigating when needed, as determined by the soil moisture sensors, and reduce the workload for farmers by automating pump operation.
The key elements of a hydroelectric power plant include a dam and reservoir to store water, a penstock to channel water from the reservoir to the powerhouse under pressure, and a turbine coupled to a generator in the powerhouse to convert the kinetic energy of the flowing water into electrical energy which is then transmitted via power lines. Other important components are trash racks to screen debris, a draft tube to recover water's kinetic energy after passing through the turbine, transformers to increase the voltage for transmission, and control systems to regulate water flow and generator output.
This paper deals with solar powered stand alone inverter which converts the variable dc output of a photovoltaic solar panel into ac that can be fed to loads. Stand alone inverters are used in systems where the inverter get its energy from batteries charged by photo voltaic arrays. A charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. This charge discharge controller is needed to prevent the battery from being overcharged or discharged thus prolonging its life. The charge/discharge control is necessary in order to achieve safety and increase the capacity of the battery. The project has been tested according its operational purposes. Maximum power rating of the experimented solar charge controller is 100W according battery capacities. Cost effective solar charge controller has been designed and implemented to have efficient system and much longer battery lifetime. The dc output is given to inverter and then it is supplied to loads. This method is very cheap and cost effective.
Distribution and Load Sharing of Transformer Automatically by using Microcont...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system for automatically distributing load and sharing load between transformers using a microcontroller. The system monitors the load on the main transformer and connects additional transformers in parallel when the load exceeds the rating of the main transformer to prevent overloading. It uses current transformers to sense the load, a microcontroller to compare the load to a threshold and control relays, and relays to connect additional transformers as needed. When the load is heavy, the second transformer connects to help share the extra load, and a third transformer can connect if needed. The system aims to protect transformers from overloading and overheating while providing uninterrupted power by automatically distributing the load across multiple transformers.
Infra systems manufactures various automation sensors and products for home, building, and industrial automation. This includes digital counters, timers, safety guards, anti-crane collision switches, and other devices. The company's products are used to automate processes, improve safety, and save on electricity and water costs when used in buildings and facilities.
LATEST ELECTRICAL PROJECTS ABSTRACT-POWER SHARING OF TRANSFORMER WITH OVERLOA...ASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This project involves designing hardware to monitor the load sharing of multiple transformers connected in parallel. It uses sensors like thermistors to monitor temperature and flames, and controllers to trip transformers if thresholds are exceeded. The system displays real-time power consumption using software. Connecting transformers in parallel allows sharing of high loads and provides redundancy in case of failures or increased demand.
This document provides a 6-week summer training report for Shubham Sachan regarding their training at the KESCO Tatya Tope Nagar sub-station from June 25th to July 24th, 2014 under the guidance of Pursottam Yadav. The report includes sections on the objectives of the training, an overview of the organization and sub-station, the technologies learned, motivation for the training, and a learning outcome assessment. Key areas of learning included how 33kV is stepped down to 11kV, distribution of electricity, repairing electrical equipment, fault detection, and providing electric connections to local users.
The document discusses renewable energy sources like solar and wind power and issues related to integrating them into the electric grid. It focuses on photovoltaic (PV) systems and multilevel inverters that can convert the DC power from PV modules into AC power that can be fed into the grid. A five-level diode-clamped inverter topology is proposed for PV applications that reduces harmonic distortion and switching losses compared to traditional three-level inverters. A PID current control scheme and PWM modulation are used to generate sinusoidal current synchronized to the grid for unity power factor operation under varying solar irradiance conditions. Experimental results show lower total harmonic distortion compared to three-level inverters.
The key elements of a hydroelectric power plant include a dam and reservoir to store water, a penstock to channel water from the reservoir to the powerhouse under pressure, and a turbine coupled to a generator in the powerhouse to convert the kinetic energy of the flowing water into electrical energy which is then transmitted via power lines. Other important components are trash racks to screen debris, a draft tube to recover water's kinetic energy after passing through the turbine, transformers to increase the voltage for transmission, and control systems to regulate water flow and generator output.
