This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of reduced beam section (RBS) connections on the inter-story drift of multi-story steel frames under earthquake loading. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on frames with RBS connections and compared to frames with cover plate connections. The results found that while RBS connections reduce structural stiffness, leading to increased drift, they also move the plastic hinge formation away from the beam-column connection, improving ductility. Key parameters of the RBS connection design were modeled according to FEMA guidelines. Earthquake records were selected and scaled to a target response spectrum to perform dynamic analyses. Plastic hinge locations and behavior were also modeled based on the connection type. Analysis of the
Numerical Study of Star Anchor Plate Embedded in Cohesive SoilIJERA Editor
Indonesia as an archipelago country has a very long coastline about 90.000 kms. Specifically for shore and offshore, there are many buildings utilizing structures including floating deck, mooring dolphin, offshore platforms etc. Those requires a solution to maintain the stability of the structures due to the vertical movement of tides and horizontal movement of currents, wind and waves. To maintain the stability due to buoyant force, structure of anchors are needed. Various types of the anchor have been widely used such as drag, helical, anchor plate circular shape and square. This study aims to do the development of new modifications of a plate anchor type star with 4 leaves with an area of a fixed and diameter equivalent different on any variations. Ultimate pullout capacity was obtained by using numerical geomechanics analysis within finite difference method. A perfectly plastic soil model was used with a tresca yield criterion. Results are presented including break-out factors based on various anchor shapes and embedment depth. Our findings are also compared with previous numerical and empirical solutions.
Seismic response of frp strengthened rc frameiaemedu
This document discusses research on strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) frames with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). It summarizes previous studies on using FRP to strengthen beams and columns. However, few studies have analyzed FRP-strengthened RC frames as a whole system. The present study uses finite element analysis to model RC frames strengthened with varying FRP thicknesses and investigates their seismic response. Models of 2-bay, 3-story and 3-bay, 5-story frames are analyzed for different crack locations. The results are intended to help develop design criteria for seismic retrofitting of RC frames with FRP.
Kinerja RBS Balok Kastella akibat beban siklikNini Aswad
The study used an experimental test to analyze the performance of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) on castellated beam column with exterior connection structure model subjected to cyclic load gradually until collapse. The study used two specimens, which were models with and without RBS. The experiment was aimed to evaluate the performance of castellated beam structure with and without RBS affected by the position of castellated beam opening and RBS position on the beam-to-column connection. The results show that the maximum drift ratios of the specimens without RBS (WRBSC) and RBSC-1 were 3.2% and 3.15%, respectively. Meanwhile, the respective ductility performance was 2.45 and 2.56 while the respective stiffness was 0.09 and 0.08.
Modern strengthening strategies for steel moment resisting framesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes recent strengthening strategies for steel moment resisting frame connections. It discusses two main categories of strengthened connections: 1) Reinforced connections where a cover plate, haunch, or rib is added to strengthen the connection, and 2) Reduced beam section connections which locally weaken the beam away from the column. The document reviews studies on various reinforced connection details including haunched connections, welded/bolted cover and flange plates, proprietary side plates, and bolted bracket connections. Testing of these connection types found they improve seismic performance by distributing stresses away from the joint and increasing deformation capacity.
Strengthening metallic shells with frp against buckling cice2008Yara Mouna
This document summarizes a numerical study on strengthening thin cylindrical metal shells with buckling imperfections using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Finite element analysis was used to model the buckling behavior of cylinders with local dent imperfections and the effect of FRP strengthening. The analysis showed that a small amount of strategically placed FRP can significantly increase the buckling strength of shells with dents by decreasing radial deformation. Rectangular dents with widths of around 3 times the critical size were found to most reduce buckling strength. FRP strengthening was found to be an effective and economical way to repair dented thin shells.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
2) Results show that the panels have good energy absorption capacity due to the ductility of the lower steel plate and stiffness provided by lower shear studs. Increasing the upper or lower plate thickness, or concentrating more studs in the center, increases the energy absorbed before perforation.
3) The failure patterns are investigated. Under impact, the upper plate initially perforates and moves upward due to inertia effects. The upper studs increase plate stiffness. Concrete failure is more localized than under static
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
IRJET- A Review on R.C.C. Structure with Fully, Partially and without Infille...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures with fully, partially, and no masonry infill walls in different seismic zones of India. It discusses how infill walls can increase structural strength, stiffness, and seismic resistance by interacting with the RC frame. The document summarizes several studies that found infill walls reduce displacements, drifts, and bending moments in frames while increasing base shear and axial column forces. It proposes analyzing an RC frame building with and without infill walls using the STAAD PRO software to understand how infill walls affect seismic response. The methodology section outlines steps for modeling the structure and applying loads and seismic analysis.
Numerical Study of Star Anchor Plate Embedded in Cohesive SoilIJERA Editor
Indonesia as an archipelago country has a very long coastline about 90.000 kms. Specifically for shore and offshore, there are many buildings utilizing structures including floating deck, mooring dolphin, offshore platforms etc. Those requires a solution to maintain the stability of the structures due to the vertical movement of tides and horizontal movement of currents, wind and waves. To maintain the stability due to buoyant force, structure of anchors are needed. Various types of the anchor have been widely used such as drag, helical, anchor plate circular shape and square. This study aims to do the development of new modifications of a plate anchor type star with 4 leaves with an area of a fixed and diameter equivalent different on any variations. Ultimate pullout capacity was obtained by using numerical geomechanics analysis within finite difference method. A perfectly plastic soil model was used with a tresca yield criterion. Results are presented including break-out factors based on various anchor shapes and embedment depth. Our findings are also compared with previous numerical and empirical solutions.
Seismic response of frp strengthened rc frameiaemedu
This document discusses research on strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) frames with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). It summarizes previous studies on using FRP to strengthen beams and columns. However, few studies have analyzed FRP-strengthened RC frames as a whole system. The present study uses finite element analysis to model RC frames strengthened with varying FRP thicknesses and investigates their seismic response. Models of 2-bay, 3-story and 3-bay, 5-story frames are analyzed for different crack locations. The results are intended to help develop design criteria for seismic retrofitting of RC frames with FRP.
Kinerja RBS Balok Kastella akibat beban siklikNini Aswad
The study used an experimental test to analyze the performance of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) on castellated beam column with exterior connection structure model subjected to cyclic load gradually until collapse. The study used two specimens, which were models with and without RBS. The experiment was aimed to evaluate the performance of castellated beam structure with and without RBS affected by the position of castellated beam opening and RBS position on the beam-to-column connection. The results show that the maximum drift ratios of the specimens without RBS (WRBSC) and RBSC-1 were 3.2% and 3.15%, respectively. Meanwhile, the respective ductility performance was 2.45 and 2.56 while the respective stiffness was 0.09 and 0.08.
Modern strengthening strategies for steel moment resisting framesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes recent strengthening strategies for steel moment resisting frame connections. It discusses two main categories of strengthened connections: 1) Reinforced connections where a cover plate, haunch, or rib is added to strengthen the connection, and 2) Reduced beam section connections which locally weaken the beam away from the column. The document reviews studies on various reinforced connection details including haunched connections, welded/bolted cover and flange plates, proprietary side plates, and bolted bracket connections. Testing of these connection types found they improve seismic performance by distributing stresses away from the joint and increasing deformation capacity.
