The document discusses the preservation potential of submerged prehistoric archaeological sites on the Maine shelf. It finds that limited coastal development in the Gulf of Maine inhibited the formation of landforms with high archaeological potential. However, sedimentary deposits between 15-25 meters deep representing formations from 7,000-11,000 years ago may be preserved due to the slow rate of local sea level rise. Specifically, evidence of human occupation was found in Bass Harbor, Maine between 9,000-8,000 years ago in a shoreline setting involving erosion of a moraine and formation of coastal landforms.
The document discusses controls on carbonate deposition through geologic time periods. It addresses topics such as carbonate facies relationships to geotectonics and climate, reef complexes, temporal fluctuations in marine carbonate deposition, the dolomite problem, and factors controlling the mineralogy of marine carbonate precipitates. Specifically, it examines how the abundance of oolites, skeletal grains, reefs, dolomites, and mineralogies like calcite and aragonite have varied in relation to factors like sea level change, PCO2, and Mg/Ca ratios over the Phanerozoic Eon.
Lake formation - Lentic system formationIshan Chanuka
This document contains types of lakes and their formation patterns with the examples. This will be very helpful for students who studying an introduction to Limnology.
This study uses optically stimulated luminescence dating to determine the ages of lacustrine sediments and overlying dunes in two baymouth barrier systems along Lake Michigan's western shoreline. Sediment samples were collected from Clark and Kangaroo Lakes using augers and vibracoring and analyzed to differentiate between lake and eolian deposits. Optical ages indicate the lacustrine sediments were deposited during the Nipissing phase between 5.5-4.5 thousand years ago when lake levels were high. Dune ages correspond to lake level fluctuations, with most dating to the Nipissing phase though some smaller dunes at Kangaroo Lake date to the subsequent Algoma phase around 2.5 thousand years
North sea marl våle – maureen nomenclature linkedin versionStephen Crittenden
Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the lower Tertiary of the southern North Sea - UK, Danish and Norwegian sectors. Brief notes and comments as a basis for further discussion
This document summarizes research on Neoproterozoic peritidal phosphorite from the Sete Lagoas Formation in Brazil dating to approximately 610 million years ago. The phosphorite forms part of a 150-200 meter thick depositional sequence of siltstone, limestone, and phosphorite. Analysis of the rock layers indicates deposition occurred in intertidal flats and shallow subtidal areas during periods of rising and falling sea level. The presence of mudcracks, chert nodules, and fine-grained quartz suggests accumulation along an arid coastline with significant windblown material. The researchers interpret that windblown phosphorus stimulated the growth of cyanobacterial communities, which produced oxygen
The document discusses the distribution and thickness of volcanic and glacial cover on the Interior Plateaus of south-central British Columbia. The Chilcotin Group volcanic rocks cover over 35,500 km2 but their thickness and distribution are poorly constrained. Recent research indicates the volcanic rocks have extreme thickness variations from 0-100 meters, forming paleo-drainage channels and leaving many "basement windows" exposed. This challenges the previous assumption of a homogeneous thick sheet and greatly reduces the mapped areal extent of the volcanic rocks. Identifying these paleo-drainage systems could have implications for regional mineral exploration methods.
The document summarizes tidal marsh restoration techniques used in the Northeast United States, including tidal reconnection projects, fill removal to restore degraded marshes, and thin-layer sediment placement to combat marsh edge erosion and plant dieback. Specific restoration case studies are described for Gooseneck Cove, RI and Pepper Creek Marsh, DE that involved culvert installation and sediment spraying to reconnect tidal flow. Larger scale fill placement projects in Jamaica Bay, NY are also summarized, where soil volumes from 1-5 feet were used to restore over 150 acres of marsh islands between 2006-2013.
Geological synthesis excercise in stonehaven using fieldmove app TomAdamson7
The poster was produced using the most recent Fieldmove Clinometer software and Google Earth. Stereonets were produced using Stereonet 10 Software, and Adobe Illustrator was used to create and edit the map and interpretations.
The document discusses controls on carbonate deposition through geologic time periods. It addresses topics such as carbonate facies relationships to geotectonics and climate, reef complexes, temporal fluctuations in marine carbonate deposition, the dolomite problem, and factors controlling the mineralogy of marine carbonate precipitates. Specifically, it examines how the abundance of oolites, skeletal grains, reefs, dolomites, and mineralogies like calcite and aragonite have varied in relation to factors like sea level change, PCO2, and Mg/Ca ratios over the Phanerozoic Eon.
Lake formation - Lentic system formationIshan Chanuka
This document contains types of lakes and their formation patterns with the examples. This will be very helpful for students who studying an introduction to Limnology.
