On September 18, 2015 the USA Government and the American egg producers announced that they would accept the Ventilation shutdown method as a method of mass destruction of poultry when other options, notably water-based foam and CO2, are not available for culling at the farm within 24-36 hours. This is actually the case on all caged layer farms in the USA, in particular in Iowa.
The Ventilation shutdown method consists of stopping ventilation, cutting off drinking water supply, and turning on heaters to raise the temperature in the poultry house to a level between 38 Celsius and 50 Celsius. Birds die of heat stress and by lack of oxygen in a process that easily takes over after a period of at least 3 days. Ventilation shutdown is a killing method without prior stunning of the birds, and as such is contrary to all international Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose this introduction of the cruelest method of killing poultry that lost their economic value. The Humane Society (HSUS) described it as the “inhumane mass baking of live chickens”. With adequate preparation the alternative methods, like the water-based Anoxia foam method, can be available at each farm for immediate use in case of an outbreak. The ban of the Ventilation shutdown method should therefore be maintained and the Anoxia method should be further developed so that is suitable for application to caged layers and turkeys. In Germany, such a system is currently under development and will become commercially available soon.
The poultry industry in the USA ignores this development and asks for a formal approval of the Ventilation Shutdown method. Speaking on August 19, 2015, during the United Egg Producers (UEP) national briefing webinar, UEP President Chad Gregory explained that much research is being done concerning the feasibility of such a depopulation program.
“The government, the producers, the states and UEP, we all recognize that depopulation is going to have to happen faster and ideally within 24 hours.”
Quick depopulation of affected flocks is important, Gregory said, because the sooner a flock is depopulated, the risk of the virus going into fans and out into the atmosphere becomes smaller. Gregory said ventilation shutdown – if approved – would probably only be used in a worst-case scenario or when all other euthanasia options have been exhausted. Gregory did not elaborate on how to adequately prevent outbreaks and how to promote more animal-friendly methods.
In order to become one step ahead of an outbreak of high pathogen diseases like the current H5N2, the veterinary authorities need to stop the outbreak immediately after the first signals occur. Strict and thorough biosecurity measures are the most fundamental feature to protect poultry flocks on farms.
Without functional culling techniques, the options to effectively and efficiently cull in average more than 925,000 chickens per farm (in Iowa, USA) are limited: either by macerating the chickens alive – or by ventilation shut-down (closing down all ventilation, placing heaters inside the house, and heat the entire house to a temperature higher than 600 C).
Although both methods cause death of the birds, it has not been proven to be effective nor efficient. The primary goal to slowdown outbreaks and bring it to a complete stop but macerating live birds and killing them by heat stress and lack of oxygen would be against all International Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose against the introduction of these most cruel methods of killing poultry and argue that the ban on these methods should be maintained and alternative methods need to be considered.
The latest outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the USA and Canada in the spring of this year and the inability to avoid animal welfare catastrophes ultimately proves that new emergency response strategies are needed. Strategies that are based on taking away the source of infection instead of killing as many animals as possible within 24 hours, regardless the consequences.
The statement that “It’s possible that human infections with these viruses may occur” and that “these viruses have not spread easily to other people” is confusing. Humans can become infected without showing clinical signs. They can become the major carrier of the infection.
Especially during depopulation activities, viruses easily transmit through responders. Tasks like taking layers out of their cages and transport the birds manually through the narrow walkways between the cages, and disposal of infected animals are specific risks that need to be avoided. Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution.
Although humans are supposed to be less susceptible, they can become carrier of the virus. Only the highest level of biosecurity could prevent the transmission through the humans and materials that have been in direct contact with infected animals and materials.
Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution. Avoid killing animals is always the better option and in Germany, the discussion on the strategy based on neutralizing risks and is in the making. Avoiding situations demands a proactive role of the poultry industry.
Avian Influenza in the Netherlands 2003: comparing culling methodsHarm Kiezebrink
During the outbreak of H7N7 in Holland, 29,500.000 birds were killed at the farm. This presentation compares different culling techniques, such as stable gas, container gassing and electrocution.
Berg et al. 2014 killing of spent laying hens using co2 in poultry barnsHarm Kiezebrink
September 2015: In Sweden, spent laying hens are killed either by traditional slaughter; on-farm with CO2 in a mobile container combined with a grinder; or with CO2 stable gassing inside the barn. The number of hens killed using the latter method has increased. During these killings a veterinarian is required to be present and report to the Swedish Board of Agriculture.
Data were registered during four commercial killings and extracted from all official veterinary reports at CO2 whole-house killings in 2008–2010. On-farm monitoring showed that temperature decreased greatly and with high variability. The time until birds became unconscious after coming into contact with the gas, based on time until loss of balance, was 3–5 min.
Veterinary reports show that 1.5 million laying hens were killed, in 150 separate instances. The most common non-compliance with legislation was failure to notify the regional animal welfare authorities prior to the killings. Six out of 150 killings were defined as animal welfare failures, eg delivery of insufficient CO2 or failure to seal buildings to achieve adequate gas concentration.
Eleven were either potentially or completely unacceptable from the perspective of animal welfare. We conclude that, on the whole, the CO2 whole-house gas killing of spent hens was carried out in accordance with the appropriate legislation. Death was achieved reliably.
However, there remain several risks to animal welfare and increased knowledge would appear vital in order to limit mistakes related to miscalculations of house volume, improper sealing or premature ventilation turn-off.
Anoxia presentation during the AI symposium in Taiwan, March 2015Harm Kiezebrink
During the Symposium on managing outbreaks of Avian Influenza in Taiwan, the main subject was managing the outbreaks without breaching animal welfare during the culling operations. Although it seams impossible, this can be done using the Anoxia method (see also www.N2GF.com for more information), under the condition that the entire process is been taking into account: killing of animals, carcass disposal, transport & logistic, Occupational Health & Safety, environmental issues, pest control, contact between animals and humans: all these factors contribute to the risks of spreading. If one factor fails, the virus can escape and infect the next flock, making it needed to kill more birds. For that reason, all factors are equally important to maintain animal welfare during outbreak situations.
In a number of recently published studies, Professor Stegeman (University of Utrecht, Holland) explains that serologic spreading of viruses is related to human contacts with contaminated infected animals, carcasses, manure and materials infected/suspected animals; movements of farm labourers, products, equipment etc. Most of these contacts (and movements) take place prior, during, and after the culling procedure, whereas the quantity and the intensity of the contacts - thus this human contact/materials are decisive factors for the serologic spreading of viruses to enter farms and most likely play an important role in spreading between farms. Suspicion/infection of farm animals inevitably leads to preventive culling of all farm animals within the direct proximity. For that reason, the serologic spread of viruses has become a major animal welfare indicator that has to be taken into consideration as such.
Each culling procedure features its own unique contact pattern between animals and humans and is based on applied culling, disposal and transport technique. These contact patterns related to the specific combination of applied methods, defines the major contribution factors for spreading of infections. Therefore should the potential risks of these procedures be evaluated and rated on the art and the intensity of the potential contact between animals and humans/materials, prior, during and after the procedure.
Therefore, the entire procedure of killing, disposal and transportation is therefore considered as Major Interest, in terms of animal welfare.
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or NeutralizationHarm Kiezebrink
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
Proof of Principle Anoxia Method Poultry Science 2013Harm Kiezebrink
In May 2013, the results of the assessment of the Anoxia Method were published in Poultry Science (2013 Poultry Science 92:1145–1154). The focus of the assessment was on the welfare implications for poultry of the use of high-expansion gas-filled foam as a potentially humane, emergency killing method.