Strengthening metallic shells with frp against buckling cice2008Yara Mouna
This document summarizes a numerical study on strengthening thin cylindrical metal shells with buckling imperfections using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Finite element analysis was used to model the buckling behavior of cylinders with local dent imperfections and the effect of FRP strengthening. The analysis showed that a small amount of strategically placed FRP can significantly increase the buckling strength of shells with dents by decreasing radial deformation. Rectangular dents with widths of around 3 times the critical size were found to most reduce buckling strength. FRP strengthening was found to be an effective and economical way to repair dented thin shells.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
2) Results show that the panels have good energy absorption capacity due to the ductility of the lower steel plate and stiffness provided by lower shear studs. Increasing the upper or lower plate thickness, or concentrating more studs in the center, increases the energy absorbed before perforation.
3) The failure patterns are investigated. Under impact, the upper plate initially perforates and moves upward due to inertia effects. The upper studs increase plate stiffness. Concrete failure is more localized than under static
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
IRJET- A Review on R.C.C. Structure with Fully, Partially and without Infille...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures with fully, partially, and no masonry infill walls in different seismic zones of India. It discusses how infill walls can increase structural strength, stiffness, and seismic resistance by interacting with the RC frame. The document summarizes several studies that found infill walls reduce displacements, drifts, and bending moments in frames while increasing base shear and axial column forces. It proposes analyzing an RC frame building with and without infill walls using the STAAD PRO software to understand how infill walls affect seismic response. The methodology section outlines steps for modeling the structure and applying loads and seismic analysis.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
1) The document describes an experimental investigation of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) bridge deck panels subjected to static and fatigue loading.
2) Testing of prototype GFRP composite bridge deck panels was conducted under simulated wheel loads, with two rectangular patch loads applied symmetrically.
3) The results showed that under buckling criteria, panels failed at 123.6 kN with a deflection of 7.538mm, and under local shear criteria panels failed at 113.8 kN with a deflection of 4.057mm. Panels also resisted up to 5 million fatigue cycles.
The study investigated the pullout resistance of a suitable fill material reinforced with steel. Laboratory tests were conducted to classify the fill material as GW-GC. A parametric study evaluated the effects of reinforcement type, embedded length, diameter, and moisture content on pullout resistance. Ribbed bars and higher moisture content resulted in higher pullout resistance. Pullout resistance increased with embedded length and diameter. A regression model predicted pullout resistance based on diameter and length. Recommendations included quantifying bar roughness and expanding the study to additional variables and soil types.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the cracking behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams without stirrups and with varying span-to-depth (a/D) ratios. Eight SFRC beams with different depths were tested under two-point or center-point loading. The study found that beams with a/D ratios less than 1 failed in brittle shear mode, beams with ratios from 1-2.5 failed in both shear and flexure, and beams over 2.5 failed in flexure. Crack patterns, propagation, and failure modes were observed to understand the behavior of SFRC beams under different loading conditions. The objective was to provide a systematic study on cracking behavior for varying a/D
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
But recently due to use of high grade of concrete and better quality control in the RCC structures, confinements in the joints as per the new provision of codes leading us to the problem of the congestion. It has been observed at many construction sites that this congestion leads to poor workmanship at the joints, which actually making the joint more vulnerable than previous. Researcher has been working on this area to counter act by Increasing the size of the joints, Using the steel fiber in the joints, Using GRFP to wrap the joints, Prestressing the beam including the joint, Using of the crossed rebar at the joint cores. Due to prestressing of joint through the beam has not been so effective and economical, the present paper come up with the direct way of prestessing the joints. This paper tries to combine the benefits of the crossed rebar and prestressing in the joints together. Mohammad Mustafa"Beam and Column Joint Exterior Behavior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11660.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11660/beam-and-column-joint-exterior-behavior/mohammad-mustafa
This document discusses techniques for determining the spatial and size distributions of spherical inclusions in mild steel. Planar measurements taken from electropolished surfaces are compared to measurements taken from fracture surfaces. It is found that the average dimple size on fracture surfaces is always greater than the most probable first neighbor spacing from planar measurements. Additionally, the mean inclusion size is smaller on fracture surfaces compared to electropolished surfaces. These differences are believed to arise from the fracture process itself.
Comparative Study of Concrete Prisms Confined with G-FRP Wrapping Under Compr...IRJET Journal
- The document presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behavior of concrete prisms confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping.
- The prisms had varying edge details like sharp edges, rounded corners with radii of 13mm and 19mm, and chamfered edges of 13mm and 19mm.
- The results show that GFRP confinement significantly improved the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the prisms compared to unconfined prisms. Prisms with rounded corners and chamfered edges performed better than those with sharp edges.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Flexural behaviour of reinforced cement concrete beam wrapped with gfrp sheeteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Determination of Fracture Energy by RILEM Methodtheijes
This paper deals with investigation of fracture energy (GF) of concrete. The study involves experimental determination of fracture energy (GF) by testing three point bend concrete beams of same size but varying notch to depth ratios. RILEM fracture energy (GF) and Stress Intensity factor values is determined
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
This document presents a numerical investigation of the ballistic performance of monolithic, double-, and triple-layered metallic plates made of steel and/or aluminum impacted by a 7.62-mm APM2 projectile with velocities from 775 to 950 m/s. The study used LS-DYNA finite element models to simulate 97 cases of steel and aluminum plates with different configurations and thicknesses. The models were validated against previous experimental results. The results found that monolithic plates generally performed better than multi-layered plates of the same material and thickness, with this effect diminishing at higher velocities. Double-layered plates with a thin aluminum front plate and thick steel back plate showed greater resistance than steel-only
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite PlatesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Double skin composite (DSC) is a form of “steel/concrete/steel” sandwich structure; the steel plates
are connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. In the present paper, a finite
element model for Double Skin Composite (DSC) panels subjected to quasi-static loading is developed. A series
of quasi-static finite elements models are used to analyze deformation and energy absorption capacity of such
system, when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Pilot test model is used to investigate the
failure pattern in the composite panel. The obtained results are compared to the experimental results; good
agreements are obtained between finite element and previous experimental results. Results show that such
elements have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate
skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
IRJET- Fea & Experimental Analysis of Three Point Bending Test of Thin Walled...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing thin-walled circular structures filled with aluminum honeycomb that are subjected to three-point bending tests through finite element analysis and experimental testing. Specifically, the research involves:
1) Creating a 3D model of a circular specimen filled with aluminum honeycomb using CAD software and conducting experimental three-point bending tests on the specimen.
2) Analyzing the specimen through finite element analysis software and comparing the experimental and FEA results.
3) Drawing conclusions on the results and suggesting future work to further study circular thin-walled structures filled with honeycomb materials under three-point bending loads.
This study investigated the compressive strength of reinforced concrete columns wrapped with different hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations. Four 150x380mm concrete columns were tested: one unconfined control column and three wrapped with different combinations of glass, basalt, and jute FRP. The column wrapped with two layers each of basalt, glass, and jute FRP (CBGJ) achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 1000kN and exceeding the unconfined column's strength by 25%. Analysis of the load-displacement and load-strain behaviors showed that the CBGJ wrapping configuration resulted in higher displacement and strain values compared to the other specimens. The results indicate that hybrid FRP wrapping can significantly
- The document describes the design and detailing of flat slabs, which are concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams.
- Key aspects covered include dimensional considerations, analysis methods, design for bending moments including division of panels and limiting negative moments, shear design and punching shear, deflection and crack control, and design procedures.
- An example problem is provided to illustrate the full design process for an internal panel with drops adjacent to edge panels.