This paper deals with solar powered stand alone inverter which converts the variable dc output of a photovoltaic solar panel into ac that can be fed to loads. Stand alone inverters are used in systems where the inverter get its energy from batteries charged by photo voltaic arrays. A charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. This charge discharge controller is needed to prevent the battery from being overcharged or discharged thus prolonging its life. The charge/discharge control is necessary in order to achieve safety and increase the capacity of the battery. The project has been tested according its operational purposes. Maximum power rating of the experimented solar charge controller is 100W according battery capacities. Cost effective solar charge controller has been designed and implemented to have efficient system and much longer battery lifetime. The dc output is given to inverter and then it is supplied to loads. This method is very cheap and cost effective.
Distribution and Load Sharing of Transformer Automatically by using Microcont...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system for automatically distributing load and sharing load between transformers using a microcontroller. The system monitors the load on the main transformer and connects additional transformers in parallel when the load exceeds the rating of the main transformer to prevent overloading. It uses current transformers to sense the load, a microcontroller to compare the load to a threshold and control relays, and relays to connect additional transformers as needed. When the load is heavy, the second transformer connects to help share the extra load, and a third transformer can connect if needed. The system aims to protect transformers from overloading and overheating while providing uninterrupted power by automatically distributing the load across multiple transformers.
Infra systems manufactures various automation sensors and products for home, building, and industrial automation. This includes digital counters, timers, safety guards, anti-crane collision switches, and other devices. The company's products are used to automate processes, improve safety, and save on electricity and water costs when used in buildings and facilities.
LATEST ELECTRICAL PROJECTS ABSTRACT-POWER SHARING OF TRANSFORMER WITH OVERLOA...ASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This project involves designing hardware to monitor the load sharing of multiple transformers connected in parallel. It uses sensors like thermistors to monitor temperature and flames, and controllers to trip transformers if thresholds are exceeded. The system displays real-time power consumption using software. Connecting transformers in parallel allows sharing of high loads and provides redundancy in case of failures or increased demand.
This document provides a 6-week summer training report for Shubham Sachan regarding their training at the KESCO Tatya Tope Nagar sub-station from June 25th to July 24th, 2014 under the guidance of Pursottam Yadav. The report includes sections on the objectives of the training, an overview of the organization and sub-station, the technologies learned, motivation for the training, and a learning outcome assessment. Key areas of learning included how 33kV is stepped down to 11kV, distribution of electricity, repairing electrical equipment, fault detection, and providing electric connections to local users.
The document discusses renewable energy sources like solar and wind power and issues related to integrating them into the electric grid. It focuses on photovoltaic (PV) systems and multilevel inverters that can convert the DC power from PV modules into AC power that can be fed into the grid. A five-level diode-clamped inverter topology is proposed for PV applications that reduces harmonic distortion and switching losses compared to traditional three-level inverters. A PID current control scheme and PWM modulation are used to generate sinusoidal current synchronized to the grid for unity power factor operation under varying solar irradiance conditions. Experimental results show lower total harmonic distortion compared to three-level inverters.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
The document provides information about a 132/33kV substation located in Minto Park, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It summarizes that the substation receives 132kV supply from a nearby 220kV substation and contains four 40MVA transformers that step down the voltage to 33kV to supply 16 outgoing feeders. It includes a single line diagram of the substation and discusses some of the components used like lightning arrestors, current transformers, isolators, and circuit breakers. It also provides general information about substation classification and the steps involved in substation design, focusing on the importance of earthing and bonding systems.
This document discusses a bridge rectifier, which is a circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). A bridge rectifier uses four diodes in a bridge configuration to provide full-wave rectification. It explains that during the positive half cycle of the AC input, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and conduct, while D3 and D4 are reverse biased. During the negative half cycle, D3 and D4 conduct and D1 and D2 are reverse biased. The output is pulsating DC that contains both AC and DC components. A filter capacitor is used to smooth the output by blocking the AC components and producing pure DC.