In laboratory trials, broiler chickens, adult laying hens, ducks, and turkeys were exposed to air-, N2-, or CO2-filled high expansion foam (expansion ratio 300:1) under standardized conditions.
One of the main conclusions was that the Anoxia Method is fundamentally different from low expansion fire fighting foam. Physiological observations and postmortem examination showed that the mode of action of the Anoxia Method is anoxia, not occlusion of the airway.
The most important conclusion however is that the trials provide proof – of - principle for the Anoxia Method (submersion in gas-filled, high expansion foam).
McKeegan et al concluded: The Anoxia Method provides a rapid and highly effective method of euthanasia, which may have potential to provide humane emergency killing or routine depopulation.
In order to become one step ahead of an outbreak of high pathogen diseases like the current H5N2, the veterinary authorities need to stop the outbreak immediately after the first signals occur. Strict and thorough biosecurity measures are the most fundamental feature to protect poultry flocks on farms.
Without functional culling techniques, the options to effectively and efficiently cull in average more than 925,000 chickens per farm (in Iowa, USA) are limited: either by macerating the chickens alive – or by ventilation shut-down (closing down all ventilation, placing heaters inside the house, and heat the entire house to a temperature higher than 600 C).
Although both methods cause death of the birds, it has not been proven to be effective nor efficient. The primary goal to slowdown outbreaks and bring it to a complete stop but macerating live birds and killing them by heat stress and lack of oxygen would be against all International Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose against the introduction of these most cruel methods of killing poultry and argue that the ban on these methods should be maintained and alternative methods need to be considered.
The latest outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the USA and Canada in the spring of this year and the inability to avoid animal welfare catastrophes ultimately proves that new emergency response strategies are needed. Strategies that are based on taking away the source of infection instead of killing as many animals as possible within 24 hours, regardless the consequences.
The statement that “It’s possible that human infections with these viruses may occur” and that “these viruses have not spread easily to other people” is confusing. Humans can become infected without showing clinical signs. They can become the major carrier of the infection.
Especially during depopulation activities, viruses easily transmit through responders. Tasks like taking layers out of their cages and transport the birds manually through the narrow walkways between the cages, and disposal of infected animals are specific risks that need to be avoided. Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution.
Although humans are supposed to be less susceptible, they can become carrier of the virus. Only the highest level of biosecurity could prevent the transmission through the humans and materials that have been in direct contact with infected animals and materials.
Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution. Avoid killing animals is always the better option and in Germany, the discussion on the strategy based on neutralizing risks and is in the making. Avoiding situations demands a proactive role of the poultry industry.
Avian Influenza in the Netherlands 2003: comparing culling methodsHarm Kiezebrink
During the outbreak of H7N7 in Holland, 29,500.000 birds were killed at the farm. This presentation compares different culling techniques, such as stable gas, container gassing and electrocution.
Berg et al. 2014 killing of spent laying hens using co2 in poultry barnsHarm Kiezebrink
September 2015: In Sweden, spent laying hens are killed either by traditional slaughter; on-farm with CO2 in a mobile container combined with a grinder; or with CO2 stable gassing inside the barn. The number of hens killed using the latter method has increased. During these killings a veterinarian is required to be present and report to the Swedish Board of Agriculture.
Data were registered during four commercial killings and extracted from all official veterinary reports at CO2 whole-house killings in 2008–2010. On-farm monitoring showed that temperature decreased greatly and with high variability. The time until birds became unconscious after coming into contact with the gas, based on time until loss of balance, was 3–5 min.
Veterinary reports show that 1.5 million laying hens were killed, in 150 separate instances. The most common non-compliance with legislation was failure to notify the regional animal welfare authorities prior to the killings. Six out of 150 killings were defined as animal welfare failures, eg delivery of insufficient CO2 or failure to seal buildings to achieve adequate gas concentration.
Eleven were either potentially or completely unacceptable from the perspective of animal welfare. We conclude that, on the whole, the CO2 whole-house gas killing of spent hens was carried out in accordance with the appropriate legislation. Death was achieved reliably.
However, there remain several risks to animal welfare and increased knowledge would appear vital in order to limit mistakes related to miscalculations of house volume, improper sealing or premature ventilation turn-off.
Anoxia presentation during the AI symposium in Taiwan, March 2015Harm Kiezebrink
During the Symposium on managing outbreaks of Avian Influenza in Taiwan, the main subject was managing the outbreaks without breaching animal welfare during the culling operations. Although it seams impossible, this can be done using the Anoxia method (see also www.N2GF.com for more information), under the condition that the entire process is been taking into account: killing of animals, carcass disposal, transport & logistic, Occupational Health & Safety, environmental issues, pest control, contact between animals and humans: all these factors contribute to the risks of spreading. If one factor fails, the virus can escape and infect the next flock, making it needed to kill more birds. For that reason, all factors are equally important to maintain animal welfare during outbreak situations.
In a number of recently published studies, Professor Stegeman (University of Utrecht, Holland) explains that serologic spreading of viruses is related to human contacts with contaminated infected animals, carcasses, manure and materials infected/suspected animals; movements of farm labourers, products, equipment etc. Most of these contacts (and movements) take place prior, during, and after the culling procedure, whereas the quantity and the intensity of the contacts - thus this human contact/materials are decisive factors for the serologic spreading of viruses to enter farms and most likely play an important role in spreading between farms. Suspicion/infection of farm animals inevitably leads to preventive culling of all farm animals within the direct proximity. For that reason, the serologic spread of viruses has become a major animal welfare indicator that has to be taken into consideration as such.
Each culling procedure features its own unique contact pattern between animals and humans and is based on applied culling, disposal and transport technique. These contact patterns related to the specific combination of applied methods, defines the major contribution factors for spreading of infections. Therefore should the potential risks of these procedures be evaluated and rated on the art and the intensity of the potential contact between animals and humans/materials, prior, during and after the procedure.
Therefore, the entire procedure of killing, disposal and transportation is therefore considered as Major Interest, in terms of animal welfare.
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or NeutralizationHarm Kiezebrink
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
Proof of Principle Anoxia Method Poultry Science 2013Harm Kiezebrink
In May 2013, the results of the assessment of the Anoxia Method were published in Poultry Science (2013 Poultry Science 92:1145–1154). The focus of the assessment was on the welfare implications for poultry of the use of high-expansion gas-filled foam as a potentially humane, emergency killing method.
In laboratory trials, broiler chickens, adult laying hens, ducks, and turkeys were exposed to air-, N2-, or CO2-filled high expansion foam (expansion ratio 300:1) under standardized conditions.
One of the main conclusions was that the Anoxia Method is fundamentally different from low expansion fire fighting foam. Physiological observations and postmortem examination showed that the mode of action of the Anoxia Method is anoxia, not occlusion of the airway.
The most important conclusion however is that the trials provide proof – of - principle for the Anoxia Method (submersion in gas-filled, high expansion foam).
McKeegan et al concluded: The Anoxia Method provides a rapid and highly effective method of euthanasia, which may have potential to provide humane emergency killing or routine depopulation.
Although commonly used in other settings, defining animal welfare as part of a corporate CSR setting is not new.
There are many ways to define CSR. What they have in common is that CSR describes how companies manage their business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. The phenomenon CSR is a value concept that is susceptible to particular ideological and emotional interpretations. Different organizations have framed different definitions - although there is considerable common ground between them.
Some important national players of the food chain at different steps (mainly food retailers and food services) have included animal welfare in their CSR.
Modelling wind-borne spread of HPAI between farms (2012)Harm Kiezebrink
To understand the risks of spreading contaminated materials caused by stable gassing, a quantitative understanding of the spread of contaminated farm dust between locations is a prerequisite for obtaining much-needed insight into one of the possible mechanisms of disease spread between farms.
