Surface coating technology can be used to alter the binding properties of materials to improve device performance and prevent infections. Common coating methods include plasma treatment, adsorption, and covalent immobilization. Plasma treatment uses gas plasma to modify surfaces without damaging bulk properties. Specific coatings like phosphorylcholine derivatives and surfactant-based coatings can create non-fouling, slippery interfaces that prevent protein adsorption and cell attachment. Coatings are also being developed for applications like enhanced imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.

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Surface Coatings

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General strategies to Prevent
Device-related Infections
 Minimize contact- Clean Room Conditions
 Kill every thing in contact-Sterilization
 Minimize binding at contact-Surface coating
 Kill after contact-Anti-infective coatings

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Protein Adsorption in situ

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Protein Adsorption in situ

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No Protein Adsorption

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Surface Coating Technology
 Change surface chemistry without changing mechanical
properties;
 Alter binding properties for proteins and other molecules
to improve device performance;
 Surface coating technology increases range of
performance and, in general, requires less capital
investment and less dramatic changes in manufacturing
practices.

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Methods
 Plasma or corona treatment in the presence
of a reactive atmosphere;
 Adsorption; and,
 Covalent Immobilization
The objective is to create a minimally reactive
surface by creating an interface that is
invisible to the system or one that is
specifically activated to control cell behavior
at the interface.

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Surface Modification Using Low-
Pressure Plasma Technology
• A plasma is a partially ionized gas containing ions,
electrons, atoms, and neutral species.
• Although many gases can be used, commonly selected
gases or mixtures of gases for plasma treatment of
polymers include oxygen, argon, nitrous oxide,
tetrafluoromethane, and air.
• high-frequency generator ionizes the gas into plasma
that formed reactive particles react in a direct way with the
surface without damaging the bulk properties of the treated
part, the surface modification is limited to the outermost 10
to 1000 Å of the substrate.

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PLASMA APPLICATIONS
Surface modification using gas plasma is a versatile process,
with systems on the market capable of treating everything
from small components like hubs or balloons up to very large
and complex substrates, from fibers, nonwovens, wovens,
and paper to plastic foils and metal and ceramic parts

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Materials
Surface Energy
(dynes/cm)
Water Contact Angle
(degrees)
before after before after
Hydrocarbons
Polypropylene 29 >73 87 22
Polyethylene 31 >73 87 42
Polystyrene 38 >73 72.5 15
ABS 35 >73 82 26
Polyamide/
polyethylene
copolymer
<36 >73 63 17
Epoxy <36 >73 59 12.5
Polyester 41 >73 71 18
Rigid PVC 39 >73 90 35
Phenolic None >73 59 36.5
Fluorocarbons
Polytetrafluoroethylene/
polyethylene
copolymer
37 >73 92 53
Fluorinated
ethylene
propylene
22 72 96 68
Polyvinylidene 25 >73 78.5 36

17. PEO PPO PEO
129 56 129
Hydrophobic
Substrate
Contact angle >70°
HO OH
-CH2-CH2-O- -CH-CH2-O-
CH3
|
F108 coating
ca. 14 nm
Surfactant-based Biomaterial
Coating

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GFAP: Green Light Micrograph
Inhibition of Cell Attachment

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Phospholipids

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Phosphorylcholine
Derivatives

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Covalent Immobilizaiton
Heparin coated after blood
exposure
Uncoated after blood exposure
with microthrombus on surface

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Emerging Technologies
 Coatings for enhanced imaging
 Cell coated grafts for tissue engineering
 Coating to enhance regenerative processes
 Coatings for drug delivery

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Coating Companies
Polymer Technology Group
SurModics
Carmeda
Hydromer Inc.
AST Products Inc.
STS Biopolymers
Biocoat
Richard James Inc.
Biocompatibles Ltd.
BioChrom
Surface Solutions Laboratories
Spire Corp.
Implant Sciences Corp.
Advanced Polymer Systems Inc.