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Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and vesicles. Prokaryotic cells lack these membrane-bound structures. Plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts and a cell wall composed of cellulose and lignin. Animal and fungal cells do not have a cell wall but lysosomes. Organelle sizes range from 5nm thick membranes to 10um for the nucleus.
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What are the components of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells a.pdf
What are the components of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?
a) Structure, Composition, and function
Solution
Feature
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Cell size
1-10 µm (But larger surface area to volume ratio. Hence higher metabolic rate, higher growth
rate and shorter generation time) .
10-100 µm
Cell wall
Chemically complexed, mostly made of peptidoglycan.
Present only in fungi and plants.
Cell membrane/plasma membrane
Double layer of phospholipid
Double layer of phospholipid with sterols and carbohydrates as receptors.
Nucleus
Absent
Present with well bound nuclear membrane.
Cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, microtubules,
Golgi apparatus)
Absent
Present with well bound membranes
Vesicles, vacuoles
Present
Present
Ribosomes
Smaller(70 S)
Larger (80 S). Smaller size in organelles.
Cytoskeleton (interconnected system of fibers, threads that give structure to the cell. The main
components are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments).
May be present
Present. Cytoplasmic streaming
DNA
A single loop of stable chromosomal DNA stored in the nucleoid area, which lack histones.
Commonly known as plasmids.
DNA is tightly bound and organised with multiple and linear chromosomes.
Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm
Genes (Differ in the structure, packing, density, and arrangement on the chromosome.)
Compact genomes since introns and large non-coding regions are absent. All of the genome
codes or controls cellular functions. Genes are also expressed in groups, known as operons. All
the genes in an operon are transcribed on the same RNA and then made into separate proteins.
Majority of genes have no known functions. (About 95% of the human genome does not code for
proteins or RNA or includes a gene promoter).
Genes have their own promoter and transcribed on their own strand of mRNA.
Cell division
Binary fission
Mitosis
Recombination
Transfer of DNA
Meiosis
Feature
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Cell size
1-10 µm (But larger surface area to volume ratio. Hence higher metabolic rate, higher growth
rate and shorter generation time) .
10-100 µm
Cell wall
Chemically complexed, mostly made of peptidoglycan.
Present only in fungi and plants.
Cell membrane/plasma membrane
Double layer of phospholipid
Double layer of phospholipid with sterols and carbohydrates as receptors.
Nucleus
Absent
Present with well bound nuclear membrane.
Cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, microtubules,
Golgi apparatus)
Absent
Present with well bound membranes
Vesicles, vacuoles
Present
Present
Ribosomes
Smaller(70 S)
Larger (80 S). Smaller size in organelles.
Cytoskeleton (interconnected system of fibers, threads that give structure to the cell. The main
components are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments).
May be present
Present. Cytoplasmic streaming
.
the cell
This document provides an overview and summaries of chapter 6 from Campbell Biology, 9th edition, which discusses a tour of the cell. The chapter introduces cells as the fundamental unit of life and explains how cell structure relates to function. It describes how biologists use microscopes like light microscopes and electron microscopes as well as techniques like cell fractionation to study cells. The document includes figures illustrating the size scales visible with different microscopes and an illustration of the cell fractionation technique.
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The document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and various membrane-bound organelles. Some key differences include prokaryotes being typically smaller (1-10 μm) than eukaryotes (10-100 μm), having circular DNA versus eukaryotic linear DNA, and dividing via binary fission rather than mitosis and meiosis. Prokaryotic cells also generally lack internal membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts and a complex cytoskeleton.
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What are the components of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells a.pdf
What are the components of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells a.pdf
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1 - The Chemical Nature of Cells
The document compares the abilities of the human eye, light microscope, and transmission electron microscope. It then discusses the levels of organization in living organisms from the molecular to cellular level. It explains that cells need to maintain adequate concentrations of molecules to facilitate chemical reactions and cell functioning, and that organelles help compensate for the large volumes of eukaryotic cells.
Unit 1 revision quiz
I apologize for any confusion, but I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest. I don't actually take exams or have personal experiences.
Unit 1 Revision
This document outlines the topics to be covered in a unit on biology. Part 1 discusses cells at a basic level, including microscopes, differences between cell types, cellular structures, and transport. Part 2 delves deeper into cells, exploring membrane functions, enzymes, mitosis, and the cell cycle. Part 3 focuses on plants, covering photosynthesis, respiration, plant structures, and gas exchange. Part 4 examines body systems such as teeth, digestion, circulation, respiration, and excretion. Part 5 concludes with reproduction, including asexual, sexual, and comparative reproductive processes in various organisms.
18 Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction results in greater genetic diversity which allows species to better adapt to changing environments. Most plants are hermaphrodites with both male and female sex organs, while some plants have single-sex or separate male and female flowers. In many fish, the female lays eggs which are then fertilized externally when the male releases sperm over them. In humans, sexual maturation during puberty prepares the bodies for reproduction, and sexual intercourse allows sperm to fertilize eggs when the male ejaculates inside the female.
16 Renal System
The document discusses the renal (urinary) system and how it transports nitrogenous waste out of animals. The kidney filters blood and removes waste, which drains into the bladder via the ureters. The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney, containing a glomerulus and tubules that allow filtration, reabsorption, and production of urine. Different species excrete different forms of nitrogenous waste at varying concentrations depending on whether they live in freshwater, saltwater, or on land.