This document describes an automatic water pump controller project created by a group of students. The controller uses a liquid level sensor connected to an Arduino board to monitor the water level in a tank. It controls a water pump motor using a motor driver. When the sensor detects a low water level, the pump motor will run at full speed to refill the tank. At a medium level, the pump slows, and at a high level the pump stops to prevent overfilling. The system aims to efficiently control the pump and reduce water wastage. It provides accurate water level information in an affordable and easy to implement design.
Automatic tank level control using arduino mega convertedKunal Adhikari
Water is the most important Nature’s gift to mankind. Without water there is no life, especially now that fresh water is endangered. So, water management should reduce its wastage. As a first step, this controller will automatically switch ON and OFF the domestic water pump system depending on the water tank and underground sump levels (to prevent dry run of pump). In this paperwork an effort is made to design a cost-effective circuit and complete system using Arduino and Ultrasonic transducers, to be used in water level indication. It will control the storage level of water in a tank through SPST relay to provide water thoroughly, without any wastage of water or power.
The document is a training report on the Durgapur Projects Limited power facilities in West Bengal, India. It discusses the company's various substations including 11kV, 33kV, and 132kV switchyards. It describes the transformers and protection systems used, including circuit breakers, relays, insulators, and lightning arresters. The report also covers transformer protection devices, conductor types, transformer testing procedures, and the auxiliary DC power system design for the substations. In conclusion, it discusses the importance of electricity transmission and provides an overview of substation systems.
Engineering Final Year Project Report on "Electrical Safety and Protection of...Pratap Bhunia
Substation Network and Load Distribution
Substation Network Design
Civil Works Specification
Various Subsystems in Substation and Their Functions
Substation Equipment and Their Functions
Design of Capacity of Transmission Lines
Calculation of Line Constants and SIL
Bus Bar Arrangement
Power Transformer
Substation Earthing
Circuit Breaker
Isolator
Current Transformer
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Lightning Surge
Switching Surge
Lightning Arrester
Surge Absorber
Report On Industrial Tour At Khulshi Grid Sub-StationEkram Bin Mamun
This document provides an introduction and overview of power system protection. It discusses the objectives of power system protection which is to isolate faulty sections of the electrical grid to prevent damage from fault currents. The document then provides a brief history of Power Grid Company of Bangladesh and defines different types of substations, including transformer substations, switching substations, and indoor, outdoor, underground and pole mounted substations. It proceeds to describe some key equipment in Khulsi Grid Substation, including lightening arrestors, wave traps, CVTs, and current and potential transformers.
The document describes an automatic water level controller designed to maintain the water level in an outlet at a desired level to avoid water wastage. The controller uses electrical probes and a motor connected to a power supply. It works by turning the motor on when the water level falls below a lower level detected by the probes, and turning it off once a higher level is reached. The controller was tested successfully using a 0.5 HP motor and pump. It provides a simple, low-cost solution for automatic water level control in homes, buildings, and other applications to save water and energy.
1. The document provides details from the author's 45-day industrial training at the 220kV Grid Substation in Kotputli, Jaipur.
2. It includes an introduction to the substation, descriptions of the various equipment present like transformers, circuit breakers, and protection systems.
3. The author discusses the objectives of the training, which were to observe how equipment works, how load is distributed, how faults are measured and protected against, and more.
The document discusses the 33/11 kV substation in Indiranagar, Lucknow. Key details include:
1) The substation receives power at 33kV from the main grid and contains transformers that step down the voltage to 11kV.
2) It has a total transformer capacity of 160MVA split between four transformers connected in parallel.
3) The substation contains equipment like circuit breakers, current transformers, lightning arrestors to monitor and regulate power flow.
4) Power is distributed from the substation through six 33kV feeders and multiple 11kV feeders to the surrounding Indiranagar area.
This document describes a major project on an automatic water level pump controller presented by four electrical engineering students. It contains an introduction, working principle, block diagram, list of components, details of the components, applications, advantages, disadvantages, and references. The automatic water level controller uses sensors to detect the water level and control a pump to maintain the water level between an upper and lower threshold. It aims to automatically control water levels and save water.