This report compares design codes for hollow block and ribbed slabs. It includes:
- A comparison of limitations between Egyptian, British, Euro and American codes on rib spacing, slab thickness, and other parameters.
- Solved examples for one-way and two-way slabs according to different codes, finding the Egyptian code most economical.
- Analysis of using one or two cross-ribs, determining one rib at midspan is sufficient.
- Different modeling methods for the slabs in structural analysis software, with minor differences in results.
- Case studies presented for one-way, cantilever, two-way hollow block slabs, and ribbed slabs using
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
1) The document describes an experimental investigation of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) bridge deck panels subjected to static and fatigue loading.
2) Testing of prototype GFRP composite bridge deck panels was conducted under simulated wheel loads, with two rectangular patch loads applied symmetrically.
3) The results showed that under buckling criteria, panels failed at 123.6 kN with a deflection of 7.538mm, and under local shear criteria panels failed at 113.8 kN with a deflection of 4.057mm. Panels also resisted up to 5 million fatigue cycles.
The study investigated the pullout resistance of a suitable fill material reinforced with steel. Laboratory tests were conducted to classify the fill material as GW-GC. A parametric study evaluated the effects of reinforcement type, embedded length, diameter, and moisture content on pullout resistance. Ribbed bars and higher moisture content resulted in higher pullout resistance. Pullout resistance increased with embedded length and diameter. A regression model predicted pullout resistance based on diameter and length. Recommendations included quantifying bar roughness and expanding the study to additional variables and soil types.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the cracking behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams without stirrups and with varying span-to-depth (a/D) ratios. Eight SFRC beams with different depths were tested under two-point or center-point loading. The study found that beams with a/D ratios less than 1 failed in brittle shear mode, beams with ratios from 1-2.5 failed in both shear and flexure, and beams over 2.5 failed in flexure. Crack patterns, propagation, and failure modes were observed to understand the behavior of SFRC beams under different loading conditions. The objective was to provide a systematic study on cracking behavior for varying a/D
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
But recently due to use of high grade of concrete and better quality control in the RCC structures, confinements in the joints as per the new provision of codes leading us to the problem of the congestion. It has been observed at many construction sites that this congestion leads to poor workmanship at the joints, which actually making the joint more vulnerable than previous. Researcher has been working on this area to counter act by Increasing the size of the joints, Using the steel fiber in the joints, Using GRFP to wrap the joints, Prestressing the beam including the joint, Using of the crossed rebar at the joint cores. Due to prestressing of joint through the beam has not been so effective and economical, the present paper come up with the direct way of prestessing the joints. This paper tries to combine the benefits of the crossed rebar and prestressing in the joints together. Mohammad Mustafa"Beam and Column Joint Exterior Behavior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11660.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11660/beam-and-column-joint-exterior-behavior/mohammad-mustafa
This document discusses techniques for determining the spatial and size distributions of spherical inclusions in mild steel. Planar measurements taken from electropolished surfaces are compared to measurements taken from fracture surfaces. It is found that the average dimple size on fracture surfaces is always greater than the most probable first neighbor spacing from planar measurements. Additionally, the mean inclusion size is smaller on fracture surfaces compared to electropolished surfaces. These differences are believed to arise from the fracture process itself.
Comparative Study of Concrete Prisms Confined with G-FRP Wrapping Under Compr...IRJET Journal
- The document presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behavior of concrete prisms confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping.
- The prisms had varying edge details like sharp edges, rounded corners with radii of 13mm and 19mm, and chamfered edges of 13mm and 19mm.
- The results show that GFRP confinement significantly improved the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the prisms compared to unconfined prisms. Prisms with rounded corners and chamfered edges performed better than those with sharp edges.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Flexural behaviour of reinforced cement concrete beam wrapped with gfrp sheeteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Determination of Fracture Energy by RILEM Methodtheijes
This paper deals with investigation of fracture energy (GF) of concrete. The study involves experimental determination of fracture energy (GF) by testing three point bend concrete beams of same size but varying notch to depth ratios. RILEM fracture energy (GF) and Stress Intensity factor values is determined
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
This document presents a numerical investigation of the ballistic performance of monolithic, double-, and triple-layered metallic plates made of steel and/or aluminum impacted by a 7.62-mm APM2 projectile with velocities from 775 to 950 m/s. The study used LS-DYNA finite element models to simulate 97 cases of steel and aluminum plates with different configurations and thicknesses. The models were validated against previous experimental results. The results found that monolithic plates generally performed better than multi-layered plates of the same material and thickness, with this effect diminishing at higher velocities. Double-layered plates with a thin aluminum front plate and thick steel back plate showed greater resistance than steel-only
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite PlatesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Double skin composite (DSC) is a form of “steel/concrete/steel” sandwich structure; the steel plates
are connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. In the present paper, a finite
element model for Double Skin Composite (DSC) panels subjected to quasi-static loading is developed. A series
of quasi-static finite elements models are used to analyze deformation and energy absorption capacity of such
system, when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Pilot test model is used to investigate the
failure pattern in the composite panel. The obtained results are compared to the experimental results; good
agreements are obtained between finite element and previous experimental results. Results show that such
elements have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate
skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
IRJET- Fea & Experimental Analysis of Three Point Bending Test of Thin Walled...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing thin-walled circular structures filled with aluminum honeycomb that are subjected to three-point bending tests through finite element analysis and experimental testing. Specifically, the research involves:
1) Creating a 3D model of a circular specimen filled with aluminum honeycomb using CAD software and conducting experimental three-point bending tests on the specimen.
2) Analyzing the specimen through finite element analysis software and comparing the experimental and FEA results.
3) Drawing conclusions on the results and suggesting future work to further study circular thin-walled structures filled with honeycomb materials under three-point bending loads.
This study investigated the compressive strength of reinforced concrete columns wrapped with different hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations. Four 150x380mm concrete columns were tested: one unconfined control column and three wrapped with different combinations of glass, basalt, and jute FRP. The column wrapped with two layers each of basalt, glass, and jute FRP (CBGJ) achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 1000kN and exceeding the unconfined column's strength by 25%. Analysis of the load-displacement and load-strain behaviors showed that the CBGJ wrapping configuration resulted in higher displacement and strain values compared to the other specimens. The results indicate that hybrid FRP wrapping can significantly
- The document describes the design and detailing of flat slabs, which are concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams.
- Key aspects covered include dimensional considerations, analysis methods, design for bending moments including division of panels and limiting negative moments, shear design and punching shear, deflection and crack control, and design procedures.
- An example problem is provided to illustrate the full design process for an internal panel with drops adjacent to edge panels.
This report compares design codes for hollow block and ribbed slabs. It includes:
- A comparison of limitations between Egyptian, British, Euro and American codes on rib spacing, slab thickness, and other parameters.
- Solved examples for one-way and two-way slabs according to different codes, finding the Egyptian code most economical.
- Analysis of using one or two cross-ribs, determining one rib at midspan is sufficient.
- Different modeling methods for the slabs in structural analysis software, with minor differences in results.
- Case studies presented for one-way, cantilever, two-way hollow block slabs, and ribbed slabs using
This document presents an example of analysis design of slab using ETABS. This example examines a simple single story building, which is regular in plan and elevation. It is examining and compares the calculated ultimate moment from CSI ETABS & SAFE with hand calculation. Moment coefficients were used to calculate the ultimate moment. However it is good practice that such hand analysis methods are used to verify the output of more sophisticated methods.