This study uses optically stimulated luminescence dating to determine the ages of lacustrine sediments and overlying dunes in two baymouth barrier systems along Lake Michigan's western shoreline. Sediment samples were collected from Clark and Kangaroo Lakes using augers and vibracoring and analyzed to differentiate between lake and eolian deposits. Optical ages indicate the lacustrine sediments were deposited during the Nipissing phase between 5.5-4.5 thousand years ago when lake levels were high. Dune ages correspond to lake level fluctuations, with most dating to the Nipissing phase though some smaller dunes at Kangaroo Lake date to the subsequent Algoma phase around 2.5 thousand years
North sea marl våle – maureen nomenclature linkedin versionStephen Crittenden
Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the lower Tertiary of the southern North Sea - UK, Danish and Norwegian sectors. Brief notes and comments as a basis for further discussion
This document summarizes research on Neoproterozoic peritidal phosphorite from the Sete Lagoas Formation in Brazil dating to approximately 610 million years ago. The phosphorite forms part of a 150-200 meter thick depositional sequence of siltstone, limestone, and phosphorite. Analysis of the rock layers indicates deposition occurred in intertidal flats and shallow subtidal areas during periods of rising and falling sea level. The presence of mudcracks, chert nodules, and fine-grained quartz suggests accumulation along an arid coastline with significant windblown material. The researchers interpret that windblown phosphorus stimulated the growth of cyanobacterial communities, which produced oxygen
The document discusses the distribution and thickness of volcanic and glacial cover on the Interior Plateaus of south-central British Columbia. The Chilcotin Group volcanic rocks cover over 35,500 km2 but their thickness and distribution are poorly constrained. Recent research indicates the volcanic rocks have extreme thickness variations from 0-100 meters, forming paleo-drainage channels and leaving many "basement windows" exposed. This challenges the previous assumption of a homogeneous thick sheet and greatly reduces the mapped areal extent of the volcanic rocks. Identifying these paleo-drainage systems could have implications for regional mineral exploration methods.
The document summarizes tidal marsh restoration techniques used in the Northeast United States, including tidal reconnection projects, fill removal to restore degraded marshes, and thin-layer sediment placement to combat marsh edge erosion and plant dieback. Specific restoration case studies are described for Gooseneck Cove, RI and Pepper Creek Marsh, DE that involved culvert installation and sediment spraying to reconnect tidal flow. Larger scale fill placement projects in Jamaica Bay, NY are also summarized, where soil volumes from 1-5 feet were used to restore over 150 acres of marsh islands between 2006-2013.
Geological synthesis excercise in stonehaven using fieldmove app TomAdamson7
The poster was produced using the most recent Fieldmove Clinometer software and Google Earth. Stereonets were produced using Stereonet 10 Software, and Adobe Illustrator was used to create and edit the map and interpretations.
Ben ali et-al_2018-fish-assemblage-sidi-aichwalidbenali6
Description of fish assemblage within Lower Cretaceous dominantly-sandstone deposits of the Sidi AicFormation in southern Tunisia. A depositional model was proposed for the sedimentary succession.
The document provides an update on estuary restoration efforts at the Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, including removing dikes and berms, excavating pilot channels to reconnect tidal channels, installing engineered logjams, monitoring fish and vegetation, and constructing boardwalks. Partners have been clearing vegetation, removing rock armor and dikes in stages since 2009, allowing increased tidal flow and development of riparian habitat. Adaptive management includes monitoring erosion, vegetation growth, and fish use of the restored areas.
The document presents a conceptual plan for restoring the Sunset Cove Salt Marsh and Coastal Upland area. The plan includes removing contaminated fill, placing clean sand to create new tidal habitats like low and high marsh, and restoring maritime forest and grassland upland areas. Trails and overlooks will be constructed for public access. The estimated budget for Phase 1 is $6.5 million from funding sources. Phase 2 will include constructing an oyster habitat and boardwalk for $500,000 from additional funding. Diagrams show the proposed layout and features of the restored area.
With technical advances in surface seismic and downhole electrical imaging techniques, it is now possible to not only map the distribution of reservoir sandstones in the subsurface, but to accurately define the orientation of productive fairways, or “sweet-spots”, within the sequence.
Channel sands frequently have favorable reservoir characteristics. Having often been laid down in higher energy settings, they commonly have coarser and better sorted grains, less clay and improved poro-perm characteristics. However, they often have limited lateral extent and shoe-string geometries which make them more difficult to predict in the subsurface.
Mapping Tools to Support Protected Area Managementreo-southamerica
• Bathymetry
• Biological and habitat information
• Management zones
• Oil and gas activities
• Oceanographic data
• Remotely-operated vehicle tracks
• Underwater photographs
The document describes geochemical and geochronological analyses of volcanic rocks in the Barby Formation in southern Namibia. Key findings include:
1) The Barby Formation contains basaltic trachyandesites, trachydacites, and rhyolites with calc-alkaline geochemistry, suggesting emplacement in an active continental margin setting.
2) U-Pb dating of zircons from four samples yielded ages of 1213.7 ± 4.8 Ma for the Barby Formation and 1217 ± 3 Ma for the coeval Spes Bonasyenite.