Automatic Irrigation System is a prototype for a system of irrigation or watering automatically based on the Arduino microcontroller integrated with proximity sensors (Ultrasonic Sensor), the DC motor and the pump using LED indicator lights.
Made by :
Andika Jamal Nurganda 151611004
Putri Sintia Sari 151611021
Rizki Verdian 151611025
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering
Polytechnic State of Bandung
2016
This document provides an introduction and overview of a 33/11 kV substation in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, and earthing systems. The substation steps down power from 33 kV to 11 kV and distributes it to nearby areas. Earthing is an important consideration in substation design for safety and preventing potential gradients. Transformers, circuit breakers, and other equipment are discussed in terms of their functions and specifications at this particular substation.
This document describes a smart water tank project that uses an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino to automatically control a motor based on water level. When the water level drops below a certain point, the ultrasonic sensor detects this and turns the motor on to refill the tank. When the water reaches a full level, the sensor turns the motor off. An intermediate level triggers a text message on a mobile phone via GSM modem to notify the tank is at 50% capacity. The system is designed to automatically regulate water levels in applications like hotels, factories and homes to efficiently control water pumps.
The document discusses electrical substations. It defines a substation as an integral part of a power system that forms important links between generating stations, transmission systems, distribution systems, and load points. Substations are needed because electric power is generated at high voltages far from load centers and must be transformed to lower voltages for distribution. Substations contain components like transformers, switchgear, and busbars that allow for voltage transformations and power switching. Substations are classified based on voltage levels, outdoor/indoor configuration, and application in the power system. The document outlines the key components and equipment found in substations.
The aim of our project is to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer. Automated Irrigation system will serve the following purposes: 1) As there is no un-planned usage of water, a lot of water is saved from being wasted. 2) The irrigation is the only when there is not enough moisture in the soil and the sensors decides when should the pump be turned on/off, saves a lot time for the farmers. This also gives much needed rest to the farmers, as they don’t have to go and turn the pump on/off manually.
The document describes a project to design an automated soil moisture sensor irrigation system using a microcontroller. It includes a block diagram of the system showing the main components: soil moisture and humidity sensors, microcontroller, LCD display, relays, motor and pump. It then provides more details on the hardware components used, including the power supply circuit, sensors, microcontroller and other electronic components. The aim is to automatically maintain the soil moisture level as required for optimal plant growth.
The document describes a project submitted by 6 students for their Diploma in Mechanical Engineering. It involves the design and construction of a tree climbing robot. The robot uses grippers and movements similar to an ape to climb trees and has a maximum loading capacity of 3 kilograms. The document outlines the construction, working principle, advantages, mechanical and electrical parts details, circuit details, finishing, and cost estimation of the tree climbing robot.
Moisture control project is uses full and interesting project. It can help to farmer. It is consist of BJT, Resisters, Capacitors, I C etc. Moisture control device will be completed by four sections. The basis of operation for this system is the Over – watering and under watering both are harmful for plants. Roots need air as well as water. If the soil is constantly saturated, air cannot reach the roots and they suffocate. Also, excess water weakens the plant and makes it susceptible to various diseases, particularly fungal attacks, under watering on the other hand, is equally harmful, plants not receiving enough water droop from the top down and leaf edge turn brown. Moisture monitor provides a solution to the above problem by monitoring the moisture level of the soil and producing an audio – visual alert when the moisture goes below a preset level, indicating that the plant needs to be watered.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
The document provides information about a 132/33kV substation located in Minto Park, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It summarizes that the substation receives 132kV supply from a nearby 220kV substation and contains four 40MVA transformers that step down the voltage to 33kV to supply 16 outgoing feeders. It includes a single line diagram of the substation and discusses some of the components used like lightning arrestors, current transformers, isolators, and circuit breakers. It also provides general information about substation classification and the steps involved in substation design, focusing on the importance of earthing and bonding systems.
This document discusses a bridge rectifier, which is a circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). A bridge rectifier uses four diodes in a bridge configuration to provide full-wave rectification. It explains that during the positive half cycle of the AC input, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and conduct, while D3 and D4 are reverse biased. During the negative half cycle, D3 and D4 conduct and D1 and D2 are reverse biased. The output is pulsating DC that contains both AC and DC components. A filter capacitor is used to smooth the output by blocking the AC components and producing pure DC.