Also, this document contains simple procedure (step-by-step) of how to design solid slab according to Eurocode 2.The process of designing elements will not be revolutionised as a result of using Eurocode 2. Due to time constraints and knowledge, I may not be able to address the whole issues.
The document discusses flat grid or waffle slab systems. It defines waffle slabs as having two-directional reinforcement on the outside, giving it a waffle-like shape. This provides stability without using much material, making it suitable for large flat areas like foundations and floors. Waffle slabs are used in industrial and commercial buildings where large spans are needed with few columns. They provide features like using less concrete and steel than traditional slabs while providing strength and resistance to cracking and sagging. The document outlines the production, design, and construction process for waffle slabs and notes some iconic landmarks that have utilized this system.
This document provides details of the analysis and design of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building project. It includes the objectives, which are to analyze and design the main structural elements of the building including slabs, columns, shear walls, and foundations. It also summarizes the building being a 12-storey residential building in Gorakhpur, India. The document outlines the various structural elements that will be designed, including flat slab structural systems, column types and design, shear wall design, and pile foundation design.
Free Help with Plumbing Isometric DrawingsSean Kavanaugh
Having good isometric plumbing drawings has always been key for a successful plumbing project. Unfortunately it's sort of a lost art form. Because most of the industry is going to digital media and CAD these programs are used to do isometric plumbing drawings. There is a catch though, if garbage goes in to doing the plan view garbage will come out on the isometric drawings. Quite often it is not a plumber or a PE that does the MEP drawings so they are usually incomplete at best. Check out my set of Waste, vent and water piping isometric drawings. You can use these estimate a job to make sure your fitting counts are correct or you can use them to wrap your head around how the piping should look and make your own drawings to fit your job. I know so many great plumbers and plumbing contractors that can't do isometric drawings if their life depended on it now you can use these to guide your way. Thanks for looking.
Sincerely,
Sean Kavanaugh
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
Analytical Study on Behaviour of RC Deep Beam with Steel Shear Plate and with...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams with and without steel shear plates through analytical modeling and finite element analysis. It discusses the importance of steel shear plates in increasing the load capacity and structural efficiency of deep beams. The study models and analyzes deep beams under different end conditions (fixed-fixed, hinged-hinged, fixed-hinged) and compares the displacement, moments, and shear forces between models with and without steel shear plates. The results show that the inclusion of steel shear plates reduces displacement, moments, and shear forces in the deep beams, indicating improved structural performance.
Profiled Deck Composite Slab Strength Verification: A ReviewOyeniyi Samuel
This document reviews different methods for verifying the strength of profiled deck composite slabs (PDCS) without expensive laboratory testing. It discusses two common methods - the slope-intercept method and partial shear connection method - which both require experimental test data. The document also reviews attempts to use numerical modeling as an alternative to testing, but notes limitations in accurately modeling the complex shear behavior. It concludes that laboratory testing remains the most accurate assessment of PDCS strength, and further work is needed to develop a rational, reliability-based numerical approach to determine strength without testing.
Study on Steel Beam Column Joint using Different Connections – State of ArtIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on different types of steel beam-column connections, focusing on reduced beam section (RBS) connections. It discusses how RBS connections improve ductility by localizing plastic hinging in the reduced beam section, away from the connection. Several studies are summarized that experimentally and numerically analyze the behavior of RBS connections under cyclic loading, finding they provide excellent ductile performance by maintaining the elasticity of the connection region. Parameters like RBS geometry and profile are investigated. The document concludes RBS connections enhance seismic performance by preventing failure of connection components.
IJET-Waste Water Treatment Unit using Activated CharcoalIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on different types of steel beam-column connections, focusing on reduced beam section (RBS) connections. It discusses how RBS connections improve ductility by localizing plastic hinging in the reduced beam section, away from the connection. Several studies are summarized that evaluate the behavior and performance of RBS connections through experimental testing and finite element modeling. The research shows that RBS connections can provide excellent seismic performance by maintaining the elastic behavior of the connection while forming plastic hinges in the reduced beam section.
Review on Cold Formed Lipped Channel BeamIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on the behavior of cold-formed lipped channel beams (LCBs) under various loading conditions. LCBs are commonly used in building construction. The review covers failure modes such as web crippling and buckling. Previous studies investigated how factors like web openings, stiffeners, and bearing length affect the strength of LCBs under bending, shear, and combined loads. New design equations were proposed based on experimental data. Further research is still needed to understand the behavior of LCBs with web openings under combined loads.
Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) in framed structures as Structural Fuses in ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) used as structural fuses in seismic regions. BRBs consist of a steel core laterally restrained by a buckling restrained mechanism, such as a steel tube filled with concrete. This prevents local and global buckling of the core. Experimental tests show BRBs exhibit stable hysteretic behavior with nearly ideal bilinear hysteresis loops during cyclic loading. BRBs are efficient at dissipating energy and enhancing structural performance during earthquakes by undergoing inelastic deformation as structural fuses. The document reviews several international studies that have validated the effectiveness of BRBs through experimental testing and analysis.
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
Strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams by bonding steel or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) on its tension face
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
Keywords-- Interfacial stresses, flexural debonding, constant moment region, soffit plate, finite element method.
Seismic Behavior of Steel Frame Structure with and Without BracingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic behavior of steel frame structures with and without bracing. A 21-story steel building model was analyzed using ETABS software under seismic zone III conditions with different soil types. The building's plan was 35m x 35m with a floor height of 3.2m. Response spectrum analysis was used to analyze the building with different bracing configurations including X, V, inverted V, and without bracing. Story drift, displacement, and base shear were compared for each configuration. The results showed that braced frames had reduced drift and displacement compared to unbraced frames, with X-bracing performing most efficiently. Bracing improved the seismic performance of steel structures by increasing their lateral stiffness
Utilization of steel in construction of high performance structures: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of research papers related to the analysis of steel structures using different alloys and metals in steel trusses. It summarizes several research papers that studied topics like cold-formed steel, steel beam-column connections, steel truss behavior, and comparisons of steel, concrete and cold-formed steel structures. The research papers used analytical and experimental methods to analyze structural behavior and load-carrying capacity. The results showed that cold-formed steel can provide economic and construction time benefits for buildings compared to other materials.
System shear connector digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
This document presents an experimental and analytical study comparing the structural behavior of composite concrete slabs with profiled steel decking. 18 full-scale slab specimens were tested under different shear span lengths to evaluate the longitudinal shear bond strength between the concrete and steel deck. The experimental results were compared to analytical calculations using the m-k method and partial shear connection method from Eurocode 4. The m-k method was found to provide a more conservative estimate of load-carrying capacity than the partial shear connection method, with generally good agreement between experimental and analytical values.
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on modeling and analyzing a 15-story steel building with and without reduced beam sections (RBS) using time history analysis. The study found that using RBS increased the building's time period by 25% and increased deflections and drifts compared to a building with regular beams. However, base shear was nearly identical between the two buildings. While RBS increased deformations, it also reduced the total steel material needed by about 11.5 tons, providing a cost savings of around $7,480. Therefore, RBS can improve seismic performance by shifting plastic hinging away from beam-column connections while also offering a cost benefit from reduced material.