3) Lu-Hf isotopic analyses indicate the units formed from a mixture of younger and older
Improving Ocean Literacy by Teaching the Geology of the Great LakesDerek Moy
The document discusses improving ocean literacy by teaching about the geology of the Great Lakes. It provides background on the essential principles of ocean literacy and covers various topics related to the geological origins and features of the Great Lakes, including their structural basins, sedimentary rock types, effects of glaciation, and ongoing isostatic rebound of the land. Key points covered include the tectonic and glacial sculpting origins of the Great Lakes, the different rock formations that fill the Michigan sedimentary basin, and the formation and drainage of proglacial lakes during the last deglaciation period.
The document describes the journey of the River Tees from its source in the Pennines to its mouth in the North Sea. It discusses the landforms and processes along the upper, middle, and lower courses of the river. In the upper course, erosion is the main process and landforms include High Force waterfall and gorge formed by the erosion of softer rock from under hard cap rock. Meanders, ox-bow lakes, and levées are formed in the middle to lower courses as erosion gives way to deposition. The river's estuary at its mouth was formed by rising sea levels after the Ice Age.
Shaver Lake is a man-made lake in Fresno County, California formed by the construction of Shaver Lake Dam in 1927. The dam was built by Southern California Edison and stores water that is used by their Big Creek hydroelectric project. The town of Shaver Lake is located on the lake's shore. Before the dam was built, the area was extensively logged and had a log flume system to transport logs down the mountain. Today, the town maintains a logging theme with some buildings originally used as sawmills.
Soil erosion along a creek bank in Milbong, Queensland is investigated. The report examines soil erosion issues along Purga Creek, a tributary of the Bremer River. It aims to help identify areas with soil erosion problems along creek banks, examine the main causes, and suggest actions to prevent further erosion.
Morphodynamics and sedimentology of coarse clastic shorelinesProf Simon Haslett
Coarse clastic shorelines are characterized by large material between 2-2000mm and a steep shore-face. They may be barriers that enclose lagoons and migrate inland, or confined beaches between headlands. Slope morphology determines reflective or dissipative behavior. Edge waves form swash cusps that control sediment movement and sorting, and can cause barrier breaching. Sediment transport is dominated by bedload. Beaches become organized as clasts sort by size and shape.
This document provides an overview of coastal geography concepts including coastal landforms formed by erosion and deposition processes. It discusses longshore drift and features like spits and tombolos. It also covers functions of coastal areas for human uses and protection. Coral reefs and mangroves are described in terms of coastal protection and adaptations. The document provides examples of questions and explanations that could be used in a coastal geography investigation involving forming a hypothesis, taking beach profile and longshore drift measurements.
This document summarizes a hydrogeological study of the Mole Creek Karst system in Tasmania, Australia. The study aimed to identify karst catchments potentially influenced by contamination from an abandoned landfill (the Mole Creek Refuse Disposal Site) and determine if it was affecting water quality in Sassafras Creek. The study used water tracing experiments, hydrogeochemical analysis, and geophysical resistivity surveys. These demonstrated groundwater flow from the landfill through sinkholes into the aquifer feeding Sassafras Creek. Hydrogeochemical analysis detected contamination in Marakoopa Creek within a UNESCO World Heritage site, though the source is unknown. Geophysics identified a drainage pathway beneath a landfill pit transport
Hadlari etal. 2006 baker lake rift basin sedimentologyrad8
This document summarizes the sedimentology of the Baker Lake Group from the Baker Lake sub-basin in Nunavut, Canada. It describes 7 facies associations representing different depositional environments including:
1) Alluvial fan deposits along the basin margin composed of cobble-boulder conglomerate.
2) Braided stream deposits consisting of pebble-cobble conglomerate and cross-stratified sandstone. These fed into more central basinal environments.
3) Eolian, playa lake, and lacustrine deposits in the basin depocentre near Christopher Island, representing more standing body of water environments mixed with wind-blown sediments.
4)
The document summarizes a reservoir characterization study of the Novogodneye Field in NW Siberia, Russia. The study utilized 3D seismic data to better understand the depositional environment and heterogeneity of the Jurassic reservoir. Horizon slices revealed deltaic depositional systems within the Jurassic interval. Undrilled potential sand bodies in the J1-1 reservoir were identified as targets for future horizontal wells. Reservoir models incorporating the facies distribution showed good history matches, allowing for forecasting. The study enhanced understanding of the Jurassic reservoir to improve well planning and field development.
Petroleum Geology of Wyoming - Rocky Mountain Landman Institute 2016Mike Bingle-Davis
Presentation given to the RMLI on the petroleum history of Wyoming. Using geologic time and field specific examples we cover the types of petroleum fields seen in Wyoming.
Samec - Regression analysis of relations among main Quaternary environmental ...swenney
This document analyzes relationships between environmental change indicators during the Quaternary period using regression analysis. It uses proxy data from loess/paleosol sequences in China, deep sea sediments in the east Pacific, and ice cores from East Antarctica to represent glacial/interglacial cycles. Exploratory analysis, interpolation, and multiple regression methods were used to analyze relationships between the proxy records over the middle to late Pleistocene. Results found weaker correlations between soil properties and climate cycles compared to other proxies. Logistic regression also suggested temporal variability in relationships between climate change factors and sediment properties.