The researchers Amos Ssematimba, Thomas J. Hagenaars, Mart C. M. de Jong of the Dutch Department of Epidemiology, Crisis Organization and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands, and Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherland developed a model to calculate the quantity of contaminated farm-dust particles deposited at various locations downwind of a source farm and apply the model to assess the possible contribution of the wind-borne route to the transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (HPAI) during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands.
The model is obtained from a Gaussian Plume Model by incorporating the dust deposition process, pathogen decay, and a model for the infection process on exposed farms.
Using poultry- and avian influenza-specific parameter values we calculate the distance-dependent probability of between-farm transmission by this route.
A comparison between the transmission risk pattern predicted by the model and the pattern observed during the 2003 epidemic reveals that the wind-borne route alone is insufficient to explain the observations although it could contribute substantially to the spread over short distance ranges, for example, explaining 24% of the transmission over distances up to 25 km.
The objective of this pilot study was to detect whether CO2- enriched high expansion foam has the potential to be an acceptable and efficient method for emergency killing of poultry. When we take into account behavioural parameters, measurements of heart rate and pathological data, it is our conclusion that CO2 foam is a potentially acceptable killing method for laying hens.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
In this paper various bird welfare aspects related to avian influenza and other contagious diseases are discussed.
Disease outbreaks will, apart from the obvious direct effects on bird health, and thereby their wellbeing, also indirectly influence the welfare of the birds. For example, restrictions on outdoor access for free-range poultry may be imposed, and vaccination or testing schemes may lead to handling or sampling procedures that are stressful to the birds.
At the same time, the immediate risk of a disease outbreak may lead to improved biosecurity measures on farms, which may in turn decrease the risk of other diseases entering the premises, thus resulting in improved bird health and welfare.
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
Avian influenza was found in a dog on a farm in South Gyeongsang Province amid growing concerns that the disease could spread to other animals, officials the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The dog ― one of three at a duck farm in Goseong-gun, South Gyeongsang Province ― had antigens for the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The disease affected the farm on Jan. 23.
Since the first case of a dog being infected with the poultry virus in March 2014, there have been 55 dogs found with antibodies to the bird flu virus. The antibody means the immune system of the dogs eliminated the virus. This is the first time bird flu has been found in a dog in Korea through the detection of antigens.
“None of these dogs had shown symptoms. No antigens or antibodies for the virus were found in the two other dogs, which means that dog-to-dog transmission is unlikely to have happened,” quarantine officials said.
The ministry suspected that the dog may have eaten infected animals at the farm. All poultry and dogs at the concerned farm were slaughtered as part of the preventive measures right after the farm was reported to have been infected with the disease, officials said.
Meanwhile, quarantine officials rejected the possibility of viral transmission to humans. According to the ministry’s report, about 450 workers at infected farms across the country had been given an antigen test, with none showing signs of infection. None of Korea’s 20,000 farm workers have reported any symptoms so far, officials added.
“It is thought that infected dogs do not show symptoms of the disease as they are naturally resistant to bird flu,” the ministry said. Meanwhile, the Agriculture Ministry has toughened the quarantine measures in Goseong-gun. The region is a frequented by migratory birds, which are suspected to have spread the viral disease.
AI transmission risks: Analysis of biosecurity measures and contact structureHarm Kiezebrink
Contacts between people, equipment and vehicles prior and during outbreak situations are critical to determine the possible source of infection of a farm. Hired laborers are known to play a big role in interconnecting farms. Once a farm is infected, culling entire flock is the only option to prevent further spreading with devastating consequences for the industry.
In this paper, based on the HPAI outbreak in Holland 2003, the researchers found that 32 farms hired external labor of which seven accessed other poultry on the same day.
However, they were not the only ‘connectors’ as some (twelve) farmers also reported themselves helping on other poultry farms.
Furthermore, 27 farms had family members visiting poultry or poultry-related businesses of which nine entered poultry houses during those visits. The other enhancing factor of farm interconnections was the reported ownership of multiple locations for ten of the interviewed farms and the reported on-premises sale of farm products on one pullet and eight layer farms.
Also worth mentioning is the practice of a multiple age system reported on eight of the interviewed farms as this may increase the risk of infecting remaining birds when off-premises poultry movements occur.
AI viruses may be introduced into poultry from reservoirs such as aquatic wild birds but the mechanisms of their subsequent spread are partially unclear. Transmission of the virus through movements of humans (visitors, servicemen and farm personnel), vectors (wild birds, rodents, insects), air- (and dust-) related routes and other fomites (e.g., delivery trucks, visitors’ clothes and farm equipment) have all been hypothesized.
It is therefore hypothesized that the risk of introducing the virus to a farm is determined by the farm’s neighborhood characteristics, contact structure and its biosecurity practices.
On the one hand, neighborhood characteristics include factors such as the presence of water bodies (accessed by wild birds), the density of poultry farms (together with the number and type of birds on these farms) and poultry-related businesses and the road network. The use of manure in the farm’s vicinity is also deemed to be risky.
On the other hand, contact structure risk factors include the nature and frequency of farm visits. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the contact structure, including neighborhood risks, and biosecurity practices across different types of poultry farms and poultry-related businesses helps the improvement of intervention strategies, biosecurity protocols and adherence to these, as well as contact tracing protocols.
Farmers’ perception of visitor- and neighborhood-associated risks of virus spread is also important due to its relevance to adherence with biosecurity protocols, to contact tracing and to communicating advice to them.
Deadly H5N1 birdflu needs just five mutations to spread easily in peopleHarm Kiezebrink
Reference: Phys.org. 15 Apr 2014. Dutch researchers have found that the virus needs only five favorable gene mutations to become transmissible through coughing or sneezing, like regular flu viruses.
World health officials have long feared that the H5N1 virus will someday evolve a knack for airborne transmission, setting off a devastating pandemic. While the new study suggests the mutations needed are relatively few, it remains unclear whether they're likely to happen outside the laboratory.
Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of H5N1 in chinaHarm Kiezebrink
The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a serious threat to human health.
This study revealed two different transmission modes of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a significant role of poultry in virus dissemination. Furthermore, selective pressure posed by vaccination was found in virus evolution in the country.
Phylogenetic analysis, geospatial techniques, and time series models were applied to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of H5N1 outbreaks in China and the effect of vaccination on virus evolution.
Results showed obvious spatial and temporal clusters of H5N1 outbreaks on different scales, which may have been associated with poultry and wild-bird transmission modes of H5N1 viruses. Lead–lag relationships were found among poultry and wild-bird outbreaks and human cases. Human cases were preceded by poultry outbreaks, and wild-bird outbreaks were led by human cases.
Each clade has gained its own unique spatiotemporal and genetic dominance. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 virus decreased significantly between 1996 and 2011; presumably under strong selective pressure of vaccination. Mean evolutionary rates of H5N1 virus increased after vaccination was adopted in China.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patternsHarm Kiezebrink
The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry, wild birds and humans, poses a significant pandemic threat and a serious public health risk.
An efficient surveillance and disease control system relies on the understanding of the dispersion patterns and spreading mechanisms of the virus. A space-time cluster analysis of H5N1 outbreaks was used to identify spatio-temporal patterns at a global scale and over an extended period of time.
Potential mechanisms explaining the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the role of wild birds, were analyzed. Between December 2003 and December 2006, three global epidemic phases of H5N1 influenza were identified.