This document describes an automatic water pump controller project created by a group of students. The controller uses a liquid level sensor connected to an Arduino board to monitor the water level in a tank. It controls a water pump motor using a motor driver. When the sensor detects a low water level, the pump motor will run at full speed to refill the tank. At a medium level, the pump slows, and at a high level the pump stops to prevent overfilling. The system aims to efficiently control the pump and reduce water wastage. It provides accurate water level information in an affordable and easy to implement design.
Automatic tank level control using arduino mega convertedKunal Adhikari
Water is the most important Nature’s gift to mankind. Without water there is no life, especially now that fresh water is endangered. So, water management should reduce its wastage. As a first step, this controller will automatically switch ON and OFF the domestic water pump system depending on the water tank and underground sump levels (to prevent dry run of pump). In this paperwork an effort is made to design a cost-effective circuit and complete system using Arduino and Ultrasonic transducers, to be used in water level indication. It will control the storage level of water in a tank through SPST relay to provide water thoroughly, without any wastage of water or power.
The document is a training report on the Durgapur Projects Limited power facilities in West Bengal, India. It discusses the company's various substations including 11kV, 33kV, and 132kV switchyards. It describes the transformers and protection systems used, including circuit breakers, relays, insulators, and lightning arresters. The report also covers transformer protection devices, conductor types, transformer testing procedures, and the auxiliary DC power system design for the substations. In conclusion, it discusses the importance of electricity transmission and provides an overview of substation systems.
Engineering Final Year Project Report on "Electrical Safety and Protection of...Pratap Bhunia
Substation Network and Load Distribution
Substation Network Design
Civil Works Specification
Various Subsystems in Substation and Their Functions
Substation Equipment and Their Functions
Design of Capacity of Transmission Lines
Calculation of Line Constants and SIL
Bus Bar Arrangement
Power Transformer
Substation Earthing
Circuit Breaker
Isolator
Current Transformer
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Lightning Surge
Switching Surge
Lightning Arrester
Surge Absorber
Report On Industrial Tour At Khulshi Grid Sub-StationEkram Bin Mamun
This document provides an introduction and overview of power system protection. It discusses the objectives of power system protection which is to isolate faulty sections of the electrical grid to prevent damage from fault currents. The document then provides a brief history of Power Grid Company of Bangladesh and defines different types of substations, including transformer substations, switching substations, and indoor, outdoor, underground and pole mounted substations. It proceeds to describe some key equipment in Khulsi Grid Substation, including lightening arrestors, wave traps, CVTs, and current and potential transformers.
The document describes an automatic water level controller designed to maintain the water level in an outlet at a desired level to avoid water wastage. The controller uses electrical probes and a motor connected to a power supply. It works by turning the motor on when the water level falls below a lower level detected by the probes, and turning it off once a higher level is reached. The controller was tested successfully using a 0.5 HP motor and pump. It provides a simple, low-cost solution for automatic water level control in homes, buildings, and other applications to save water and energy.
1. The document provides details from the author's 45-day industrial training at the 220kV Grid Substation in Kotputli, Jaipur.
2. It includes an introduction to the substation, descriptions of the various equipment present like transformers, circuit breakers, and protection systems.
3. The author discusses the objectives of the training, which were to observe how equipment works, how load is distributed, how faults are measured and protected against, and more.
The document discusses the 33/11 kV substation in Indiranagar, Lucknow. Key details include:
1) The substation receives power at 33kV from the main grid and contains transformers that step down the voltage to 11kV.
2) It has a total transformer capacity of 160MVA split between four transformers connected in parallel.
3) The substation contains equipment like circuit breakers, current transformers, lightning arrestors to monitor and regulate power flow.
4) Power is distributed from the substation through six 33kV feeders and multiple 11kV feeders to the surrounding Indiranagar area.
