This document summarizes research on subnational REDD+ initiatives in the Amazon region of Brazil and Peru. It finds that hundreds of subnational REDD+ projects and programs have emerged since 2007, with some evolving into larger jurisdictional approaches led by states or municipalities. The research analyzed 8 such initiatives across Brazil and Peru between 2010-2014 through interviews and surveys with local communities. It found that the initiatives employed a mix of strategies, including payments for environmental services, livelihood support, tenure regularization and environmental enforcement, to incentivize reduced deforestation. The strategies varied depending on local conditions and drivers of deforestation.

1. SubnationalREDD+
in the Amazon
Amy Duchelle, Sven Wunder, Eduardo Marinho

2. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
Emergence of subnational REDD+ initiatives
Since 2007, hundreds of subnational REDD+ initiatives have emerged in the tropics
Since 2010, some evolved to jurisdictional approaches (i.e. led by states or municipalities)
Since 2004, Brazil has cut deforestation by three fourths (mainly by env. enforcement)
On-the-ground evidence for how local people could benefit or lose from REDD+

3. Field methods
-Proponent interviews
-Village, women’s, household surveys (intervention & control)
•70+ villages
•2000+ smallholders
•121 largeholders
8 sitesin South America
Ucayali
Subnational REDD+ initiatives sampled
(Brazil & Peru, 2010-2014)

4. Drivers of deforestation at sampled sites
0
2
4
6
8
10
Large-scale agric.
Large-scale infrastructure projects
Land grabbing
Large-scale timber harvest (legal)
Large-scale timber harvest (illegal)
Subsistence fuelwood collection
Mining
Large-scale ranching
Small-scale legal timber harvest
NTFP harvesting
Forest fires
Small-scale traditional agric.
Small-scale illegal timber harvest
Small-scale frontier agric.
Small to med-scale ranchers

5. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
Initiative categories
Project
Non-market
Market
Jurisdictional
Market
Non-market
•State/municipal boundary
•Local govt. leadership
•Project boundary
•NGO/Co. proponent
Acre
São Félix
Cotriguaçu
Jari/Amapá
Madre de Dios
Ucayali
BolsaFloresta
Transamazon

6. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
Smallholder income shares and REDD+ incentives (livelihood support)
67
Ucayali
71
Madre de Dios
49
São Félix do Xingu
34
Cotriguaçu
Livestock reliant sites:
•Sustainable milk production (Cotri)
•‘Best practices’ for cattle ranching (SFX)
Forest reliant sites:
•Local Brazil nut processing plant (Madre de Dios)
•Small-scale timber production (Ucayali)
Forest
Livestock
Agriculture
Wage/Biz
Other

7. THINKING beyond the canopy
REDD+ strategies disentangled
Tenure
regularization
Technology
improvements
Environmental
education
Payments for
Environmental
Services
Subsidies
Provision of inputs
Taxes
Tax exemptions
Regulatory measures
(Prohibition, Rules) e
Fines
Disincentives
Certification
Credit
Insurance
Market interventions
(Quotas,
max/min prices)
Courtesy of J. Börner

8. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
REDD+ interventions by initiatives
ENABLINGCONDITIONS
Supportingenvironmental compliance (CAR, restoration)
Tenure regularization
Environmental education
Community MRV
INCENTIVES
Direct cash transfers (conditional)
Livelihood support (conditional)
Livelihood support (non-conditional)
DISINCENTIVES
Deforestation/fire control
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
SFX
SFX
SFX
SFX
Cotri
Cotri
Cotri
Jari
Jari
Jari
BF
BF
MDD
MDD
Ucay
Ucay
TAmaz
TAmaz
TAmaz
Acre
TAmaz

9. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
REDD+ & perceived tenure security
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% parcel security
Secure
Insecure

10. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
REDD+ & environmental compliance
Site
Total land / hh(ha)
Forest cleared per year (ha)
Forest cover (%)
Annual rate clearing(%)
Acre
179 (355)
1.2 (0.9)
88.3
1.0
Transamazon
90 (70)
1.8 (2.5)
67.2
2.0
Cotriguaçu
55 (30)
1.4 (2.8)
42.4
2.5
São Félixdo Xingu
74 (66)
1.6 (2.8)
47.0
2.2
Jari-Amapá
61 (69)
0.4 (0.7)
89.3
1.0
Madrede Dios
836 (596)
0.3(0.6)
98.0
>0.001
Ucayali
2640 (2380)
0.2 (0.5)
~90
>0.001

11. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
Conclusion: REDD+ strategy mix
Independent of REDD+ type, proponents pursue a mix of interventions (esp. enabling conditions, positive incentives) that reflect local conditions
Environmental enforcement is a key disincentive –but more from regulators than REDD+ proponents –often pre-dating REDD+ (Brazil)
Conditional PES remain limited so far; more faith in changing livelihoods (ICDP+) –due to REDD+ financing horizons, managing local expectation, compensatory focus, conservation paradigms…

12. Financial supportfor GCS-REDD+:
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation,
Australian Agency for International Development,
European Commission,
UK Department for International Development.
Publications: http://www.cifor.org/online-library/browse/mitigating- climate-change.html
Videos/Blogs: http://blog.cifor.org/amazonia

13. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
Characteristics of sampled REDD+ initiatives
Country
Initiative Name
Typeof Proponent
Approach
Funding source
Area (km2)
Brazil
System of Incentivesfor Environmental Services (SISA), Acre
Government
Jurisdictional (state)
Amazon Fund KfW
152,581
Brazil
CotriguaçuSempreVerde, Mato Grosso
NGO
Jurisdictional (municipality)
PackardFundo Vale
9,123
Brazil
Sustainable Settlementsin the Amazon, Pará
NGO
Project
Amazon Fund
2,299
Brazil
Green Development in Amazon (SFX), Pará
NGO
Jurisdictional (municipality)
Moore AmazonFund
84,212
Brazil
BolsaFloresta,Amazonas
NGO
Project
Amazon Fund Marriot
100,000
Brazil
Jari/Amapá
Privatesector
Project
Biofílica
660
Peru
REDD+in Brazil Nut Concessions, Madre de Dios
Privatesector
Project
BAM
2,907
Peru
REDD+ in Native Communities, Ucayali
NGO
Project
AIDER,ITTO, TNC
907

14. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
Income shares at Amazon REDD+ sites
67
Ucayali
Madre de Dios
Jari-Amapá
São Félix do Xingu
Mato Grosso
Transamazon
Acre

15. THINKINGbeyond the canopy
Income sources at REDD+ sites
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Ucayali
Madre de Dios
Jari-Amapá
São Félix doXingu
Mato Grosso
Transamazon
Acre
% cash + subsistence income
Forest/Environ
Agriculture
Livestock
Wage/Business
Other