These H5N1 outbreaks showed a clear seasonal pattern, with a high density of outbreaks in winter and early spring (i.e., October to March). In phase I and II only the East Asia Australian flyway was affected. During phase III, the H5N1 viruses started to appear in four other flyways: the Central Asian flyway, the Black Sea Mediterranean flyway, the East Atlantic flyway and the East Africa West Asian flyway.
Six disease cluster patterns along these flyways were found to be associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. The spread of the H5N1 virus, as demonstrated by the space-time clusters, was associated with the patterns of migration of wild birds. Wild birds may therefore play an important role in the spread of H5N1 over long distances.
Disease clusters were also detected at sites where wild birds are known to overwinter and at times when migratory birds were present. This leads to the suggestion that wild birds may also be involved in spreading the H5N1 virus over short distances.
The relevance of the farming community regarding zoonosesHarm Kiezebrink
During the EFSA’s Stakeholder Consultative meeting in Parma on Wednesday 29th and Thursday 30th June 2011, EFS interacted with the stakeholders on EFSA’s scientific activities and the outlook of the future activities involving the stakeholders. During the meeting Annette TOFT presented the opinion of the European farmers and agricultural cooperatives COPA – COGECA stressing the relevance of zoonoses questions to farmers and agri - cooperatives activities.
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Tow...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Town, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia by Temesigen W Molla in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
The Anoxia technique is developed as alternative for existing animal stunning methods that are based on the use of CO2, electrocution, neck dislocation, captive-bolt, as well as killing methods like de-bleeding and maceration.
In the past 10 years, Wageningen University and University of Glasgow conducted several studies that proved that the technique could be applied successfully for culling poultry (Proof of Principle Anoxia Technique). This was the start of the development of several applications based on the Anoxia principle, using high expansion foam filled with >99% Nitrogen that are now introduced for:
1. Stunning and killing of sick and cripple killing piglets less than 5 kg
2. Stunning and killing of sick or cripple poultry (especially poultry > 3kg) who need to be killed on the farm by the staff for welfare purposes (avoiding unnecessary stress or pain)
3. Stunning and killing poultry that arrives on the slaughterhouse but that are unfit to be slaughtered (due to injuries occurred during transportation – providing signs of possible illness etc.)
4. Stunning and killing of male pullets at the hatchery
5. Stunning and killing of half-hatched chickens and embryos in partly-hatched eggs, before destruction
6. Stunning and killing parent stock poultry
7. Killing of animals that has been stunned (captive bolt – blow-on-the-head method, etc.) replacing killing by de-bleeding
8. Culling of ex-layers
9. Culling of poultry for disease control purposes
Last November we started the launch of the commercialization of the Anoxia applications in Holland, Germany and Sweden, focusing on the areas where a solution is most needed: piglets (< 5kg) and poultry (> 3kg) on farms.
Since November 2016, the introduction of these applications took place in Holland, Germany, Sweden and Denmark
Death caused by hyperthermia. This questionable method has been developed as a last resort option in case of a large-scale outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the UK. Even in EU Regulation EU 1099/2009 there is room for countries to use this kind of methods, when compliance is likely to affect human health or significantly slow down the process of eradication of a disease. (EU 1099/2009; article 18, under 3).
Hyperthermia means that the cause of death is overheating the shed of the birds. The normal core body (CB) temperature of a bird must remain within a narrow range around a mean value of 41.4°C if its welfare is to be safeguarded.
If the core body temperature rises above 45°C most poultry will die quickly. To ensure VSD is effective the temperature in the house must rise to 40°C or greater and remain at that level. Maintaining a relative humidity of at least 75% will help speed the onset of death through hyperthermia.
This DEFRA document provides procedures and instructions on using Ventilation Shutdown (VSD) as an emergency method of killing of poultry for disease control purposes.
Although commonly used in other settings, defining animal welfare as part of a corporate CSR setting is not new.
There are many ways to define CSR. What they have in common is that CSR describes how companies manage their business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. The phenomenon CSR is a value concept that is susceptible to particular ideological and emotional interpretations. Different organizations have framed different definitions - although there is considerable common ground between them.
Some important national players of the food chain at different steps (mainly food retailers and food services) have included animal welfare in their CSR.
Modelling wind-borne spread of HPAI between farms (2012)Harm Kiezebrink
To understand the risks of spreading contaminated materials caused by stable gassing, a quantitative understanding of the spread of contaminated farm dust between locations is a prerequisite for obtaining much-needed insight into one of the possible mechanisms of disease spread between farms.
The researchers Amos Ssematimba, Thomas J. Hagenaars, Mart C. M. de Jong of the Dutch Department of Epidemiology, Crisis Organization and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands, and Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherland developed a model to calculate the quantity of contaminated farm-dust particles deposited at various locations downwind of a source farm and apply the model to assess the possible contribution of the wind-borne route to the transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (HPAI) during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands.
The model is obtained from a Gaussian Plume Model by incorporating the dust deposition process, pathogen decay, and a model for the infection process on exposed farms.
Using poultry- and avian influenza-specific parameter values we calculate the distance-dependent probability of between-farm transmission by this route.
A comparison between the transmission risk pattern predicted by the model and the pattern observed during the 2003 epidemic reveals that the wind-borne route alone is insufficient to explain the observations although it could contribute substantially to the spread over short distance ranges, for example, explaining 24% of the transmission over distances up to 25 km.
The objective of this pilot study was to detect whether CO2- enriched high expansion foam has the potential to be an acceptable and efficient method for emergency killing of poultry. When we take into account behavioural parameters, measurements of heart rate and pathological data, it is our conclusion that CO2 foam is a potentially acceptable killing method for laying hens.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
In this paper various bird welfare aspects related to avian influenza and other contagious diseases are discussed.
Disease outbreaks will, apart from the obvious direct effects on bird health, and thereby their wellbeing, also indirectly influence the welfare of the birds. For example, restrictions on outdoor access for free-range poultry may be imposed, and vaccination or testing schemes may lead to handling or sampling procedures that are stressful to the birds.
At the same time, the immediate risk of a disease outbreak may lead to improved biosecurity measures on farms, which may in turn decrease the risk of other diseases entering the premises, thus resulting in improved bird health and welfare.
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
Avian influenza was found in a dog on a farm in South Gyeongsang Province amid growing concerns that the disease could spread to other animals, officials the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The dog ― one of three at a duck farm in Goseong-gun, South Gyeongsang Province ― had antigens for the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The disease affected the farm on Jan. 23.
Since the first case of a dog being infected with the poultry virus in March 2014, there have been 55 dogs found with antibodies to the bird flu virus. The antibody means the immune system of the dogs eliminated the virus. This is the first time bird flu has been found in a dog in Korea through the detection of antigens.
“None of these dogs had shown symptoms. No antigens or antibodies for the virus were found in the two other dogs, which means that dog-to-dog transmission is unlikely to have happened,” quarantine officials said.
The ministry suspected that the dog may have eaten infected animals at the farm. All poultry and dogs at the concerned farm were slaughtered as part of the preventive measures right after the farm was reported to have been infected with the disease, officials said.
Meanwhile, quarantine officials rejected the possibility of viral transmission to humans. According to the ministry’s report, about 450 workers at infected farms across the country had been given an antigen test, with none showing signs of infection. None of Korea’s 20,000 farm workers have reported any symptoms so far, officials added.
“It is thought that infected dogs do not show symptoms of the disease as they are naturally resistant to bird flu,” the ministry said. Meanwhile, the Agriculture Ministry has toughened the quarantine measures in Goseong-gun. The region is a frequented by migratory birds, which are suspected to have spread the viral disease.