1. The document describes the principal alluvial diamond placers of Africa, from proximal reach placers on the craton to distal placers in coastal plains and offshore.
2. Kimberlite intrusions on the Kaapvaal craton were the primary source of diamonds, which were transported through fluvial and marine systems to terminal placers.
3. The largest terminal placer is the Namibian mega-placer offshore from the Orange River, which contains over 100 million carats of 95% gem-quality diamonds derived from the craton.
A sequence of slides detailing a preliminary study for age dating (biostrat) the Enjefa Beach succession in Kuwait. The sedimentology of the cliff section is that of Dr Saifullah Khan Tanoli and acts as the framework. The description of the modern day Beach Rock is by S Crittenden
The Chilcotin Basalts: implications for mineral explorationGraham Andrews
This is a presentation I gave at the GSA Cordilleran Meeting in Kelowna, BC, in May 2009. It presents advanced results from geological studies of the Chilcotin Group basalts in south-central BC, and their impact on mineral exploration activities.
Ben ali et-al_2018-fish-assemblage-sidi-aichwalidbenali6
Description of fish assemblage within Lower Cretaceous dominantly-sandstone deposits of the Sidi AicFormation in southern Tunisia. A depositional model was proposed for the sedimentary succession.
The document provides an update on estuary restoration efforts at the Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, including removing dikes and berms, excavating pilot channels to reconnect tidal channels, installing engineered logjams, monitoring fish and vegetation, and constructing boardwalks. Partners have been clearing vegetation, removing rock armor and dikes in stages since 2009, allowing increased tidal flow and development of riparian habitat. Adaptive management includes monitoring erosion, vegetation growth, and fish use of the restored areas.
The document presents a conceptual plan for restoring the Sunset Cove Salt Marsh and Coastal Upland area. The plan includes removing contaminated fill, placing clean sand to create new tidal habitats like low and high marsh, and restoring maritime forest and grassland upland areas. Trails and overlooks will be constructed for public access. The estimated budget for Phase 1 is $6.5 million from funding sources. Phase 2 will include constructing an oyster habitat and boardwalk for $500,000 from additional funding. Diagrams show the proposed layout and features of the restored area.
With technical advances in surface seismic and downhole electrical imaging techniques, it is now possible to not only map the distribution of reservoir sandstones in the subsurface, but to accurately define the orientation of productive fairways, or “sweet-spots”, within the sequence.
Channel sands frequently have favorable reservoir characteristics. Having often been laid down in higher energy settings, they commonly have coarser and better sorted grains, less clay and improved poro-perm characteristics. However, they often have limited lateral extent and shoe-string geometries which make them more difficult to predict in the subsurface.
Mapping Tools to Support Protected Area Managementreo-southamerica
• Bathymetry
• Biological and habitat information
• Management zones
• Oil and gas activities
• Oceanographic data
• Remotely-operated vehicle tracks
• Underwater photographs
The document describes geochemical and geochronological analyses of volcanic rocks in the Barby Formation in southern Namibia. Key findings include:
1) The Barby Formation contains basaltic trachyandesites, trachydacites, and rhyolites with calc-alkaline geochemistry, suggesting emplacement in an active continental margin setting.
2) U-Pb dating of zircons from four samples yielded ages of 1213.7 ± 4.8 Ma for the Barby Formation and 1217 ± 3 Ma for the coeval Spes Bonasyenite.
3) Lu-Hf isotopic analyses indicate the units formed from a mixture of younger and older
Improving Ocean Literacy by Teaching the Geology of the Great LakesDerek Moy
The document discusses improving ocean literacy by teaching about the geology of the Great Lakes. It provides background on the essential principles of ocean literacy and covers various topics related to the geological origins and features of the Great Lakes, including their structural basins, sedimentary rock types, effects of glaciation, and ongoing isostatic rebound of the land. Key points covered include the tectonic and glacial sculpting origins of the Great Lakes, the different rock formations that fill the Michigan sedimentary basin, and the formation and drainage of proglacial lakes during the last deglaciation period.
The document describes the journey of the River Tees from its source in the Pennines to its mouth in the North Sea. It discusses the landforms and processes along the upper, middle, and lower courses of the river. In the upper course, erosion is the main process and landforms include High Force waterfall and gorge formed by the erosion of softer rock from under hard cap rock. Meanders, ox-bow lakes, and levées are formed in the middle to lower courses as erosion gives way to deposition. The river's estuary at its mouth was formed by rising sea levels after the Ice Age.
Shaver Lake is a man-made lake in Fresno County, California formed by the construction of Shaver Lake Dam in 1927. The dam was built by Southern California Edison and stores water that is used by their Big Creek hydroelectric project. The town of Shaver Lake is located on the lake's shore. Before the dam was built, the area was extensively logged and had a log flume system to transport logs down the mountain. Today, the town maintains a logging theme with some buildings originally used as sawmills.
Soil erosion along a creek bank in Milbong, Queensland is investigated. The report examines soil erosion issues along Purga Creek, a tributary of the Bremer River. It aims to help identify areas with soil erosion problems along creek banks, examine the main causes, and suggest actions to prevent further erosion.