Cyclic Elastoplastic Large Displacement Analysis and Stability Evaluation of ...drboon
This paper deals with the cyclic elastoplastic large displacement analysis and stability evaluation of steel tubular braces subjected to axial tension and compression. The inelastic cyclic performance of cold-formed steel braces made of circular hollow sections is examined through finite element analysis using the commercial computer program ABAQUS. First some of the most important parameters considered in the practical design and ductility evaluation of steel braces of tubular sections are presented. Then the details of finite element modeling and numerical analysis are described. Later the accuracy of the analytical model employed in the analysis is substantiated by comparing the analytical results with the available test data in the literature. Finally the effects of some important structural and material parameters on cyclic inelastic behavior of steel tubular braces are discussed and evaluated.
Cyclic Elastoplastic Large Displacement Analysis and Stability Evaluation of ...drboon
This paper deals with the cyclic elastoplastic large displacement analysis and stability evaluation of steel tubular braces subjected to axial tension and compression. The inelastic cyclic performance of cold-formed steel braces made of circular hollow sections is examined through finite element analysis using the commercial computer program ABAQUS. First some of the most important parameters considered in the practical design and ductility evaluation of steel braces of tubular sections are presented. Then the details of finite element modeling and numerical analysis are described. Later the accuracy of the analytical model employed in the analysis is substantiated by comparing the analytical results with the available test data in the literature. Finally the effects of some important structural and material parameters on cyclic inelastic behavior of steel tubular braces are discussed and evaluated.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
PERFORMANCE OF BEAM COLUMN JOINT WITH GEOPOLYMER MATERIAL BY NON LINEAR ANALYSISIRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing the performance of beam-column joints using geopolymer concrete through nonlinear finite element analysis. It begins with background on the types of beam-column joints and importance of ductility. The research aims to model and analyze critical interior beam-column joints of an RCC building using ANSYS to evaluate stresses, cracks and deflections. It also reviews previous studies on geopolymer concrete and modeling beam-column joints, and outlines the methodology which includes modeling the building in STAAD Pro, identifying critical joints, and analyzing them under earthquake loads in ANSYS.
Seismic performance of weak base strong column steel moment framesSebastian Contreras
This document summarizes research on the seismic performance of steel moment frames with weak base connections and strong columns. The researchers analyzed a 4-story steel moment frame building using nonlinear time history analysis with different base connection strengths, including fixed, pinned, and varying hysteretic strengths from 1 to 0.3 times column strength. Results showed promise for weaker base connections but also issues like reduced base stiffness concentrating deformations in the first story. Future work is needed to further evaluate weak-base strong-column systems and address limitations.
1) The document presents a comparative study of the seismic performance of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames using either steel reinforcement or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement.
2) Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis was used to evaluate the performance levels of structural members for buildings reinforced with steel bars and FRP bars.
3) The results found that frames reinforced with FRP bars exhibited larger lateral displacements and slightly higher lateral strengths compared to frames with steel reinforcement, indicating improved seismic performance. However, FRP reinforcement also resulted in a lower calculated response reduction factor.
A Comparative Study for Seismic Performance of RC Moment Resisting Frame with...IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a comparative study of the seismic performance of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames using either steel reinforcement or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement.
2) Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis was used to evaluate the performance levels of structural members for buildings reinforced with steel bars and FRP bars.
3) The results found that frames reinforced with FRP bars exhibited significantly larger lateral displacements and slightly higher lateral strengths compared to frames with steel reinforcement, indicating improved seismic performance when using FRP bars.
Similar to Study of inter story drift demands of multi story frames with rbs connection (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Study of inter story drift demands of multi story frames with rbs connection
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Study of inter story drift demands of multi-story frames with RBS
connection
Amin Ghaznavi Osgoei 1* Mohsen Gerami2
1. SADRA Institute of Higher Education, PO box 1474936773, Tehran, Iran
2. SEMNAN University, Semnan, Iran
* E-mail of the corresponding author: amin.ghaznavi@gmail.com
Abstract
RBS connections are one of the most common deformable connections in the world. The plastic hinge will be placed
in a conducted mode at a specific area in the beam using this type of connection. It is worth to mention that reducing
the sectional area of the beam flange, in general, will cause a reduction in the strength and lateral stiffness of the
structure. Hence, the effect of fabrication of the RBS connection, on the frame stiffness and lateral displacement of
steel bending frames is analyzed. Regarding the high effect of drift on building’s damages, the effect of fabrication
of RBS connections on increasing or decreasing of the frame drift are analyzed. In order to investigate the effect of
fabrication of RBS connections, the results of RBS connection are compared with the results of cover plate
connection.
Keywords: Steel rigid connection; RBS connection; Cover plate connection; Drift; Time History.
1. Introduction
After Northridge earthquake, most researches were directed toward making bending connections in steel structures
more ductile. One of the different kinds of these connections is RBS (reduced beam section connection). In this kind
of connection, reducing flange section near the end of the beam and within a definite length makes the plastic hinge
move to the reduced part and expanding plastic hinge in the length of cut area causes a significant ductility in the
hinge. In fact, reduced flange section acts like a fuse and prevents the initial cracks in the connection (FEMA 355D
2000). The most common kinds of RBS connections are: (i) RBS with straight reduced section (ii) RBS with tapered
cut reduced section (iii) RBS with radius reduced section (FEMA 350 2000). Other researchers (Pan et al. 2007)
investigated optimal flange shape under monotonic loads. The optimal shape strongly depends on the upper bound
of the equivalent plastic strain, which is to be specified in practice based on the performance required for each frame
(M. Ohsaki et al. 2009), and other new type of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) connection, ``Accordion Web RBS
(AW-RBS)'' were used (Seyed Rasoul Mirghaderi et al. 2010 & G.S. Prinz et al. 2009 & Amir A. Hedayat et al.
2009). The AW-RBS decreases the web contribution in moment strength and a reduced section is developed in the
beam (Seyed Rasoul Mirghaderi et al. 2010), so it can’t be used regularly and in wide range in construction of
buildings. Most researches approve using different kinds of RBS connections (FEMA 355D 2000 & Chad S. Gilton
2002). Most of the experiments which are carried out include the sizes of the beams and the kinds of the steels used
in practice. The primary studies on this kind of connection indicate that this connection has got some appropriate
unique characteristics such as high ductility, appropriate resistance, less cost in comparison to other bending
connections, much less operation time for building and installing structure, much more assurance to the welding and
it’s welding at work place. In this kind of connection by cutting some parts of the flange, the plastic hinge moves by
the side of the column into the area within the beam, and as a result there won’t be beam-column connection
problems at the work place anymore. The reduced area absorbs much more energy by its plastic function and makes
a controlled hinge with a wonderful ductility (FEMA 355D 2000).
In multi-story bending steel frames, it is favourable if a regular frame is designed so that the plastic hinge can be
made in the beams and the columns remain elastic (the weak beam - strong column rule). Using reduced beam
section in the width of flange in the vicinity of beam-column joint is a good design for improving ductility effect in
frames which are exposed to intense earthquake loading. The reduced beam section reduces the force directed to the
parts of the beam-column joint by directing and regulating stress properly, besides it reduces the volume of welding
metal and increases the stiffness of the connection (FEMA 355D 2000&Sac 2000). One of the most remarkable
19
2. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
characteristics of RBS connections with radius cut is the strain hardening. According to K.V Grubbs’s investigations,
for a 50 percent reduction in section, the reduction in stiffness is about 6 to 7 percent and for a 40 percent reduction
in flange section this amount falls to 4 to 5 percent (Grubbs K.V 1997). But the reduction of stiffness also causes a
rise in the lateral drift of the story. Regarding the fact that drifting is considered as one of the important criteria in
designing steel structures, so it seems research worthy to investigate the effect of RBS connection on drift. In this
study, the effect of this connection on the drift of the structure is investigated. Nonlinear time history analysis is
used for investigating the effect of RBS connection on the amount of the inside drifting angle of the story.