AI transmission risks: Analysis of biosecurity measures and contact structureHarm Kiezebrink
Contacts between people, equipment and vehicles prior and during outbreak situations are critical to determine the possible source of infection of a farm. Hired laborers are known to play a big role in interconnecting farms. Once a farm is infected, culling entire flock is the only option to prevent further spreading with devastating consequences for the industry.
In this paper, based on the HPAI outbreak in Holland 2003, the researchers found that 32 farms hired external labor of which seven accessed other poultry on the same day.
However, they were not the only ‘connectors’ as some (twelve) farmers also reported themselves helping on other poultry farms.
Furthermore, 27 farms had family members visiting poultry or poultry-related businesses of which nine entered poultry houses during those visits. The other enhancing factor of farm interconnections was the reported ownership of multiple locations for ten of the interviewed farms and the reported on-premises sale of farm products on one pullet and eight layer farms.
Also worth mentioning is the practice of a multiple age system reported on eight of the interviewed farms as this may increase the risk of infecting remaining birds when off-premises poultry movements occur.
AI viruses may be introduced into poultry from reservoirs such as aquatic wild birds but the mechanisms of their subsequent spread are partially unclear. Transmission of the virus through movements of humans (visitors, servicemen and farm personnel), vectors (wild birds, rodents, insects), air- (and dust-) related routes and other fomites (e.g., delivery trucks, visitors’ clothes and farm equipment) have all been hypothesized.
It is therefore hypothesized that the risk of introducing the virus to a farm is determined by the farm’s neighborhood characteristics, contact structure and its biosecurity practices.
On the one hand, neighborhood characteristics include factors such as the presence of water bodies (accessed by wild birds), the density of poultry farms (together with the number and type of birds on these farms) and poultry-related businesses and the road network. The use of manure in the farm’s vicinity is also deemed to be risky.
On the other hand, contact structure risk factors include the nature and frequency of farm visits. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the contact structure, including neighborhood risks, and biosecurity practices across different types of poultry farms and poultry-related businesses helps the improvement of intervention strategies, biosecurity protocols and adherence to these, as well as contact tracing protocols.
Farmers’ perception of visitor- and neighborhood-associated risks of virus spread is also important due to its relevance to adherence with biosecurity protocols, to contact tracing and to communicating advice to them.
Deadly H5N1 birdflu needs just five mutations to spread easily in peopleHarm Kiezebrink
Reference: Phys.org. 15 Apr 2014. Dutch researchers have found that the virus needs only five favorable gene mutations to become transmissible through coughing or sneezing, like regular flu viruses.
World health officials have long feared that the H5N1 virus will someday evolve a knack for airborne transmission, setting off a devastating pandemic. While the new study suggests the mutations needed are relatively few, it remains unclear whether they're likely to happen outside the laboratory.
Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of H5N1 in chinaHarm Kiezebrink
The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a serious threat to human health.
This study revealed two different transmission modes of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a significant role of poultry in virus dissemination. Furthermore, selective pressure posed by vaccination was found in virus evolution in the country.
Phylogenetic analysis, geospatial techniques, and time series models were applied to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of H5N1 outbreaks in China and the effect of vaccination on virus evolution.
Results showed obvious spatial and temporal clusters of H5N1 outbreaks on different scales, which may have been associated with poultry and wild-bird transmission modes of H5N1 viruses. Lead–lag relationships were found among poultry and wild-bird outbreaks and human cases. Human cases were preceded by poultry outbreaks, and wild-bird outbreaks were led by human cases.
Each clade has gained its own unique spatiotemporal and genetic dominance. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 virus decreased significantly between 1996 and 2011; presumably under strong selective pressure of vaccination. Mean evolutionary rates of H5N1 virus increased after vaccination was adopted in China.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patternsHarm Kiezebrink
The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry, wild birds and humans, poses a significant pandemic threat and a serious public health risk.
An efficient surveillance and disease control system relies on the understanding of the dispersion patterns and spreading mechanisms of the virus. A space-time cluster analysis of H5N1 outbreaks was used to identify spatio-temporal patterns at a global scale and over an extended period of time.
Potential mechanisms explaining the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the role of wild birds, were analyzed. Between December 2003 and December 2006, three global epidemic phases of H5N1 influenza were identified.
These H5N1 outbreaks showed a clear seasonal pattern, with a high density of outbreaks in winter and early spring (i.e., October to March). In phase I and II only the East Asia Australian flyway was affected. During phase III, the H5N1 viruses started to appear in four other flyways: the Central Asian flyway, the Black Sea Mediterranean flyway, the East Atlantic flyway and the East Africa West Asian flyway.
Six disease cluster patterns along these flyways were found to be associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. The spread of the H5N1 virus, as demonstrated by the space-time clusters, was associated with the patterns of migration of wild birds. Wild birds may therefore play an important role in the spread of H5N1 over long distances.
Disease clusters were also detected at sites where wild birds are known to overwinter and at times when migratory birds were present. This leads to the suggestion that wild birds may also be involved in spreading the H5N1 virus over short distances.
The relevance of the farming community regarding zoonosesHarm Kiezebrink
During the EFSA’s Stakeholder Consultative meeting in Parma on Wednesday 29th and Thursday 30th June 2011, EFS interacted with the stakeholders on EFSA’s scientific activities and the outlook of the future activities involving the stakeholders. During the meeting Annette TOFT presented the opinion of the European farmers and agricultural cooperatives COPA – COGECA stressing the relevance of zoonoses questions to farmers and agri - cooperatives activities.
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Tow...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Town, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia by Temesigen W Molla in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
The Anoxia technique is developed as alternative for existing animal stunning methods that are based on the use of CO2, electrocution, neck dislocation, captive-bolt, as well as killing methods like de-bleeding and maceration.
In the past 10 years, Wageningen University and University of Glasgow conducted several studies that proved that the technique could be applied successfully for culling poultry (Proof of Principle Anoxia Technique). This was the start of the development of several applications based on the Anoxia principle, using high expansion foam filled with >99% Nitrogen that are now introduced for:
1. Stunning and killing of sick and cripple killing piglets less than 5 kg
2. Stunning and killing of sick or cripple poultry (especially poultry > 3kg) who need to be killed on the farm by the staff for welfare purposes (avoiding unnecessary stress or pain)
3. Stunning and killing poultry that arrives on the slaughterhouse but that are unfit to be slaughtered (due to injuries occurred during transportation – providing signs of possible illness etc.)
4. Stunning and killing of male pullets at the hatchery
5. Stunning and killing of half-hatched chickens and embryos in partly-hatched eggs, before destruction
6. Stunning and killing parent stock poultry
7. Killing of animals that has been stunned (captive bolt – blow-on-the-head method, etc.) replacing killing by de-bleeding
8. Culling of ex-layers
9. Culling of poultry for disease control purposes
Last November we started the launch of the commercialization of the Anoxia applications in Holland, Germany and Sweden, focusing on the areas where a solution is most needed: piglets (< 5kg) and poultry (> 3kg) on farms.
Since November 2016, the introduction of these applications took place in Holland, Germany, Sweden and Denmark
Death caused by hyperthermia. This questionable method has been developed as a last resort option in case of a large-scale outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the UK. Even in EU Regulation EU 1099/2009 there is room for countries to use this kind of methods, when compliance is likely to affect human health or significantly slow down the process of eradication of a disease. (EU 1099/2009; article 18, under 3).
Hyperthermia means that the cause of death is overheating the shed of the birds. The normal core body (CB) temperature of a bird must remain within a narrow range around a mean value of 41.4°C if its welfare is to be safeguarded.