This document describes a major project on an automatic water level pump controller presented by four electrical engineering students. It contains an introduction, working principle, block diagram, list of components, details of the components, applications, advantages, disadvantages, and references. The automatic water level controller uses sensors to detect the water level and control a pump to maintain the water level between an upper and lower threshold. It aims to automatically control water levels and save water.
Automatic Irrigation System is a prototype for a system of irrigation or watering automatically based on the Arduino microcontroller integrated with proximity sensors (Ultrasonic Sensor), the DC motor and the pump using LED indicator lights.
Made by :
Andika Jamal Nurganda 151611004
Putri Sintia Sari 151611021
Rizki Verdian 151611025
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering
Polytechnic State of Bandung
2016
This document provides an introduction and overview of a 33/11 kV substation in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, and earthing systems. The substation steps down power from 33 kV to 11 kV and distributes it to nearby areas. Earthing is an important consideration in substation design for safety and preventing potential gradients. Transformers, circuit breakers, and other equipment are discussed in terms of their functions and specifications at this particular substation.
This document describes a smart water tank project that uses an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino to automatically control a motor based on water level. When the water level drops below a certain point, the ultrasonic sensor detects this and turns the motor on to refill the tank. When the water reaches a full level, the sensor turns the motor off. An intermediate level triggers a text message on a mobile phone via GSM modem to notify the tank is at 50% capacity. The system is designed to automatically regulate water levels in applications like hotels, factories and homes to efficiently control water pumps.
The document discusses electrical substations. It defines a substation as an integral part of a power system that forms important links between generating stations, transmission systems, distribution systems, and load points. Substations are needed because electric power is generated at high voltages far from load centers and must be transformed to lower voltages for distribution. Substations contain components like transformers, switchgear, and busbars that allow for voltage transformations and power switching. Substations are classified based on voltage levels, outdoor/indoor configuration, and application in the power system. The document outlines the key components and equipment found in substations.
The aim of our project is to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer. Automated Irrigation system will serve the following purposes: 1) As there is no un-planned usage of water, a lot of water is saved from being wasted. 2) The irrigation is the only when there is not enough moisture in the soil and the sensors decides when should the pump be turned on/off, saves a lot time for the farmers. This also gives much needed rest to the farmers, as they don’t have to go and turn the pump on/off manually.
The document describes a project to design an automated soil moisture sensor irrigation system using a microcontroller. It includes a block diagram of the system showing the main components: soil moisture and humidity sensors, microcontroller, LCD display, relays, motor and pump. It then provides more details on the hardware components used, including the power supply circuit, sensors, microcontroller and other electronic components. The aim is to automatically maintain the soil moisture level as required for optimal plant growth.
The document describes a project submitted by 6 students for their Diploma in Mechanical Engineering. It involves the design and construction of a tree climbing robot. The robot uses grippers and movements similar to an ape to climb trees and has a maximum loading capacity of 3 kilograms. The document outlines the construction, working principle, advantages, mechanical and electrical parts details, circuit details, finishing, and cost estimation of the tree climbing robot.
Moisture control project is uses full and interesting project. It can help to farmer. It is consist of BJT, Resisters, Capacitors, I C etc. Moisture control device will be completed by four sections. The basis of operation for this system is the Over – watering and under watering both are harmful for plants. Roots need air as well as water. If the soil is constantly saturated, air cannot reach the roots and they suffocate. Also, excess water weakens the plant and makes it susceptible to various diseases, particularly fungal attacks, under watering on the other hand, is equally harmful, plants not receiving enough water droop from the top down and leaf edge turn brown. Moisture monitor provides a solution to the above problem by monitoring the moisture level of the soil and producing an audio – visual alert when the moisture goes below a preset level, indicating that the plant needs to be watered.
This document is a project report on a "RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING FACILITY". It contains an introduction describing the purpose of automatically closing plates when it rains to prevent materials from getting wet. It includes a block diagram showing the main components: a sensor, amplifier, monostable mode timer, and shutter. The circuit diagram and description explain how the water sensor triggers the 555 timer in monostable mode which then activates a relay to close the shutter plates. The project aims to avoid mental stress and protect materials during rain using a simple circuit with common electronics components.