17 Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction can occur through various methods in different organisms. Binary fission allows for rapid and clonal reproduction in prokaryotic bacteria, with a single cell able to divide into over 16 million cells within 8 hours given sufficient resources. Other asexual reproduction methods mentioned include mitosis in eukaryotic somatic cells, spore formation in fungi, budding in sponges and corals, parthenogenesis in some insects, and vegetative reproduction through runners, cuttings, and rhizomes in plants.
15 Respiratory System
The human respiratory system allows air to enter through the nose or mouth, pass through the pharynx and larynx, and travel into the lungs through the trachea and bronchial tubes. In the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch into smaller passages called bronchioles and alveolar ducts, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli which have a total surface area of around 70 square meters. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
14 The Heart
The document summarizes the structure and function of the mammalian heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart - right and left atria and ventricles. It explains how blood flows through the heart, is pumped to the lungs or body, and is returned to the heart via veins. Valves ensure one-way blood flow. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered closed circulatory system where blood stays in vessels and nutrients diffuse between blood and tissues.
13 Blood & Circulation
Blood is composed of red blood cells containing hemoglobin, white blood cells that fight disease, and platelets that form clots. Blood is carried through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins, with oxygenated blood carried in arteries and deoxygenated blood in veins. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - based on the presence or absence of antigens, and people can also be Rh+ or Rh- based on the presence of the Rh antigen. Matching blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.
12 Comparitive Digestion
The document summarizes different types of digestive systems among herbivores and other animals. It divides herbivores into two categories: hindgut fermenters like non-ruminants which have long intestines containing bacteria to aid digestion, and foregut fermenters like ruminants which have an enlarged rumen in the stomach to break down plant matter. Ruminants digest food through a two-step process of chewing, swallowing, and then regurgitating food to be re-chewed before full digestion.
Ch. 16 Human intervention in evolution
This document discusses various human interventions in evolution including artificial selection, reproductive technologies, and genetic engineering techniques. It describes artificial insemination which allows one male to fertilize many females. New technologies like in vitro fertilization and cloning are outlined as well as their applications and ethical considerations. Stem cell research offers potential medical benefits but also controversy regarding the source of stem cells. Overall the text covers how humans can influence inheritance of traits in future generations.
Unit 4 Study Cards
The document provides study cards for Unit 4. It contains flashcards to help students learn and review important terms, people, places, events, and concepts from the unit in a concise format. The flashcards aim to assist with learning and test preparation in a brief yet effective manner.
Ch. 15 Hominin Evolution
This document discusses hominin evolution and classification. It begins by classifying humans as mammals within the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, and order Primates. It then describes several early hominin species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis. Key developments discussed include bipedalism, brain growth, and basic tool use. The document also notes the emergence and spread of Homo erectus and later species like Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens.
Vitamin C prac
1) The document describes an experiment to test the vitamin C content of fresh orange juice and 4 brands of packaged orange juice using an indophenol indicator solution.
2) The results show that the actual vitamin C content of the packaged juices, as determined by the experiment, often did not match the claims on the packaging.
3) Differences between actual and claimed vitamin C levels could be due to factors like processing and storage conditions affecting vitamin levels in packaged juices over time compared to fresh.
Plant transport systems prac
This document describes an experiment to examine how water is transported through a celery stalk. Students cut sections of celery stalk that had been soaked in food dye and examined them under microscopes. They observed that the dye was concentrated in certain areas, indicating the paths of water transport. Upon higher magnification, they saw spiral or coiled structures in the vascular tissue and learned that these structures, like cartilage in the trachea, function to support water transport through the plant. The purpose of observing this transport system was achieved.
Onion root tip prac
The document provides instructions for students to count cells in different stages of the cell cycle (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) by examining an onion root tip specimen under a microscope. Students are asked to tally the number of cells in each stage and calculate the percentage of total cells in each stage to input into an Excel spreadsheet to create a pie chart. The homework task is to analyze which stage had the most cells based on what occurs in each phase of the cell cycle.
Vitamin C prac
1) The document describes an experiment to test the vitamin C content of fresh orange juice and 4 brands of packaged orange juice using an indophenol indicator solution.
2) The results show that the actual vitamin C content of the packaged juices, as determined by the experiment, often did not match the claims on the packaging.
3) Differences between actual and claimed vitamin C levels could be due to factors like processing and storage conditions affecting vitamin levels between production and consumption.
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Summary Worksheet
- 1. Summary of cells Organelle Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cells Membrane Size cells Animal Plant Fungi Cell wall Complex Absent Cellulose Chitin N/A 5nm to 2μm polysaccharides and lignin (thickness) Nucleus Absent Present Present Present Double Up to 10 μm (diameter) Mitochondrion Present Present Present Present Double 5 - 10μm (length) Ribosomes Free Free & on Free & on Free & on None ~25 nm ER ER ER (diameter) Golgi body Absent Present Present Present Layers 100 nm per layer (up to 50) (thick) Vesicle Absent Present Present Present Single Variable Endoplasmic Absent Present Present Present Layers 60 nm per Reticulum layer (up to 10) (thick) Chloroplasts Absent Absent Present Absent Double 1 - 5 μm (length) Flagella Present Sperm & Absent Absent Single 2-3 time Cilia length of cell (up to 10μm) Vacuole Some Few Present Present Single 50-80% of cell vol Lysosome Absent Present Present Present Single .25μm–2μm
- 2. Summary of Intracellular Organelles Organelle Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cells Membrane Size cells Animal Plant Fungi Cell wall Nucleus Mitochondrion Ribosomes Golgi body Vesicle Endoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplasts Flagella Vacuole Lysosome