If the core body temperature rises above 45°C most poultry will die quickly. To ensure VSD is effective the temperature in the house must rise to 40°C or greater and remain at that level. Maintaining a relative humidity of at least 75% will help speed the onset of death through hyperthermia.
This DEFRA document provides procedures and instructions on using Ventilation Shutdown (VSD) as an emergency method of killing of poultry for disease control purposes.
Op 5 Juli 2014 werd het langverwachte Besluit Houders van Dieren in de Nederlandse Staatscourant gepubliseerd. Deze nieuwe wetgeving regelt onder andere het dierenwelzijn op productiebedrijven en is op 22 Augustus 2014 definitief van kracht geworden.
In het besluit zijn de Europese bepalingen overgenomen die zijn vervat in Europese Verordening EU 1099/2009. Het regelt onder meer het doden van wrakke of zieke productie dieren die op het landbouwbedrijf noodzakelijk gedood worden omdat ze hun economische waarde hebben verloren en/of uit hun lijden moeten worden verlost.
De Europese verordening voorziet bepalingen die een einde maakt aan de gebruikelijke praktijk om pluimvee door middel van handmatig breken van de nek te doden. Deze methode mag met ingang van het Besluit Houders van Dieren uitluitend nog toegepast worden als backup systeem. Iedere pluimveehouder is gehouden om een een standaard protocol te ontwikkelen en het personeel te trainen in het doden van pluimvee op het bedrijf.
Laves presentation practical experiences in the culling of poultry in germanyHarm Kiezebrink
This presentation, based on the practical experiences in culling poultry in Germany, gives an overview of the culling techniques currently in use in Germany. It is presented by dr. Ursula Gerdes, dr. Josef Diekmann and ing. Rainer Thomes.
LAVES is the Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, located in Oldenburg, Germany. With around 900 employees they are entrusted with tasks in the areas of food and utensil inspection, feed inspection, meat hygiene, veterinary drug monitoring, eradication of animal diseases, disposal of animal by-products, animal welfare, ecological farming, market surveillance and technical process monitoring.
EFSA report on Low Atmoshere Pressure System to stun poultryHarm Kiezebrink
There are two different approaches utilize Nitrogen to stun and kill animals: 1) rendering poultry unconscious - causing Anoxia - by placing poultry in foam filled with >98% Nitrogen (the Anoxia method), and 2) rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds (the LAPS method).
The Anoxia method, using a high concentration of Nitrogen under atmospheric circumstances is permitted under EU 1099/2009. The LAPS method is not permitted in the EU. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure a level of welfare at least equivalent to that of the methods already provided in Council Regulation 1099/2009.
The EFSA‟s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of a low atmosphere pressure system (LAPS) for stunning poultry.
Four documents were provided by the European Commission (EC) as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the LAPS is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the current allowed methods for stunning poultry.
The LAPS is described as rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure 1) absence of pain, distress and suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and 2) that the animal remains unconscious until death.
The submitted studies were peer-reviewed by the AHAW Panel as outlined in its “Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning intervention regarding animal protection at the time of killing”.
It is unclear from the submitted documents whether the rate of decompression used in LAPS induces unconsciousness and death without causing avoidable pain and suffering in poultry. The assessed studies did not pass the eligibility assessment and, therefore, no further assessment was undertaken.
EFSA paper on monitoring procedures at slaughterhousesHarm Kiezebrink
The objective of this review was to summarize the currently available data describing the sensitivity and specificity of indicators of unconsciousness and death in the following stun-kill methods and species combinations:
1) Penetrative captive bolt for bovine animals
2) Head-only electrical stunning for pigs
3) Head-only electrical stunning for sheep and goats
4) Electrical waterbath for poultry (chickens and turkeys)
5) Carbon dioxide at high concentration for pigs
6) All authorized gas methods to slaughter chickens and turkeys (carbon dioxide at high concentration, carbon dioxide in two phases, carbon dioxide associated with inert gases and inert gases alone)
7) Slaughter without stunning for bovine animals
8) Slaughter without stunning for sheep and goats
9) Slaughter without stunning for chickens and turkeys
The reference tests for unconsciousness and death were to have been measured using electroencephalography (EEG). The definition of unconsciousness and death based on EEG were not specified, and the definition used by authors was reported. The index tests of interest were a variety of indicators requested by the funding agency such as no corneal reflex and immediate collapse.
The index tests differed by stun-kill methods and species combination. A comprehensive search identified 22 publications contained 24 species-stun/kill method combinations.
No studies explicitly reported the sensitivity and specificity of the indicators in conscious and unconscious animals. Many studies reported the proportion of stunned animals with indicators, rather than the proportion of unconscious or conscious animals at a set time point with the indicators. Such data could not be translated into sensitivity and specificity.
Other studies reported the average time to occurrence of an indicator or average time to cessation of the indicators. Such data cannot be translated into sensitivity and specificity estimates without knowledge of the joint distributions.
Historical overview of male day-old chicks as animal feedHarm Kiezebrink
In 2013, more than 150 million chicks per year, male day-old chicks are used as high quality and nutritious ingredient on the diet of hundreds of species of wild animals that are held in zoos and breading centers.
In the past 30 years, the use of day-old chicks have been changed, from animal waste to high-end food for birds of pray, cranes and other animals living in zoos and fauna parks around the world. This change has become possible first, after the introduction of techniques to kill the animals without unnecessary stress or pain.
With the use of technology and daring to think out of the box and the entrepreneurial courage of only a view, the majority of all male day-old chicks that are produced in Europe are now being treated with respect during slaughter, completely in line with the EU directives EU 1099/2009 and EU 1069/2009.
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
EFSA AHAW report on monitoring procedures at poultry slaughterhousesHarm Kiezebrink
The EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) was asked to deliver scientific opinions on monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for different animal species, stunning methods and slaughter without stunning. AHAW agreed that, although it is traditional to look for outcomes of unconsciousness in poultry following stunning, the risk of poor welfare can be detected better if bird welfare monitoring is focused on detecting consciousness, i.e. ineffective stunning or recovery of consciousness.
Therefore, the indicators were phrased neutrally (e.g. corneal reflex) and the outcomes were phrased either suggesting unconsciousness (e.g. absence of corneal reflex) or suggesting consciousness (e.g. presence of corneal reflex). This approach is commonly used in animal health studies (e.g. testing for the presence of a disease) but very new to animal welfare monitoring in slaughterhouses.
A toolbox of selected indicators is proposed to check for signs of consciousness in poultry after stunning with waterbaths or gas mixtures; a different toolbox of indicators is proposed for confirming death of the birds following slaughter without stunning.
EFSA Guidance on assessment new stunning & slaughter methodsHarm Kiezebrink
This guidance defines the assessment process and the criteria that will be applied by the Animal Health and Welfare Panel to studies on known new or modified legal stunning interventions to determine their suitability for further assessment.
The criteria that need to be fulfilled are eligibility criteria, reporting quality criteria and methodological quality criteria. The eligibility criteria are based upon the legislation and previously published scientific data. They focus on the intervention and the outcomes of interest, i.e. immediate onset of unconsciousness and insensibility or absence of avoidable pain, distress and suffering until the loss of consciousness and sensibility, and duration of the unconsciousness and insensibility (until death).
If a study fulfils the eligibility criteria, it will be assessed regarding a set of reporting quality criteria that are based on the REFLECT and the STROBE statements. As a final step in this first assessment phase, the methodological quality of the submitted study will be assessed. If the criteria regarding eligibility, reporting quality and methodological quality are fulfilled, a full assessment of the animal welfare implications of the proposed alternative stunning intervention, including both pre-stunning and stunning phases, and an evaluation of the quality, strength and external validity of the evidence presented would be carried out at the next level of the assessment.