Shen et al. (2000) Kitjasateanphun et al. (2001) and Jin and El-Tawil (2005) conducted analytical studies on the
seismic performance of steel moment-resisting frames including RBS connections. The results confirmed that RBS
frames can economically provide proper seismic performance in regions of high seismic risk (Seyed Rasoul
Mirghaderi et al. 2010).
2. The Effect of Making RBS Connection on the Seismic Behaviour of the Structure
In order to investigate the effect of making RBS connection on the seismic behaviour of the structures numerous
frames which had both RBS connection and top and bottom flange cover plate Connection were analyzed. First
frames were designed by means of AISC-ASD code and weak beam-strong column rule was also considered (FEMA
355D 2000&AISC 2005). And then the effect of RBS connection on steel moment frames was investigated by
means of dynamic nonlinear time history analysis.
2.1 Inputs for Time-History Analysis
In general, two different criteria for record selection can be employed (A.Y. Elghazouli et al. 2008). One consists of
choosing the records according to strong-motion parameters and the other is based on geophysical criteria (A.Y.
Elghazouli et al. 2008). The search based on strong-motion parameters consists of finding records that have similar
shape to the response spectrum provided by the code, obtained for a site with similar characteristics. An efficient
procedure may consist, for example, of calculating the average root-mean-square deviation (Drms) of the spectrum
of the tentative record from the target design spectrum (A.Y. Elghazouli et al. 2008). Alternatively, spectrum
compatible artificial records may be generated from white noise. This latter technique however tends to create
unrealistic records both in terms of frequency, phase content, number of cycles and duration of motion (A.Y.
Elghazouli et al. 2008 & Bommer JJ et al. 2004). On the other hand, for situations where the site is well
characterized in seismological terms by either a deterministic or probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, then one or
more earthquake scenarios can be established. Accordingly, the fault mechanisms and the ranges of magnitudes and
fault distances of the earthquakes affecting the site are known (A.Y. Elghazouli et al. 2008 & Bommer JJ et al. 2000).
In this case, the selection can be conducted by searching a strong-motion database for records that match those
geophysical parameters. The selection of records is carried out herein by combining the two criteria discussed above.
The records are selected by imposing the following conditions: (i) moment magnitudes (Mw) larger than 6 since
Spectrum Type 1 corresponds to high magnitude events (A.Y. Elghazouli et al. 2008 & Rey J et al. 2002); (ii)
records involving near-fault or forward directivity effects are avoided; (iii) rock or stiff soil sites, for consistency
with the soil type assumed in design; (iv) PGA larger than 0.03g, to avoid applying unrealistically high scaling
factors. The duration was not specifically considered since the model structures do not exhibit significant
degradation effects. Records with forward directivity effects were not considered although it should be noted that
they can pose a high damage potential to flexible structures (Alavi B et al. 2004). Concerning the given explanations,
the earthquake records of Manjil, Tabas and Elentero are used. 20 sec time period for Tabas and Elentero and 15 sec
time period for Manjil earthquakes are used. Then the maximum acceleration of each earthquake spectrum is
levelled up to 1g in the related interval (PGA). After levelling earthquake records (up to 1g) the response spectrum is
computed for earthquake records. By calculating the average root-mean-square deviation (Drms) of the three spectra,
the mean response spectrum derives. After this stage, the mean spectrum is compared with standard design spectrum.
This comparison like proposed relations is to be between 1.5T to 0.2T limits (T, period of structure). For instance,
for a 10-story model which has 1.15 sec period, scaling is done between 0.23 and 1.72. The scaling coefficient for
10-story structure equals to 0.87 in period of 1.72. So, these three spectra for dynamic linear time history analysis
are utilized. Under such conditions all three spectra have the same maximum acceleration equals 0.87g. Of course, it
20
3. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
never means that the derived response is the same for the all three spectra. Because the frequency content of the
spectra is different, the amount of force directed to the structure will also be different. As it can be observed, three
different spectra with three different frequency contents are used in the analysis.
2.2 RBS Connection Designing Process
For designing RBS connection with radius cut, FEMA proposed equations are used (1, 2, 3). a, b, c and R
respectively stand for the distance from the cut zone to the column, the length of the cut, maximum amount of cut,
and radius cut ( figure 1 ). Also Bf and d stand for the width of the flange and the reduced beam section respectively
(Engelhardt M. D et al. 1998).
a = (0.5 ≈ 0.75)b f (1)
b = (0.65 ≈ 0.85) d (2)
c = (0.2b f ≈ 0.25b f ) (3)
2 2
(4)
4c +b
R =
8c
2.3 Modeling the Frames under Investigation
For modeling, first samples were analyzed by the ETABs software and designed by AISC code (AISC 2005). Two
dimensional frames were used for modeling, and models were design so that they cover various bays and numerous
stories. The SAP2000 software is used for dynamic non-linear analysis. The modeling process of frame’s plastic
behavior in this software is based on plastic hinge theory. Also, Newmark method for dynamic non-linear analysis
is used. For investigating the results of frames with RBS connection, one of the most common kinds of connections
in Iran, that is, Cover Plate Connection is compared. In order to name frames concerning the kind of connections
two methods are followed. For frames with RBS connection and flange cover plate connection, RBS-i-j-k and CPL-
i-j-k are respectively used. i, j, and k respectively stand for the number of the stories, the bay of the frame and the
earthquake directed to the frame. The value of k for Elcentero, Tabas and Manjil horizontal ground-motion
components is 1, 2, and 3 respectively. For example a 10-story 3-bay frame with a RBS connection under Elentero is
indicated as RBS-10-3-1.
The height of all stories equals and the size of the bay (axis to column axis) equals 5m are considered to be 3.2 and
5m respectively. Also linear dead load equals 3000kg/m and live load equals 1000kg/m are used in planning and
analysis. 3-bay modeled frames are shown in figure 3. The used section in modeling is also shown in table 2. In
other models the beam and column sections aren’t changed and only the numbers of bays are increased.
Analyzed models have 3, 5 and 7 bays and 5 and 10 stories. (In figure 2-a only three –bay models are shown). 5-
story and 10-story models have 3, 5, and 7 bays. Each model is analyzed under three Elentero, Tabas and Manjil
spectra and totally 18 dynamic non-linear time-history analyses were done.
2.4 The Definition of Plastic Hinges
The basis for non-linear analysis in the SAP2000 software is plastic hinge theory. After making models, these hinges
will be defined on the elements in regard with the place of the formation of the plastic hinges (concerning the kind
of connection) and also the nature of the plastic hinges (moment, axial force, moment and axial force interaction).
For defining beam bending joints, the calculated rotation and moment values are considered into the computation in
regard with the connection behavior. In defining beam bending joints all joints are specified to all beams and no
default is used. The curve at the primary region has got an initial stiffness and the value of stiff hardening strain
concerning a steep equals 3% elastic parts. Words such as IO, LS and CP which are shown in figure 4 are actually
the behavioral levels which are defined FEMA (FEMA 356 2000) to control the shape of parts for different
operational goals (IO: Immediate Occupancy, LS: Life Safety, CP: Collapse Prevention). Top and bottom flange
21
4. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
cover plate connection (CPL) is one of the most popular connections in Iran. The FEMA proposed values are used
for modeling the amount of the rotation of the connection, the modeling parameters of this kind of connection and
its comparison with RBS connection (FEMA 356 2000). According to proposed values CPL connection can only be
regarded as controlled connections by the deformation, if no fracture happens in the weld and the reduction of
resistance in the connection is just because of the yielding of the top and the bottom plates (FEMA 356 2000).
