for mba students

1. Concept of Sustainable Global
Development

2.  1980, when the
International Union for the Conservation of Na
published the World Conservation
Strategy and used the term "sustainable
development."[

3.  came into general usage following
publication of the 1987 report of the
Brundtland Commission — formally, the
World Commission on Environment and
Development. Set up by the
United Nations General Assembly, the
Brundtland Commission coined what was
to become the most often-quoted
definition of sustainable development

4.  Global sustainable development is the
overarching challenge for social and
economic policy today.

5.  Sustainable development is a socio-
ecological process characterized by the
fulfillment of human needs while
maintaining the quality of the
natural environment indefinitely.

6.  World Commission on Environment and
Development's. This suggests that
development is sustainable where it
"meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."

7.  The term refers to achieving economic
and social development in ways that do
not exhaust a country's natural resources.

8.  The World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987). In the Commission's
words: "... sustainable development is ... a
process of change in which the exploitation of
resources, the direction of investments, the
orientation of technological development, and
institutional change are made consistent with the
future as well as present needs".

9.  Sustainable development respects the
limited capacity of an ecosystem to absorb
the impact of human activities

10.  sustainable development should include
preserving the environment for other
species as well as for people.

11.  sustainable development is maintaining a
delicate balance between the human need
to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-
being on one hand, and preserving natural
resources and ecosystems, on which we
and future generations depend.

12.  According to the WCED, this is "development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs."
Sustainable development implies economic growth
together with the protection of environmental quality,
each reinforcing the other. The essence of this form of
development is a stable relationship between human
activities and the natural world, which does not diminish
the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of
life at least as good as our own. Many observers believe
that participatory democracy, undominated by vested
interests, is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable
development (Source: Mintzer 1992).

13.  The guiding rules are that people must share
with each other and care for the Earth. Humanity
must take no more from nature than nature can
replenish. This in turn means adopting lifestyles
and development paths that respect and work
within nature's limits. It can be done without
rejecting the many benefits that modern
technology has brought, provided that
technology also works within those limits
(Source: Caring for the Earth, IUCN, p8.)

14.  sustainable development policies
encompass three general policy areas:
economic, environmental and social.

15.  2005 World Summit Outcome Document,
refer to the "interdependent and mutually
reinforcing pillars" of sustainable
development as economic development,
social development, and environmental
protection.

16.  environmental sustainability, economic
sustainability, social-political sustainability

19.  The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (
UNESCO, 2001) elaborates further the concept
by stating that "...cultural diversity is as
necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for
nature”; it becomes “one of the roots of
development understood not simply in terms of
economic growth, but also as a means to
achieve a more satisfactory intellectual,
emotional, moral and spiritual existence". In this
vision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area
of sustainable development

20. Green development
 is generally differentiated from Sustainable
development in that Green development
prioritizes what its proponents consider to
be environmental sustainability over
economic and cultural considerations.

21.  Agriculture
 • Atmosphere
 • Biodiversity
 • Biotechnology
 • Capacity-building
 • Climate Change
 • Consumption and Production Patterns
 • Demographics
 • Desertification and Drought
 Disaster Reduction and Management

22.  Education and Awareness
 • Energy
 • Finance
 • Forests
 • Fresh Water
 • Health
 • Human Settlements
 • Indicators
 • Industry
 • Information for Decision Making and Participation
 Integrated Decision Making

23.  • International Law
 • International Cooperation for Enabling Environment
 • Institutional Arrangements
 • Land management
 • Major Groups
 • Mountains
 • National Sustainable Development Strategies
 • Oceans and Seas
 • Poverty
 Sanitation

24.  • Science
 •
 • Sustainable tourism
 • Technology
 • Toxic Chemicals
 • Trade and Environment
 • Transport
 • Waste (Hazardous)
 • Waste (Radioactive)
 • Waste (Solid)
 Water

25. The list of ecological problems is
long
 Species impoverishment
 Extinction
 Population degradation;
 Habitat fragmentation and
 Destruction

26.  Pollution
 Global warming
 Acidification of the world’s oceans of
carbon dioxide and other
 Greenhouse gases

27. Population
 Pressure on land
 Land degradation
 Intense biotic pressure on forests
 Water logging
 Deforestation
 Improper management of irrigation

28.  Soil erosion
 Burden on rural people especially the poor
 Threatened ecosystems
 Rapid decline in common property systems
(CPR)
 Decline in grazing land
 Decline in sustenance to animals
 Water resources

29. Offsite losses
 Silted rivers/reservoirs
 Severe competition for land
 Animal population –Complementary
 Food –fodder conflict
 Depletion of forest means depletion of
supplementary incomes
 Commercial demand for timber causes
deforrestation

30. Depletion of natural resources

31. Industrial and urban Pollution
 Detailed study in Module IV

32. Theory
 Private cost VS Social cost
 Internalization of externalities
 Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere
are often called greenhouse gases.

33. The principal greenhouse gases that enter the
atmosphere because of human activities are
 CO2 -carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere
 Through the burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural
gas, and coal), solid waste, trees and wood
products
 As a result of other chemical reactions (e.G.,
Manufacture of cement).
 Carbon dioxide is also removed from the
atmosphere (or “sequestered”) when it is
absorbed by plants as part of the biological
carbon cycle.

34. Methane CH4
 Emitted during the production and
transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.
 Methane emissions also result from
livestock and other agricultural practices
 Decay of organic waste in municipal solid
waste landfills.

35. Nitrous oxide N20
 Emitted during agricultural and industrial
activities
 During combustion of fossil fuels and solid
waste.

36. Hydro fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons, and
sulfur hexafluoride
 Are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that
are emitted from a variety of industrial
processes.
 These gases are typically emitted in smaller
quantities
 But because they are potent greenhouse gases
they are sometimes referred to as High Global
Warming Potential gases (“High GWP gases”).

37. The greenhouse effect
 It is the process by which absorption and
emission of infrared radiation by
atmospheric gases warm a planet's
atmosphere and surface.

38. A greenhouse gas inventory is
 An accounting of
 The amount of greenhouse gases emitted
to or
 Removed from the atmosphere over a
specific period of time (e.g., One year).

39. Facts
 Human activities are changing the
composition of Earth's atmosphere.
 Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations
tend to warm the planet.
 The major greenhouse gases emitted by
human activities remain in the atmosphere
for periods ranging from decades to
centuries.

40. Global warming
 What causes global warming
 Carbon dioxide and other air pollution that
is collecting in the atmosphere
 like a thickening blanket, trapping the
sun's heat and causing the planet to warm
up.
 Coal-burning power plants are the largest
U.S. source of carbon dioxide pollution

41. Makes hurricanes worse
 Because the ocean is getting warmer, tropical
storms can pick up more energy and become
more powerful.
 Warmer sea surface temperatures will fuel more
intense hurricanes
 Forests, farms and cities will face troublesome
new pests and more mosquito-borne diseases.

42.  air quality problems
 "particulate matter," also known as particle
pollution or PM.
 Exposure to particle pollution is linked to a
variety of significant health problems
 main cause of visibility impairment (haze)
 wildfires and dust from dry soils.

43. challenges for farmers.
1. Increased potential for droughts, floods
and heat waves
2. Lengthen the growing season in regions
with a relatively cool spring and fall
3. Adversely affect crops in regions where
summer heat already limits production;
4. Increase soil evaporation rates, and
5. Increase the chances of severe
droughts.

44.  Change in rainfall amount and patterns
 Higher levels of ground level ozone limit the
growth of crops
 Change in climatic variability and extreme
events
 increase the growth of forests modestly
 Forest fire or disease wildfires and insect
outbreaks
 compound existing fire risks

45.  Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs
plant and animal species to extinction.

46. The largest source of global
warming pollution?
 The United States.

47. Melting glaciers
 early snowmelt and severe droughts will
cause more dramatic water shortages
 Rising sea levels will lead to coastal
flooding

48. Ecosystem
 An ecosystem is an interdependent
functioning system of
 plants
 animals and
 microorganisms

49. Human societies depend on
ecosystems
 For the natural
 Cultural
 Spiritual
 Recreational and
 Aesthetic resources they provide.

50. Coastal zones
 Particularly vulnerable to climate variability
and change.
 Sea level rise
 Land loss
 Changes in maritime storms
 Responses to sea level rise
 Implications for water resources.

51. More
 Inundate wetlands and other low-lying
lands
 Erode beaches
 Intensify flooding
 And increase the salinity of rivers, bays,
and groundwater tables.

52. Water
 Water availability
 Quality
 Stream flow are
 sensitive to changes in temperature and
precipitation

53. Other factors
 Increased demand for water caused by
population growth
 Changes in the economy
 Development of new technologies
 Changes in watershed characteristics
 Water management decisions.

54. Energy
 Energy production
 Use of energy
 are sensitive to changes in the climate.
 Patterns of economic growth
 Land use
 Population growth and distribution
 Technological change
 Social and cultural trends that shape individual
and institutional actions.

55.  Reduced energy demand for heating
 increased demand for cooling
 Declining air quality in cities

56.  Demand for energy
 Consumed for other climate-sensitive
processes
 Eg pumping water for irrigation in
agriculture.

57. Energy Production
 Hydropower generation -most directly
affected by climate change
 Infrastructure for energy production,
transmission and distribution could be
affected by climate change
 Renewable sources of energy could be
affected by climate change
 Eg Solar and wind power

58. Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
 Sensitive to changes in
 Temperature
 Rainfall
 Snowfall
 Storm events
 And are thus sensitive to climatic
variability and change.

59. How to reduce ?
 By reducing pollution from vehicles and power
plants, factories etc
 existing technologies for building cleaner
vehicles and more modern electricity generators
into widespread use.
 We can increase our reliance on renewable
energy sources such as wind, sun and
geothermal.
 we can manufacture more efficient appliances
and conserve energy.

62.  Direct manifestations of a widespread and
long-term trend toward warmer global
temperatures
 Heat waves and periods of unusually warm
weather
 Ocean warming, sea-level rise and coastal
flooding
 Glaciers melting
 Arctic and Antarctic warming

63.  Spreading disease
 Earlier spring arrival
 Plant and animal range shifts and population
changes
 Coral reef bleaching
 Downpours, heavy snowfalls, and flooding
 Droughts and fires

64.  Damage to crops
 Soil erosion
 Inability to cultivate land
 Water logging of soils
 Adverse effects on quality of surface and
groundwater
 contamination of water supply

65.  Disruption of
 Settlements
 Commerce
 Transport
 Societies
 Due to flooding
 Pressures on urban and rural infrastructures

66.  Land degradation
 lower yields
 crop damage and failure
 livestock deaths
 More widespread water stress

67.  Water shortages for settlements
 Industry and societies
 Reduced hydropower generation
potentials
 Potentials for population migration
 Salinization of irrigation and well water

68.  Decreased freshwater availability due to
saltwater intrusion
 Costs of coastal protection
 costs of land-use relocation

69.  Disruption by flood and high winds
 Withdrawal of risk coverage in vulnerable
areas by private insurers
 Deaths
 Injuries
 Infectious diseases
 Allergies and dermatitis

70.  Reduction in quality of life for people in
warm areas without air conditioning
 Impacts on elderly
 Impacts on very young

71. How to combat Global warming ?

72. International initiatives
(Page 96 Uberoi )
 Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro -1992
signed ‘Convention on Climatic Change ‘
 Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee
(INC)
 Joint Implementation (JI)
 Framework Convention on Climatic
Change (FCCC), Kyoto
 Cop-1 –Berlin –The Berlin mandate

73. Kyoto Protocol
 Will be discussed later

74. Steps to be taken
Reduce CO2 emissions by
1. Reducing consumption of fossil fuels
2. Finding out alternative sources of
renewable energy/photo voltaic systems
3. Better energy management system
4. Reverse deforestation
5. Cleaning up coal for lesser pollution

75. 6. More use of natural gas
7. Fuel efficient vehicles /emission controls