Morphodynamics and sedimentology of coarse clastic shorelinesProf Simon Haslett
Coarse clastic shorelines are characterized by large material between 2-2000mm and a steep shore-face. They may be barriers that enclose lagoons and migrate inland, or confined beaches between headlands. Slope morphology determines reflective or dissipative behavior. Edge waves form swash cusps that control sediment movement and sorting, and can cause barrier breaching. Sediment transport is dominated by bedload. Beaches become organized as clasts sort by size and shape.
This document provides an overview of coastal geography concepts including coastal landforms formed by erosion and deposition processes. It discusses longshore drift and features like spits and tombolos. It also covers functions of coastal areas for human uses and protection. Coral reefs and mangroves are described in terms of coastal protection and adaptations. The document provides examples of questions and explanations that could be used in a coastal geography investigation involving forming a hypothesis, taking beach profile and longshore drift measurements.
This document summarizes a hydrogeological study of the Mole Creek Karst system in Tasmania, Australia. The study aimed to identify karst catchments potentially influenced by contamination from an abandoned landfill (the Mole Creek Refuse Disposal Site) and determine if it was affecting water quality in Sassafras Creek. The study used water tracing experiments, hydrogeochemical analysis, and geophysical resistivity surveys. These demonstrated groundwater flow from the landfill through sinkholes into the aquifer feeding Sassafras Creek. Hydrogeochemical analysis detected contamination in Marakoopa Creek within a UNESCO World Heritage site, though the source is unknown. Geophysics identified a drainage pathway beneath a landfill pit transport
Hadlari etal. 2006 baker lake rift basin sedimentologyrad8
This document summarizes the sedimentology of the Baker Lake Group from the Baker Lake sub-basin in Nunavut, Canada. It describes 7 facies associations representing different depositional environments including:
1) Alluvial fan deposits along the basin margin composed of cobble-boulder conglomerate.
2) Braided stream deposits consisting of pebble-cobble conglomerate and cross-stratified sandstone. These fed into more central basinal environments.
3) Eolian, playa lake, and lacustrine deposits in the basin depocentre near Christopher Island, representing more standing body of water environments mixed with wind-blown sediments.
4)
The document summarizes a reservoir characterization study of the Novogodneye Field in NW Siberia, Russia. The study utilized 3D seismic data to better understand the depositional environment and heterogeneity of the Jurassic reservoir. Horizon slices revealed deltaic depositional systems within the Jurassic interval. Undrilled potential sand bodies in the J1-1 reservoir were identified as targets for future horizontal wells. Reservoir models incorporating the facies distribution showed good history matches, allowing for forecasting. The study enhanced understanding of the Jurassic reservoir to improve well planning and field development.
Petroleum Geology of Wyoming - Rocky Mountain Landman Institute 2016Mike Bingle-Davis
Presentation given to the RMLI on the petroleum history of Wyoming. Using geologic time and field specific examples we cover the types of petroleum fields seen in Wyoming.
Samec - Regression analysis of relations among main Quaternary environmental ...swenney
This document analyzes relationships between environmental change indicators during the Quaternary period using regression analysis. It uses proxy data from loess/paleosol sequences in China, deep sea sediments in the east Pacific, and ice cores from East Antarctica to represent glacial/interglacial cycles. Exploratory analysis, interpolation, and multiple regression methods were used to analyze relationships between the proxy records over the middle to late Pleistocene. Results found weaker correlations between soil properties and climate cycles compared to other proxies. Logistic regression also suggested temporal variability in relationships between climate change factors and sediment properties.
1. The document describes the principal alluvial diamond placers of Africa, from proximal reach placers on the craton to distal placers in coastal plains and offshore.
2. Kimberlite intrusions on the Kaapvaal craton were the primary source of diamonds, which were transported through fluvial and marine systems to terminal placers.
3. The largest terminal placer is the Namibian mega-placer offshore from the Orange River, which contains over 100 million carats of 95% gem-quality diamonds derived from the craton.
A sequence of slides detailing a preliminary study for age dating (biostrat) the Enjefa Beach succession in Kuwait. The sedimentology of the cliff section is that of Dr Saifullah Khan Tanoli and acts as the framework. The description of the modern day Beach Rock is by S Crittenden
The Chilcotin Basalts: implications for mineral explorationGraham Andrews
This is a presentation I gave at the GSA Cordilleran Meeting in Kelowna, BC, in May 2009. It presents advanced results from geological studies of the Chilcotin Group basalts in south-central BC, and their impact on mineral exploration activities.
The mantle, CO2 and the giant Aptian chemogenic lacustrine carbonate factory ...GiovannaDellaPorta2
The document summarizes research on the Aptian lacustrine carbonate system in the South Atlantic formed during the opening of the South Atlantic. Some key points:
- It was a vast carbonate factory covering over 1/3 million km2, making it the largest chemogenic carbonate system in Earth's history.
- The carbonate source was likely mantle CO2 leaching mafic rocks, forming hyperalkaline lakes where chemogenic carbonates and Mg-silicates deposited up to 500m thick.