Here for modeling the most ductile kind of CPL connection is used. For RBS connections modeling the rules
existing in the FEMA are used. For designing RBS connections the rules existing in FEMA are used which are
mentioned in part 2-2(Engelhardt M. D et al. 1998 & FEMA 356 2000). "a", "b", and "c" values for used beam
sections are given in table 2. For example, the used specifications for modeling beam plastic hinge are shown in
table3. Defined parameters are shown in table 3 and figure 1. For modeling plastic hinges of columns in both CPL
and RBS, the same plastic hinge specifications are used, because the specifications of the plastic hinge of the
column changes if the beam- column joint changes. The type of the joint was modeled and determined by
considering directed loads to the structure (controlled by force or by deformation) (FEMA 356 2000).
For modeling the way plastic hinges are formed in RBS connection, it was assumed that plastic hinge in RBS
connection expands in the middle of reduced area. And about CPL connection, it was assumed that the plastic hinge
expands from the connection plates and in the critical area (near the column face). As a result the place of plastic
hinge was specified according to the specifications of each kind of joint. In table 4 the manner of locating plastic
hinge in a sample of 10-story models is examined. Using RBS connection increases the amount of the rotation and
makes the plastic hinge go away from the column.
4. Studying the Results of Dynamic Non-Linear Analysis of Frames
Here the results will be investigated. For investigation different parameters can be used. First the plastic hinges
formation process in two similar frames having RBS and CPL connections are considered. For example, the
expanding process of plastic hinges in CPL-10-5-2 and RBS-10-5-2 are considered (Figure3). This study is carried
out at the time of maximum displacement in the frame under the Tabas earthquake spectrum (which has happened in
10 stories - 5 bays frames in 9.86 seconds).
Figure 3 shows that beams in frames with RBS connection are more in plastic area in comparison to CPL connection
and also columns in frames with RBS connection in comparison to frames with CPL connection are less in plastic
area. As it can be observed in table 5, making RBS connection reduces the number of IO connections from 31 in
CPL to 23 in RBS connection. In general it also reduces the number of E joints from 8 in CPL connection to 6 in
RBS connection. Also making RBS connection reduces base shear and imposed forces to the column. The results of
this comparison are shown in table 5.
As it can be observed in table 6, making RBS connection reduces the number of IO hinges in all models and
increase the number of LS hinges. In general, making RBS connection also reduces the number of E joints. Also
making RBS connection reduces base shear and imposed forces to the column. Time parameter exhibits the peak
time that in each cases top level reaches to maximum displacement (for example in first sample time is equalled to
2.89 sec). It can be inferred that because of reducing the number of IO hinges, this reduced hinges change to LS
hinges. It demonstrates that making RBS connection can be improved the behaviour of connections in earthquake.
In order to study the effect of making RBS connection on the frame displacement two parameters namely inter story
drift angle abbreviated ISD, and global story drift angle abbreviated GSD are investigated. To get ISD, after
analyzing the frame, the displacement of each story is to be subtracted from the downstairs and the diagram is to be
drawn. To get GSD, the displacement of each story is divided to the height of that story from the surface of the
ground. Then to compare the effect of connection, the ISD and GSD diagrams derived from frames with RBS
connection are divided to derived diagrams from the analysis of CPL frames respectively.
Values less than 1 in the diagram show the reduction of ISD or GSD ratio in RBS connection in comparison to CPL
connection, and values more than 1 show the increase of ISD or GSD ratio. Then the diagrams derived under three
spectra are drawn for both ISD and GSD. The vertical axis of diagram shows the ratio of the height of story divided
to the total height of the frame (for example this ratio for the first story of a 5-story frame equals 0.2). Then for more
investigations the results of the three ISD or GSD diagrams related to the three spectra are drawn in one diagram and
22
5. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
the averaging is done (Figure 4, 5).
As shown in figure 4, in 5-story models, making RBS connection generally reduces the value of ISD and GSD. The
important point is that models of making RBS connection causes a more fall in the upper stairs of the frame, and the
ratio of reduction in the downstairs is less. The maximum reduction of ISD mean curve (figure 4-a) is 7.1 percent
that happens on fourth floor. Also the maximum reduction of GSD mean curve (figure 4-b) for 5-story frames is 5.6
percent which happens on the fourth floor. Figure 5-a shows ISD mean diagram for frames with RBS connection in
comparison to frames with CPL connection for all 10- story models. According to this diagram making RBS
connection increases the value of ISD in downstairs frames and decreases the value of ISD in upstairs frame. The
maximum increase is related to 0.4 of the height (fourth story) which equals 10.2 percent. The maximum reduction
equals 16.3 which happen at the 0.9 of the height (ninth floor).
Another important point is that the rate of reduction falls on the last floor, and the ratio of displacement is directed
toward unity. In figure 5-b, GSD diagram in frames with RBS connection in comparison to frames with CPL
connection is shown. In 10-story models (contrary to 5-story models) making RBS connection increase stories
displacement in a height more than 0.2 H (higher than second floor). The maximum displacement in total
displacement angle of the frame is in 0.5H (fifth floor) and the amount of increase equals 10 percent whereas, the
amount of decrease is little and equals about 3.5 percent. These variations can be due to higher vibration modes in
high frames. It also can be due to sudden variation of section which happens on the eleventh floor (Section variation
from IPB400 to IPB340). It is because of the fact that GSD is so similar to first vibration mode and the ISD of the
resultant of all frame modes is in the analysis. In figure 6-a the overall mean diagram driven from the ISD of all
models is given. In this diagram the variation of mean ISD for all models is given along with the height variations.
According to this diagram it becomes evident that the reduction of making RBS connection increases the ISD rate of
frames in downstairs frames and decreases the ISD rate of upstairs frames. Based on diagram 6-b it also becomes
clear that because of the increase of the GSD ratio, generally structure displacement in frames with RBS increases.
Of course, making RBS connection causes a little reduction in the downstairs displacement; however except these
parts the other parts experience an increase in the displacement.
5. Conclusion
According to the given explanations following conclusions can be drawn:
Based on the analysis done by SAP2000 and based on plastic hinge theory it was shown that beams in
frames with RBS connection enter into the plastic zone more than frames with CPL connection and also
columns with RBS connection enter into the plastic zone less than frames with CPL connection.
The effect of making RBS connection on the amount of variations of lateral Inter story drift angle (ISD) is
not the same as the bottom and top cover plates connection (CPL) in different stories. Making RBS
connection increases the amount of the Inter story drift angle of the frame in lower parts of the structure
(0.4H). The maximum rate of increase equals 4 percent which happen in the height of 0.4H. Also this
connection reduces the amount of the inter story drift angle of the frame in upstairs. This amount increases
in the last stories again. The maximum amount of reduction is for 0.9H which equals 13 percent.
Making RBS connection decreases the frame’s Global story drift angle (GSD) in most parts except middle
stories. The amount of increase is significant in middle stories. The maximum amount of increase equals 3
percent which happen in the height of 0.5H. The maximum amount of reduction is for 0.2H which equals 4
percent.
References
Amir A. Hedayat, Murude Celikag. "Post-Northridge connection with modified beam end configuration to enhance
strength and ductility". Journal of Constructional Steel Research 65 (2009) 1413-1430.