In the case that the criteria regarding eligibility and reporting quality and methodological quality are not fulfilled, the assessment report of the panel will highlight the shortcomings and indicate where improvements are required before the study can be assessed further. In addition to the assessment criteria, the guidance also specifies general aspects applicable to studies on stunning interventions that should be considered when studying the effectiveness of stunning interventions.
World Health Organization director- general Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun warns bird flu H7N9 is particularly worrying as it could be a flu pandemic strain. This is because H7N9 is unique as it does not make chickens sick but is deadly in humans. Sick birds could usually provide early warning for imminent outbreaks, Chan told The Standard. This comes as Macau reported its first human case of H7N9 yesterday. "The biggest challenge for the world is the next influenza pandemic," Chan said.
One World - One Health presentation Katinka de Balogh FAOHarm Kiezebrink
During the FVE conference in Brussels on April 7, 2014, Katinka de Balogh, leader the global Veterinary Public Health activities of the FAO, presented the One-Health approach to highlight the importance of prevention, ensuring health and welfare of people and animals in a globalized environment:
• The benefit coming from the implementation of good health management in practice, both in terms of health and welfare, as well as, of financial sustainability
• The importance of coordinating actions in both sectors via a One-Health approach, with a particular focus on zoonotic diseases
• The role of the medical and veterinary profession in assuring these matters and educating the society
Katinka de Balogh is of Dutch and Hungarian origins and grew up in Latin-America. She studied veterinary medicine in Berlin and Munich and graduated and obtained her doctorate in tropical parasitology from the Tropical Institute of the University of Munich in 1984. In the late 80’s she had spent two years as a young professional at the Veterinary Public Health Unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva. In 2002 she started working at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome.
Anoxia: High expansion foam
The Anoxia method is unique for creating an environment without oxygen under atmospheric circumstances. High expansion foam is produced by mixing nitrogen and a mixture of water and specially developed high expansion detergent, with an expansion rate upto 1:1000, meaning that 1 litre of water/foam agent mix expands up to 1 m3 foam. Due to the specially designed foam generator, the high expansion foam bubbles are filled with a > 99% concentration of nitrogen. The oxygen level surrounding the animal drops from 21% in atmospheric air to < 1 % once the animal is submerged in the foam.
Anoxia: convulsions, but no stress or pain
The animals need a constant supply of oxygen to the brain. Applying Anoxia foam, the oxygen is replaced by nitrogen. As a result the nitrogen level is raised to > 99% and the oxygen level is lowered to < 1%. Considering the natural reaction to sudden lack of oxygen the animal is rendering quickly into unconsciousness. As a consequence, behavioral indicators like loss of posture and convulsions will appear. With this in mind, unconscious animals are insensitive to perceive unpleasant sensations like pain.
Anoxia: How Anoxia foam is created
A mixture of 97% water and 3% high expansion foam agent is sprayed into the Anoxia foam generator, creating a thin film on the outlet of the generator. At the same time, nitrogen is added with overpressure into the foam generator. The nitrogen expands when it exits the generator, creating robust high expansion foam. The high expansion foam bubbles are filled with > 99% nitrogen.
Anoxia: Single foam generator systems
In practice, one Anoxia foam generator creates a volume of up to 750 liter of high expansion foam per minute. This volume is more than sufficient to fill a wheelie-bin container within 30 seconds. The most common container volumes are: M size - 240 liter; L size - 340 liter; and XL size - 370 liter. The choice of the volume of the container depends of the size of the animal and/or the number of animals that need to be stunned/killed. A lid with a chiffon that seals the container. As soon as the foam exits the chiffon, the gas supply is stopped and the chiffon is closed. The nitrogen gas concentration in the container remains at 99%.
The Fipronil Affair, Pesticides in Eggs - Why It Happened and Can It Be Preve...journal ijrtem
Most poultry productions in the world have a health problem with an external parasite, the red
poultry mite - Dermanyssus gallinae in their flocks. In the past few days there has been an international affair
with Fipronil application for the red poultry mite control, where residue harmful to consumers' health appeared
in eggs. Is this a separate case, or just a glimpse of the big picture showing uncritical red poultry mite control?
Control program for the red poultry mite lists and defines all important factors for D. gallinae control. Firstly,
it provides full safety of the control, excluding all harmful residues in eggs, especially physiologically active
synthetic chemical compounds with acaricide effect. The program focuses on preventive veterinary medicine. Its
main principle is the choice of products and methods based on the previous comparative testing and checking.
This is followed by adequate preparation of housing facilities, professional application of products and methods
as well as the implementation of auxiliary measures and constant supervision. Only in this way we can expect a
certain effect and rational control of the red poultry mite..
The Fipronil Affair, Pesticides in Eggs - Why It Happened and Can It Be Preve...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Most poultry productions in the world have a health problem with an external parasite, the red
poultry mite - Dermanyssus gallinae in their flocks. In the past few days there has been an international affair
with Fipronil application for the red poultry mite control, where residue harmful to consumers' health appeared
in eggs. Is this a separate case, or just a glimpse of the big picture showing uncritical red poultry mite control?
Control program for the red poultry mite lists and defines all important factors for D. gallinae control. Firstly,
it provides full safety of the control, excluding all harmful residues in eggs, especially physiologically active
synthetic chemical compounds with acaricide effect. The program focuses on preventive veterinary medicine. Its
main principle is the choice of products and methods based on the previous comparative testing and checking.
This is followed by adequate preparation of housing facilities, professional application of products and methods
as well as the implementation of auxiliary measures and constant supervision. Only in this way we can expect a
certain effect and rational control of the red poultry mite..
Bird flu, scientifically known as avian influenza, has emerged as a persistent threat to the global poultry industry, causing massive financial losses and disruptions.
Moe : https://pctl.com/newsroom/bird-flu-a-looming-threat-and-a-promising-solution/
Bird flu, scientifically known as avian influenza, has emerged as a persistent threat to the global poultry industry, causing massive financial losses and disruptions.
https://pctl.com/newsroom/bird-flu-a-looming-threat-and-a-promising-solution/
On 8 July 2022, the first ClieNFarms public policy workshop took place online. The topic of the
the workshop was climate-neutrality and food security in the context of the war in Ukraine.
Coronavirus Unmasked - Biosecurity and Medical FascismAndrew Johnson
In this presentation, we will go through the evidence relating to the history and planning of the alleged COVID-19 Pandemic and how it fits in with a wider, more longstanding globalist agenda. We will look at how the UK Govt. has lied and committed crimes in relation to the measures it has implemented.