This document describes a minor project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It presents the design of a numeric water level indicator system. The system uses various electronic components like metallic contacts, a transformer, full-wave rectifier, IC chips 74HC147 and CD4511, a seven segment display, transistors, and LEDs. Diagrams of the circuit and its logic operation are provided. The report also includes an introduction, objectives, organization of the project, descriptions of the main components, circuit diagrams, the basic logic and operation, advantages, cost estimation, results, conclusions, and future work.
The document is a project report on an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system. It includes sections on the problem identification, circuit diagram and components, and project work completed. The project involves designing a UPS that can provide regulated DC power from batteries during power outages or disturbances. Key components include a transformer, rectifier, battery, voltage regulator, and static switch. The project work done so far includes collecting data, analyzing the circuit diagram, and preparing the report. Future work will involve building the circuit, testing it, and submitting the final report.
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1. INSTITUTE OF ENGEENIRRING AND
TECHNOLOGY
DR.RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA AVADH UNIVERSITY, FAIZABAD
Batch- 2009-2013
Project Report On Automatic Plant Irrigator
A Partial fulfillment for the award of degree in bachelor of
technology in electronics and communication engineering
Submitted To: Submitted By:
H.O.D(ECE)
Guided By: Sushant Shankar[9255]
Miss Sweta Shrivastava
3rd Year ECE
Signature - ………………….
Date-…………………….
2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sushant Shankar student of B.Tech. 3rd
year from
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Avadh
University,Faizabad successfully submitted his project report on Automatic
Plant Irrigator.
Date-………………………..
Signature of the Guide
3. Acknowledgement
“It is not possible to prepare a summer training report without the assistance &
encouragement of other people. This one is certainly no exception.”
On the very outset of this report, I would like to extend my sincere & heartfelt obligation
towards all the personages who have helped me in this endeavor. Without their active
guidance, help, cooperation & encouragement, I would not have made headway in the
project.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide, Miss Sweta
Shrivastava I was privileged to experience a sustained enthusiastic and involved interest
from his side. This fuelled my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step
into what was a totally dark and unexplored expanse before me. He always fuelled my
thoughts to think broad and out of the box. I would also like to thank HOD(ECE) who,
instead of his busy schedule, always guided me in right direction. I would like to thank all the
staff member for motivation guidance and support .
Thanking You
Sushant Shankar
5. ABSTRACT
The motivation for this project came from the countries where economy is
based on agriculture and the climatic conditions lead to lack of rains & scarcity of
water. The farmers working in the farm lands are solely dependent on the rains
and bore wells for irrigation of the land. Even if the farm land has a water-pump,
manual intervention by farmers is required to turn the pump on/off whenever
needed.
The aim of our project is to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer.
Automated Irrigation system will serve the following purposes:
1) As there is no un-planned usage of water, a lot of water is saved from
being wasted.
2) The irrigation is the only when there is not enough moisture in the soil and
the sensors decides when should the pump be turned on/off, saves a lot time for
the farmers. This also gives much needed rest to the farmers, as they don’t have
to go and turn the pump on/off manually.
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6. Motivation
The increasing demand of the food supplies requires a rapid improvement in
food production technology. In many countries where agriculture plays an important
part in shaping up the economy and the climatic conditions are isotropic, but still
we are not able to make full use of agricultural resources. One of the main
reasons is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. Extraction of water
at regular intervals from earth is reducing the water level as a result of which the
zones of un-irrigated land are gradually increasing.
Also, the unplanned use of water inadvertently results in wastage of water. In
an Automated Irrigation System, the most significant advantage is that water is
supplied only when the moisture in soil goes below a pre-set threshold value. This
saves us a lot of water. In recent times, the farmers have been using irrigation
technique through the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at
regular intervals by turning the water-pump on/off when required. This process
sometimes consumes more water and sometimes the water supply to the land is
delayed due to which the crops dry out. Water deficiency deteriorates plants
growth before visible wilting occurs. In addition to this slowed growth rate, lighter
weight fruit follows water deficiency.