- Microbial structures are rare due to extreme alkalinity. Carbonates took forms of calcite shrub framestones and spherulite floatstones associated with Mg-silicate
The document is a 17-page geography SBA report by Okay-Lia Buchanan investigating how wave processes contribute to coastal landform formation in Hellshire, St. Catherine, Jamaica. The study was conducted along 500 meters of coastline near Cliff Boulevard on October 3rd, 2022. Various coastal features were observed including two headlands, a bay, a cliff, and two berms. Data on wave types and frequencies were collected through observation and using a stopwatch. Spilling and surging waves were found to be most effective at sediment deposition. In conclusion, the fieldwork provided insight into how erosion and deposition by wave activity influenced the coastal landforms in the study area.
This document discusses alluvial diamond deposits in Africa. It begins by explaining the primary and secondary sources of diamonds, with primary sources being kimberlites and secondary sources being various types of placer deposits. It then provides a diagram labeling the principal types of placer deposits in Africa, including retained placers on the craton, transient placers on the craton and coastal plain, and terminal placers in oceans or seas. The rest of the document discusses specific examples of terminal placer deposits in southern Africa and factors contributing to the development of large, high-quality mega-placer deposits.
This document discusses questions about reconciling a recent creation with evidence from nature that appears to indicate the earth is much older. It focuses on coral reefs and glaciation. Regarding coral reefs, both living and fossil reefs are examined. While some argue reefs could not grow in just a few thousand years, the document notes that living reefs are capable of growing rapidly enough to form since creation under ideal conditions. Many fossil reefs may also not truly be reefs or could have formed before or been transported by the Genesis flood. Regarding glaciation, ice ages themselves do not necessarily challenge a young earth, as their dating and correlation is debated and they do not provide an independent dating method.
1. The document discusses an archaeological study in Southeast Alaska that aims to locate submerged sites from the period of 10,500 to 16,000 years ago, when sea levels were lower and more land was exposed.
2. The study uses GIS-based modeling of environmental and archaeological data to create maps predicting areas of high potential for finding submerged sites along the continental shelf.
3. Underwater surveys in the study area of Shakan Bay found several acoustic anomalies that could indicate archaeological features like fish weirs or settlements. However, further investigation was unable to locate any definite sites.
1) Lake Michelle contains an extensive, high-quality salt marsh that is currently submerged under the lake's high water levels. 2) The salt marsh contains rare Sarcocornia plant species that only emerge when water levels drop in the dry season. 3) The salt marsh has significantly shrunk over the past decade due to invasive reeds and fluctuating water levels, threatening the existence of this sensitive habitat.
Ancient coral reefs formed between 600 million to 20 million years ago in the shallow waters of the Middle East provide an important source of oil. Reefs that developed close to continental margins have the best potential for oil reservoirs because they received organic input from nearby continental shelves. The article discusses the geologic history of reef formation in the region and factors like latitude, sea level fluctuations, and tectonic plate movement that influenced where reefs developed over time. Certain periods saw optimal conditions for reef growth, and some reefs from these periods now trap oil.
Sea levels have changed dynamically throughout the Holocene epoch due to the interplay between absolute sea level changes and vertical land movement. As ice sheets melted after the last glacial period, sea levels rose globally from -130m to current levels through a combination of glacio-eustatic sea level rise and local glacio-isostatic land rebound and subsidence. Records of past sea level changes are reconstructed from dated geological indicators to develop sea level curves. Interpreting these indicators requires understanding their relationship to contemporaneous tide levels.
The document summarizes Nicholas Graehl's thesis defense on paleoseismicity research conducted in Yaquina estuary, Oregon. Through detailed stratigraphic analysis of sediment cores, Graehl identified 12 buried soils that record evidence of coseismic subsidence from Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes over the past 4,500 years. Radiocarbon dating indicates an average earthquake recurrence interval of 380-400 years that is consistent with other sites along the Cascadia margin. However, it is unclear if tsunami deposits are preserved in the stratigraphy. The chronology suggests a segment between Yaquina Bay and Cannon Beach may have ruptured independently between 500-700 years ago.
The document discusses the formation of land-based alluvial diamond deposits in Africa by examining lessons learned from African examples. It describes the principal types of secondary diamond deposits that form in Africa, including retained placers that remain on the craton near the primary kimberlite sources, and transient placers that form as diamonds are transported by river systems across the craton and eventually to the ocean. Key factors that control diamond concentration in these secondary placer deposits include the presence of oversized clasts, increases in average clast size, and areas of increased turbulence such as river bends, rapids, and areas with irregular bedrock geology.
This document provides a summary of the geology of the Burren region in County Clare, Ireland. It describes the various rock formations, from the sedimentary rocks and shale cliffs at Moher to the exposed limestone terraces further north. It explains how the unique karst landscape formed over millions of years and discusses how the geology influences the environment, flora, and fauna of the area. It also examines how human activities have shaped the region over time through practices like livestock grazing and fuel collection. The document aims to establish the geological framework of the Burren and explore the environmental impacts of the distribution of different rock types in the area.