AISC (2005). "Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (2005),” American Institute of Steel Construction,
Chicago.
A.Y. Elghazouli, J.M. Castro, B.A. Izzuddin. "Seismic performance of composite moment-resisting frames".
23
6. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Journal of Engineering Structures 30 (2008) 1802–1819.
Alavi B, Krawinkler H." Behavior of moment-resisting frame structures subjected to near-fault ground motions".
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 33-6 (2004) 687–706.
Bommer JJ, Acevedo AB. "The use of real earthquake accelerograms as input to dynamic analysis". Journal of
Earthquake Engineering 8 (2004)43–91.
Bommer JJ, Scott SG, Sarma SK. "Hazard-consistent earthquake scenarios". Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering19-4 (2000)219–31.
Chad S. Gilton, Chia-Ming Uang . "Cyclic Response and Design Recommendations of Weak-Axis Reduced Beam
Section Moment Connections". Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 128, No. 4 (2002).
Engelhardt M. D. , Winneberger T., Zekany A., and potyraj T.J. "Experimental Investigation of Dogbone Moment
Connections". Engineering Journal Fourth Quarter (1998)128-139.
FEMA 350. "Recommended seismic design criteria for new steel moment frame buildings". Federal Emergency
Management Agency; 2000.
FEMA 355D. "State of the art report on connection performance". Federal Emergency Management Agency; 2000.
FEMA 356. "Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings". Washington (DC): Federal
Emergency Management Agency;2000.
G.S. Prinz, P.W. Richards. "Eccentrically braced frame links with reduced web sections". Journal of Constructional
Steel Research 65 (2009) 1971-1978.
Grubbs K.V. "Effect of the Dogbone Connection on the Elastic Stiffness of Steel Moment Frames". Master's Thesis,
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, August1997.
Jin J, El-Tawil S. "Seismic performance of steel frames with reduced beam section connections". Journal of
Constructional Steel Research 61 (2005) 453-71.
Kitjasateanphun T, Shen J, Srivanich W, Hao H. "Inelastic analysis of steel frames with reduced beam section".
Struct Design Tall Build 10 (2001) 231-44.
M. Ohsaki a, H. Tagawab, P. Panc. "Shape optimization of reduced beam section under cyclic loads". Journal of
Constructional Steel Research 65 (2009) 1511-1519.
Pan P, Ohsaki M, Tagawa H. "Shape optimization of H-beam flange for maximum plastic energy dissipation".
Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE (2007)133(8):1176-9.
Rey J, Faccioli E, Bommer JJ. "Derivation of design soil coefficients (S) and response spectral shapes for Eurocode
8 using the European strongmotion database". Journal of Seismology 6-4 (2002)547–55.
"SAC Seismic design criteria for new moment-resisting steel frame construction". Report no. FEMA 350, SAC Joint
Venture, Sacramento, CA. 2000.
Seyed Rasoul Mirghaderi, Shahabeddin Torabian, Ali Imanpour. "Seismic performance of the Accordion-Web RBS
connection". Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66 (2010) 277-288.
Shen J, Kitjasateanphun T, Srivanich W. "Seismic performance of steel moment frames with reduced beam sections".
Eng Struct 22 (2000) 968-83.
24
7. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Figure1. Introducing designing parameters in radius cut connection.
Figure2. a) Designing specifications of analyzed frames under non-linear time history analysis, b)
How to define plastic hinges for ductile parts.
25
8. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Figure3. The manner of the expansion of plastic hinges in CPL-10-5-2 and RBS-10-5-2 in 9.86
periods (maximum time of displacement on the last story).
Figure4. Variation diagram, a) ISD, b) GSD for 5-story models.
26
9. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Figure5. Variation diagram, a) ISD, b) GSD for 10-story models.
Figure6. Variation diagram, a) ISD, b) GSD for all models.
27
10. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Table 1.Sections used in analysis.
Column type Section Beam type Section
C1 IPB300 B1 IPE330
C2 IPB340 B2 IPE360
C3 IPB360 B3 IPE400
C4 IPB400 B4 IPE450
C5 IPB550
Table 2.Cut values for RBS connections for different sections.
Beam section a=0.625bf (cm) b=0.75df (cm) c=0.2bf (cm)
IPE330 10 24.75 3.20
IPE360 10.625 27.00 3.40
IPE400 11.25 30.00 3.60
IPE450 11.875 33.75 3.80
Table 3. Plastic hinge specifications in RBS and CPL connections beam.
Beam TYPE OF
IO LS CP D,C E
section CONNECTION
RBS 0.0110 0.0350 0.046 0.046 0.066
IPE330
CPL 0.0075 0.0228 0.030 0.030 0.060
RBS 0.0110 0.0350 0.0457 0.046 0.0657
IPE360
CPL 0.0075 0.0228 0.030 0.030 0.060
RBS 0.0110 0.0350 0.0452 0.046 0.0652
IPE400
CPL 0.0075 0.0228 0.030 0.030 0.060
RBS 0.0110 0.0350 0.0446 0.046 0.0646
IPE450
CPL 0.0075 0.0228 0.030 0.030 0.060
28
11. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Table 4.The place of plastic hinge was specified according to the specifications of each kind of joint in 10-story
models.
The place of plastic hinge in The place of plastic hinge in
CPL/Length of the beam RBS/Length of the beam
STORY BEAM COLUMN
Beginning End Beginning End
1 IPE450 IPB450 0.045 0.955 0.1025 0.8975
2 IPE450 IPB450 0.045 0.955 0.1025 0.8975
3 IPE450 IPB400 0.04 0.960 0.0975 0.9025
4 IPE450 IPB400 0.04 0.960 0.0975 0.9025
5 IPE400 IPB340 0.034 0.966 0.0865 0.9135
6 IPE400 IPB340 0.034 0.966 0.0865 0.9135
7 IPE360 IPB300 0.03 0.97 0.07825 0.92175
8 IPE360 IPB300 0.03 0.97 0.07825 0.92175
9 IPE330 IPB300 0.03 0.97 0.07475 0.92525
10 IPE330 IPB300 0.03 0.97 0.07475 0.92525
29
12. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.2, 2012
Table 5.The number of formed joints in CPL-10-5-2 and RBS-10-5-2 in 9.86 periods (maximum time of
displacement on the last story).
Models Type B IO LS CP D C E
Beams 67 23 0 0 0 0 0
RBS
Columns 0 7 16 0 0 0 6
Beams 59 31 0 0 0 0 0
CPL
Columns 8 7 14 0 0 0 8
Table 6. The number of formed joints in CPL and RBS (maximum time of displacement on the last story).
MODEL ELCENTRO SMF RBS
TIME IO LS E IO LS E
5-3 2.89 8 0 0 4 0 0
10-3 5.49 53 4 8 46 6 6
10-5 5.49 90 9 14 75 12 10
10-7 8.76 119 6 29 109 18 14
MODEL TABAS SMF RBS
TIME IO LS E IO LS E
5-3 14.26 0 0 0 0 0 0
10-3 9.85 25 8 4 24 9 0
10-5 9.86 38 14 8 30 16 6
10-7 14.49 53 20 12 41 20 12
MODEL MANJIL SMF RBS
TIME IO LS E IO LS E
5-3 12.08 0 0 0 0 0 0
10-3 11.34 20 9 2 15 7 2
10-5 11.34 31 16 4 23 12 4
10-7 11.35 43 24 7 31 12 12
30
13. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of
IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar