Surviving an Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone Earthquake
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This document discusses earthquake and tsunami preparedness and mitigation strategies for Alaska. It describes two recent significant earthquakes that occurred off the coast of Alaska in 2016 and 2018. It dispels common myths about earthquake safety and emphasizes the importance of drop, cover, and hold on during shaking. The document also notes that the majority of deaths from the 2018 earthquake were caused by tsunamis. It provides information on assessing seismic hazard and risk, identifies important resources for mitigation planning, and recommends both structural and non-structural mitigation techniques to improve earthquake resilience.
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This document discusses the physical properties and formation of soil. It describes how soil characteristics like color, texture, structure, and horizons/profiles influence water movement, storage, erosion, and plant growth. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time in a process known as CLORPT. The physical properties of soil determine how quickly water can infiltrate and percolate through different soil types.
Educators PPT file chapter 6
This document discusses various natural and human-caused processes that can degrade soils, as well as best management practices to mitigate soil degradation. It covers topics like erosion from water and wind, desertification, acidification, salinization, effects of deforestation, urbanization, construction projects, land application of manures and wastes, and mining reclamation. Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques aim to renew resources rather than deplete them over time through practices like maintaining vegetative cover, controlling grazing intensity, and properly applying nutrients from wastes.
Educators PPT chapter 3
This chapter discusses the living components of soil, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and fauna. Bacteria and fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling and forming soil structure. Fungi exist as filaments called hyphae that can form partnerships with plant roots. Protists include amoebas, ciliates, and flagellates that consume bacteria and debris. Larger soil fauna include earthworms, nematodes, springtails, and arthropods that further break down organic matter and improve soil structure through bioturbation. The variety of organisms in soil work together to create a living system that supports plant growth.
Unit 4 background presentation
This document discusses the 2012-2017 California drought and its impacts. It provides historical context on droughts in California and examines precipitation data. Specific topics covered include:
1. The spatial extent and timing of the 2012-2017 drought across California and how it compares to historical droughts.
2. How precipitation was measured using tools like snow pillows and GPS reflection to track snow levels.
3. The societal impacts of the drought, including mandatory water rationing and transformations to California's landscape and economy.
Presentation: Unit 3 background information
This document discusses using GPS vertical positioning to monitor groundwater storage changes. It begins by explaining that groundwater mining is a global problem, and that extracting groundwater causes the land surface to rise as the total water storage decreases. It then discusses how GPS networks can detect these vertical position changes at the sub-centimeter level on a daily basis, allowing monitoring of seasonal water changes. Finally, it notes that long-term groundwater pumping can lead to both reversible and irreversible subsidence exceeding several meters, and provides examples from California's Central Valley.
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
This document discusses methods for characterizing groundwater storage, including traditional well measurements and satellite-based GRACE observations. It defines terrestrial water storage as all water on the land surface, and explains that groundwater often dominates variations in storage. Wells measure groundwater levels, with changes indicating replenishment or depletion over time. GRACE satellites detect changes in mass distribution and associated gravity field variations to infer changes in total water storage, including groundwater, at coarse spatial scales. The document provides examples of using both approaches to monitor groundwater in key aquifers.
Introduction to GPS presentation
The document provides an introduction to GPS/GNSS basics, including:
- GPS uses 24-32 satellites in medium Earth orbit that transmit positioning and timing data. Receivers need signals from 4 satellites to calculate a 3D location.
- Ground control stations monitor the satellites and send updates to synchronize their atomic clocks and orbital data.
- GPS determines location by calculating distances to satellites using signal transmission times and triangulating the receiver's position.
- Precise GPS uses permanent stations with stable monuments to collect data over many years, achieving sub-centimeter positioning and millimeter-per-year velocity estimates.
More from SERC at Carleton College (20)
Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
Cretaceous Coatlines and Modern Voting Patterns Presentation
Presentation: Unit 1 Introduction to the hydrological cycle
Presentation: Unit 1 Introduction to the hydrological cycle
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
Presentation: Unit 2 Measuring Groundwater Background Information
Surviving an Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone Earthquake
- 1. Surviving an Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone Earthquake Dan Belanger Earthquake and Tsunami Program Manager Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (DHS&EM)
- 4. Seismic Risk Map, USGS, 2014
- 5. - M 7.1, January 24, 2016 1:30 am, 60 mi W of Homer - Source away from major population areas - Depth: 76 miles - 135 aftershocks - Local response: Local Authorities - Data Sources: Alaska Earthquake Center, USGS, National Tsunami Warning Center
- 6. - M 7.9, January 23, 2018 1:23 am, 70 mi SW of Kodiak - Source away from major population areas - Depth: 6.2 miles - 44 aftershocks in 3 weeks - Local response: Local Authorities - Data Sources: Alaska Earthquake Center, USGS, National Tsunami Warning Center
- 7. MYTHS Stand In a Doorway Run outside Run Inside Get next to something
- 8. - Drop, Cover and Hold - Evacuate tsunami zones - Tune in to local authorities for guidance - DO NOT RUN OUT OF THE BUILDING DURING THE SHAKING AS OBJECTS MAY BE FALLING OFF THE BUILDING AND CAUSE SERIOUS INJURIES OR DEATH
- 9. PROOF Of the 131 people killed during the earthquake, 119 died in tsunamis.
- 10. • 61% of people expect basic needs will be met by emergency responders in the first 72 hours. • 44% of EMTs would not respond if disaster endangered their families. • 55-66% of police officers would not report for duty to care for family. National Surveys Did you know?
- 11. Before an Earthquake It is important for individuals, families, organizations, and communities to identify their risk, make a plan, create a disaster kit, and remove, relocate, or secure anything that can: Fall and hurt someone Fall and block an exit Fall and start a fire Require a lengthy or costly clean-up
- 12. Seismic Hazard The expected occurrence of a future seismic event Seismic Risk The expected consequences of a future seismic event Hazard vs Risk
- 13. - Identify the impact of hazards on people, property, functions - Define the hazard: Location, magnitude, frequency, past occurrences and future probability - Identify community assets: Population, built environment (critical facilities), natural environment , economy - Analyze your risk - Hazard >> Impact on life, structure >> Loss estimate - Summarize your vulnerability
- 14. - State of Alaska DNR/DGGS: natural hazards DHS&EM: ready.alaska.gov - Local/State Hazard Mitigation Plans - FEMA: Local Mitigation Planning Handbook • Applied Technology Council for seismic risk assessment (Rapid Visual Screening) - Other professional risk management resources - School Risk Assesment
- 15. - Mitigation-”any action taken to reduce the long term risk to human life and property from natural hazards” 1. Planning 2. Preparedness • Taking care of Your Family • Taking Care of your Business and Community
- 16. - Planning - Zoning, regulations, permitting - Projects - Seismic non-structural mitigation - Structural mitigation - Tsunami sirens, signs - Shut off valves - Insurance
- 17. 1. Secure heavy objects to wall studs Appliances, furniture, etc…. 2. Secure hanging objects Especially over beds, sofas, or chairs 3. Keep shoes and a flashlight under bed 4. Learn how to shut off gas, water, and electricity 5. PRACTICE,PRACTICE,PRACTICE EARTHQUAKE MITIGATION
- 18. Seismic Retrofit Projects Non - Structural Building Contents Furnishings Computers and Equipment Utility Systems Heavy Equipment Fuel / Gas Tanks Elevators Pipes Ducts Valves Connections Interior Elements Non-load walls Ceilings Fixtures Lights Exterior Parapets Cornices Architectural Elements Chimneys Heavy Elements
- 20. Preparedness Faculty Preparation Do you: Assume normal work assignments? Know how to start back-up power & heat Know Post Earthquake Damage Assessment for building structures ○ Who is trained to perform inspections Have aftershock plans / considerations
- 21. - School Emergency Planning/Drills - Continuity of Operations (COOP) - Continuity of Business - Emergency Response/ Operations/Evacuation Plans - Local Hazard Mitigation Plans - Individual and Family Preparedness
- 22. Plan for Multiple HAZARDS Often requires strong coordination among: Local Government State Government Federal Government Non-profit groups Private entities
- 23. After an Earthquake Did you survive? Now what? Safely evacuate. Please note that aftershocks could happen. These additional shaking events can be strong enough to do additional damage to already weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even months after the main earthquake. Have a professional engineer or local building official inspect the structural integrity of your home and/or building for potential damages
- 25. Can you plan for everything? Questions?