This document discusses several key aspects of plate tectonics and the formation of ocean crust. It describes how ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanism and spreads outward at a rate of 2-3 inches per year. It also discusses how oceanic plates subduct under continental plates at trenches, forming oceanic trenches thousands of meters deep. Magnetic anomalies in ocean crust provide evidence of plate tectonics as they record magnetic pole reversals. Together, this evidence led to the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics in explaining continental drift.
This paper discusses geophysical imaging techniques for mapping sub-basalt strata, which remains an important but under-explored frontier for hydrocarbon exploration. Modern seismic acquisition and processing, along with integrated interpretation of multiple geophysical data sets, has improved imaging below basalt layers and revealed several productive sub-basalt reservoirs worldwide. The paper reviews key basins studied, technological advances enabling sub-basalt exploration, and presents examples of deepwater seismic sections demonstrating imaging capabilities.
Karst in Southern Ontario and the Niagara EscarpmentSkyler MacGowan
The document reviews literature on karst features in southern Ontario, with a focus on the Niagara Escarpment. It summarizes the geological history and formation of the Escarpment between 400-500 million years ago. While karst features exist along the Escarpment, they are relatively underdeveloped due to the Wisconsin Ice Sheet removing existing features around 12,000 years ago, and the short timeframe for new features to form since. The most prominent karst occurs from Manitoulin Island to Grey County where conditions better enable feature development. Though immature, even small-scale features can impact local drainage, as seen in the 2000 Walkerton tragedy. More research is still needed on karst in southern Ontario and its
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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1. Preservation Potential of Submerged Prehistoric Archaeological Sites on the Maine Shelf Stefan Claesson, Ph.D. Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory Joseph Kelley, Ph.D., & Daniel Belknap, Ph.D. Dept. of Earth Sciences University of Maine, Orono
2. Preservation Potential of Submerged Prehistoric Archaeological Sites on the Maine Shelf Stefan Claesson, Ph.D. Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory Joseph Kelley, Ph.D., & Daniel Belknap, Ph.D. Dept. of Earth Sciences University of Maine, Orono “ limited subaerial exposure of the present shelf in the Gulf of Maine…inhibited the development of coastal land forms that typically are high in archeological site potential” (Strite, 1990)
3. 0 4 km Bass Harbor Green Islands Georges Bank Nova Scotia Maine
4. Sea Level in the Gulf of Maine (Shaw et al., 2002)
5. Sea Level in the Gulf of Maine (Shaw et al., 2002)
27. Highly exposed locations are unlikely to contain undisturbed sites or sedimentary deposits The slow rate of sea-level rise provided time to accumulate Coastal/estuarine in the Gulf of Maine, as well as the erosion of glacial landforms. Sedimentary deposits between15-25 m depth representing formations between 7-11ka may be preserved because of the slow rate of local sea-level rise In Bass Harbor, human occupation occurred in a shoreline setting involving erosion of a moraine and formation of spits and wetlands near a brackish-water basin between 9 ka and 8 ka.
28.
Editor's Notes
This survey project was sponsored by NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research in 2007-2008. The goal of this project was to assess the probability of recovering cultural and ecological data from submerged prehistoric landscapes on the Maine shelf.
The conventional wisdom of geologists and prehistoric archaeologists has been that underwater sites are unlikely to exist in the Gulf of Maine. It is generally believed that landforms now submerged were not sub-aerial long enough to construct landforms that could support human occupation and preserve archaeological sites. This survey project shows, however, that this assessment is incorrect, and that there is significant potential for preservation and discovery of prehistoric archaeological sites in the region.
In the 1990s, a number of fishermen reported recovering Archaic Period stone tools and artifacts in their scallop drags and fishing nets, particularly from an area called Blue Hill Bay south of Mt. Desert Island and Acadia National Park. To determine whether these artifacts were associated with ancient landscapes and archaeological sites, or simply isolated finds that may eroded from coastal sites, we focused our research and survey work on where artifacts were found by fishermen near Bass Harbor and the Green Islands.
Sea level change in the Gulf of Maine has been fairly dramatic over the past 15,000 years and through the Holocene period. Deglaciation occurred on the Maine coast about 15,000 years ago. At this time, isostatic depression of land permitted a marine incursion to a local elevation of about 60 m.
After this period, crustal rebound led to a rapid relative sea level fall to -60 m, 12,000 years ago. Coincidentally, this is also about the time that Paleoindians appear in the region. Following this local ‘lowstand’, which is very different from the global lowstand of -130 m, sea level rose rapidly again to around -20 m 11,500 years ago before stabilizing. Large landmasses of the continental shelf were sub-aerial at this time, including all of Georges Bank.
Between 11-7,000 years ago, sea level slows its rate of rise to less than 5 m. It is this ‘slowstand’ period that our study focused on. The oldest intact coastal archaeological sites preserved on land are ca. 4,500 years old. After this point in time, there is ample evidence for coastal settlement and marine adaptation, but prior to this we know nothing about coastal habitation, mostly because it is now underwater. Our survey examined potential areas and conditions for archaeological preservation, but more broadly, the study was interested in answering questions such as, did prehistoric people occupy coastal areas and islands during the ‘slowstand’ period, and if so, how did they adapt to the coastal/marine environment?