This problem can be perfectly rectified if we use Automated Irrigation System in
which the irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of
water, as suggested by the moisture in the soil
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7. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Title of the project : Intelligent Automatic Plant Irrigation System with water pump
control based on soil moister condition System.
Power Supply : +5V, 500mA Regulated Power Supply
Sensors : copper probe
Load : pumps
Relay
IC : LM324,NE555{timer IC}
LED
Applications : Industrial and House Hold Applications
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8. Introduction
Irrigation is the key to a successful garden. Long gone are the days of manual
watering or relying on a friend to water when you are on vacation or away on
business. The Project presented here waters your plants regularly when you are
out for vocation. The circuit comprises sensor parts built using op-amp IC LM324.
Op-amp is configured here as a comparator. Two stiff copper wires are inserted in
the soil to sense the whether the Soil is wet or dry.
The comparator monitors the sensors and when sensors sense the dry condition
then the project will switch on the motor and it will switch off the motor when
the sensors are in wet. The comparator does the above job it receives the signals
from the sensors.
A transistor is used to drive the relay during the soil wet condition. 5V double
pole – double through relay is used to control the water pump. LED indication is
provided for visual identification of the relay / load status. A switching diode is
connected across the relay to neutralize the reverse EMF.
This project works with 5V regulated power supply. Power on LED is connected
for visual identification of power status.
This project uses regulated 5V, 750mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage
regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to
rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/18V step down transformer.
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11. POWER SUPPLY
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input
i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is
fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage.
So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed
to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this
voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
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12. Transformer
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and
these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly.
Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down
to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down
transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.
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13. Rectifier
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this
project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using
both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the
figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input
voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load
resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will
be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through
RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in
series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the
same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is
converted into a unidirectional wave.
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14. Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until
the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is
varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is
applied at the output stage.
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15. Voltage regulator
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator
is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage
level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain
these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first
number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the
required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive
regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages
and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications.
These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution
problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A
output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and
currents.
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16. RELAYS
“A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls,
automobiles and appliances.”
The relay allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two
different voltage sources i.e., a small amount of voltage/current on one side can
handle a large amount of voltage/current on the other side but there is no chance
that these two voltages mix up.
Inductor
Fig: Circuit symbol of a relay
Operation- when current flows through the coil, a magnetic field are created around
the coil i.e., the coil is energized. This causes the armature to be attracted to the
coil. The armature’s contact acts like a switch and closes or opens the circuit.
When the coil is not energized, a spring pulls the armature to its normal state of
open or closed. There are all types of relays for all kinds of applications.
Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced
when the relay coil is switched off. The above diagram shows how a signal diode
(eg 1N4148) is connected across the relay coil to provide this protection. The
diode is connected 'backwards' so that it will normally not conduct. Conduction
occurs only when the relay coil is switched off, at this moment the current tries to
flow continuously through the coil and it is safely diverted through the diode.
Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a damaging
17. high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the current flowing.In choosing a relay,
the following characteristics need to be considered:
The contacts can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). In the NC type,
the contacts are closed when the coil is not energized. In the NO type, the
contacts are closed when the coil is energized.
Fig: Relay Operation and use of protection diodes
2. There can be one or more contacts. i.e., a different type like SPST (single pole
single throw), SPDT (single pole double throw) and DPDT (double pole double
throw) relays.
3. The voltage and current required to energize the coil. The voltage can vary
from a few volts to 50 volts, while the current can be from a few milliamps to
20milliamps. The relay has a minimum voltage, below which the coil will not be
energized. This minimum voltage is called the “pull-in” voltage.
4. The minimum DC/AC voltage and current that can be handled by the contacts.
This is in the range of a few volts to hundreds of volts, while the current can be
from a few amps to 40A or more, depending on the relay.
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18. Advantages:
Highly sensitive
Works according to the soil condition
Fit and Forget system
Low cost and reliable circuit
Complete elimination of manpower
Can handle heavy loads up to 7A
System can be switched into manual mode whenever required
Applications :
Roof Gardens
Lawns
Agriculture Lands
Home Gardens
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