We began our survey by collecting very high-resolution multibeam and seismic data over areas of artifact recovery. The Green Islands was our initial target, where two Early Archaic Period biface blades were found by two different fishermen in the 1980s-90s. The Green Islands form the edge of a shelf valley, or relatively deep gorge, which is carved into bedrock. The gorge is up to 80 m below the surrounding area. This low elevation area would have been one of the first coastal areas on the Maine Shelf inundated by the sea. However, this particular area is part of a Rocky Zone with a highly eroded surface, and we believe that this type of landscape is not conducive to in situ or archaeological site preservation.
Consequently, we focused our survey on another area on the southern coast of Mt. Desert Island at the mouth of Bass Harbor. Here, in about 20 m of water, Archaic-period artifacts were recovered by a scallop dragger in the 1990s. Multibeam survey of this area revealed 2 parallel ridges with boulder-littered surfaces on their west faces, and more fine-grained sediment surfaces to the east of distinct scarps. North of, and between the ridges, is a shallow basin with a maximum depth of 27 m containing many small depressions or pockmarks. The basin is encircled by breaks-in-slope at about 24 m, with an opening in the northeast, and another opening in the west that connects to deeper water.
In addition to multibeam sonar, 18 km of chirp, seismic reflection profiles were collected with an Innomar SES2000. The sub-bottom sonar record revealed that the base of the ridges are part of a massive acoustic unit, interpreted as glacial till, or the remnants of a glacial moraine. In-between the ridges, in the basins, is highly stratified glacial marine mud. We ground-truthed these seafloor features using a Rossfelder vibracorer, which was able to extract sediment cores to a depth of nearly 4 m. The vibracores confirm that the spits and scarps that accumulated over the ridges contain intact, Holocene-period deposits.
The chirp sub-bottom profiler was able to resolve very fine sediment layers within the ridges, which traditional sub-bottom technologies are unlikely to detect. This information was critical in selecting targets to vibracore. We found that the buried sand and gravel layers in the ridges corresponded precisely with the litho-logical changes in the sub-bottom profiles at depths of 1 and 2 m.
In these cores, the very bottom layers were compacted with an abundance of articulated oysters, clams and gastropods. Several of these shells were in life position, in pristine condition, and showed no signs of transport. These bottom-most shells were also radiocarbon dated to ca. 9,100 BP, signifying clear evidence of the presence of an estuarine system.
In the cores, we also documented two very organic-rich peat beds. In the upper bed we had perfectly preserved eelgrass that dated ca. 8,000 BP. In a deeper bed, we found plant remains, within which we were able to identify numerous fresh and brackish-water diatoms, suggesting the presence of a nearby freshwater environment.
The data from the cores, complemented by diatom and pollen analysis, suggests that Bass Harbor was initially a freshwater basin situated in a tundra-like environment.
However, as sea level rose and infiltrated the basin, it transitioned to an estuarine and barrier beach system, which would have been conducive to human settlement at that time.
Finally, around 8,000 years ago the moraines slowly began to submerge, making the area increasingly uninhabitable.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
This animation of relative sea level rise over the existing bathymetry shows more precisely how the landscape transformed from a freshwater to marine environment over a period of approx. 4,000 years. The rising ocean reached the basin around 10,000 BP, and by 9,000 BP it was an intertidal system. At this same time, waves from the northwest began to erode glacial till, washing sand and gravel over the crest of the glacial moraines. Longshore currents then began to form spits along the ridges. By 7,000 BP, these coastal features were mostly submerged.
The early slowstand period on the Maine shelf was likely conducive to coastal settlement. What is unclear, is if the Late Archaic slowstand was a continuation of earlier cultural traditions and maritime subsistence, or something very different. There is evidence of inland fishing and hunting in the Early and Middle Archaic periods, but no evidence of coastal adaptation, and this is something that will remain unknown until a submerged site from this period is located, excavated and studied. This study focused primarily on establishing preservation potential, and given the preservation potential and presence of artifacts in Bass Harbor, this is a very promising area for locating such an archaeological site.
What is known is that: In rocky zones such as the Green Islands, the presence of isolated finds are possible, but the presence of intact archaeological sites are unlikely. Preservation potential can be narrowed to areas on the Maine shelf to water depths between 15 and 25 m. This represents the early slowstand period between 11-7,000 years ago. There was ample time during this initial slowstand period for estuarine systems to form – areas that would have been suitable for human habitation. Therefore, human occupation at the Bass Harbor site, in a beach/estuarine setting, was possible 10-8,000 years ago.
Continued research in submerged prehistoric archaeology is critical toward discovering an underwater archaeological site on the Maine shelf. Such a discovery can inform us not only about the early cultural origins and coastal adaptations of Native Americans in the Gulf of Maine, but also will inform us about early Holocene climate and the impact of future sea level rise on coastal environments. For questions about this research project please contact Stefan Claesson.