Slide 004 - Andrew’s Activities re COVID-19
https://cvpandemicinvestigation.com/
https://cvpandemicinvestigation.com/covid-19-investigation-report-challenging-the-narrative-pandemic/
https://cvpandemicinvestigation.com/2020/09/covid-19-evidence-of-fraud-medical-malpractice-acts-of-domestic-terrorism-and-breaches-of-human-rights/
Slide 006 - Swine Flu (2009) – Looking at Evidence
https://vimeo.com/25624580
Slide 018 - WHO Advisory Checklist - 1
https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_CSR_GIP_2005_4/en/
Slide 020 - Swine Flu – Retrospective Review
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/swine-flu/7865796/Swine-flu-killed-457-people-and-cost-1.24-billion-official-figures-show.html
Slide 021 - Swine Flu Vaccine?
https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3948
Slide 024 - WHO Dunnit…
https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/world/2020/03/11/declares-virus-crisis-now-pandemic/111415246/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-51720184
https://www.opride.com/2017/05/11/case-director-general-candidate-tedros-adhanom/
https://www.theburningplatform.com/2020/04/04/the-crimes-of-tedros-adhanom/
Slide 025 - Who Planned it…??
https://hub.jhu.edu/2019/11/06/event-201-health-security/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoLw-Q8X174
http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/about
https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-china-wuhan-pollution/
Slide 026 - Someone is worried about Dissent…
https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation/identifying-conspiracy-theories_en
Slide 028 - Dr Neil Ferguson’s “Scare” Model
https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-Europe-estimates-and-NPI-impact-30-03-2020.pdf
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data-collection
https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/imperial-college-scientist-who-predicted-500k-coronavirus-deaths-in-uk-revises-to-20k-or-less
https://lockdownsceptics.org/code-review-of-fergusons-model/
https://twitter.com/neil_ferguson/status/1241835454707699713
https://www.vaccineimpact.org/resources/VIMC_orgchart_2017.pdf
https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/professor-behind-coronavirus-lockdown-plan-21979710
Slide 030 - UK – COVID-19 is NOT an HCID…
https://cvpandemicinvestigation.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Letter-JVT-March13th_Open_Government_Status-.pdf
Slide 031 - UK Government Posts Statement
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/high-consequence-infectious-diseases-hcid
Sorry - no more space!
4th Global Conference and Expo on Vaccines Research & Development (Vaccines R&D-2020), which will be held during February 10-11, 2020 in Lisbon, Portugal is now an established event, attracting global participant’s intent on sharing, exchanging and exploring new avenues of Vaccines Research & Development and related research and latest developments. The event will have 5-6 world level (Highly cited class) Plenary speakers, established Keynote speakers, active Invited speakers and fresh contributed speakers. In addition, variety of poster presentations along with workshops and special sessions would be interested in audience.
We are looking forward to seeing you at Vaccines R&D-2020 in Lisbon, Portugal.
www.cebm.netoxford-covid-19 1 What is the.docxodiliagilby
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
1
What is the efficacy of standard face masks compared to respirator
masks in preventing COVID-type respiratory illnesses in primary
care staff?
Trish Greenhalgh and Xin Hui Chan, University of Oxford
Kamlesh Khunti, University of Leicester
Quentin Durand-Moreau and Sebastian Straube, University of Alberta, Canada
Declan Devane and Elaine Toomey, Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland
Anil Adisesh, University of Toronto, and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
On behalf of the Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service Team
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences,
University of Oxford
23rd March 2020
Correspondence to [email protected]
Most real-world research comparing standard face masks with respirator masks has
been in the context of influenza or other relatively benign respiratory conditions and
based in hospitals. There are no published head-to-head trials of these interventions
in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection,
COVID-19, and no trials in primary or community care settings. Current guidance is
therefore based partly on indirect evidence – notably, from past influenza, SARS and
MERS outbreaks – as well as expert opinion and custom and practice.
Policy guidance from various bodies (e.g. Public Health England, WHO) emphasises
the need to assess the contagion risk of an encounter and use the recommended
combination of equipment for that situation. A respirator mask and other highly
effective PPE (eye protection, gloves, long-sleeved gown, used with good
donning/doffing technique) are needed to protect against small airborne particles in
aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) such as intubation. For non-AGPs, there is
no evidence that respirator masks add value over standard masks when both are
used with recommended wider PPE measures.
A recent meta-analysis of standard v respirator (N95 or FFP) masks by the Chinese
Cochrane Centre included six RCTs with a total of 9171 participants with influenza-
like illnesses (including pandemic strains, seasonal influenza A or B viruses and
zoonotic viruses such as avian or swine influenza). There were no statistically
significant differences in their efficacy in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza,
laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory
infection and influenza-like illness, but respirators appeared to protect against
bacterial colonization.
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
mailto:[email protected]
https://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
2
CONTEXT
Concerns have been raised about the limited personal protective equipment (PPE)
provided for UK primary and community care staff with some GP surgeries,
pharmacies and care homes having very limited provision. We were asked to find out
whether and in what circumstances standard m ...
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
1
What is the efficacy of standard face masks compared to respirator
masks in preventing COVID-type respiratory illnesses in primary
care staff?
Trish Greenhalgh and Xin Hui Chan, University of Oxford
Kamlesh Khunti, University of Leicester
Quentin Durand-Moreau and Sebastian Straube, University of Alberta, Canada
Declan Devane and Elaine Toomey, Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland
Anil Adisesh, University of Toronto, and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
On behalf of the Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service Team
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences,
University of Oxford
23rd March 2020
Correspondence to [email protected]
Most real-world research comparing standard face masks with respirator masks has
been in the context of influenza or other relatively benign respiratory conditions and
based in hospitals. There are no published head-to-head trials of these interventions
in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection,
COVID-19, and no trials in primary or community care settings. Current guidance is
therefore based partly on indirect evidence – notably, from past influenza, SARS and
MERS outbreaks – as well as expert opinion and custom and practice.
Policy guidance from various bodies (e.g. Public Health England, WHO) emphasises
the need to assess the contagion risk of an encounter and use the recommended
combination of equipment for that situation. A respirator mask and other highly
effective PPE (eye protection, gloves, long-sleeved gown, used with good
donning/doffing technique) are needed to protect against small airborne particles in
aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) such as intubation. For non-AGPs, there is
no evidence that respirator masks add value over standard masks when both are
used with recommended wider PPE measures.
A recent meta-analysis of standard v respirator (N95 or FFP) masks by the Chinese
Cochrane Centre included six RCTs with a total of 9171 participants with influenza-
like illnesses (including pandemic strains, seasonal influenza A or B viruses and
zoonotic viruses such as avian or swine influenza). There were no statistically
significant differences in their efficacy in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza,
laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory
infection and influenza-like illness, but respirators appeared to protect against
bacterial colonization.
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
mailto:[email protected]
https://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
2
CONTEXT
Concerns have been raised about the limited personal protective equipment (PPE)
provided for UK primary and community care staff with some GP surgeries,
pharmacies and care homes having very limited provision. We were asked to find out
whether and in what circumstances standard m ...
Anger Over Work to Make Genetically Engineered H5N1 Bird-Flu Virus MORE Dange...Hope Small
Destroy a Third of the Human Race New Genetically Engineered Virus
It is okay. The NRC is so sure that radiation is not a problem that they do not measure it in fish or air off the West Coast of the U.S. And scientists are so sure that their carefully engineered "destroy a third of the human race new genetically engineered virus" won't escape their laboratory that they have beefed up the minimum wage security detail from one to two guards during the night. It is all okay. Sleep well and good night.
"We are in a situation where the probabilities of a laboratory accident that leads to global spread of an escaped mutated virus are small but finite, while the impact of global spread could be catastrophic," they add.
Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning is not a humane alternative to Carbon Dioxi...Harm Kiezebrink
I would like express gratitude to the HSA for their 20 years of tireless advocacy for improving pigs' welfare. Their efforts have empowered those seeking alternatives to carbon dioxide stunning. Over nearly 30 years, I've worked on animal welfare friendly stunning applications, particularly regarding stunning/slaughtering using nitrogen foam, and I believe I've found the definitive answer.
The industry originally adopted large-scale carbon dioxide stunning to optimize food production, reduce costs, and lower meat prices, which is only feasible with parallel processing (simultaneously stunning groups of pigs) rather than serial processing (stunning each pig individually). Electrocution is not viable for large-scale operations due to this need for parallel processing. Therefore, a replacement gas that lacks carbon dioxide's detrimental properties is needed, but only a few gases are suitable.
Additionally, the application of an alternative gas must adhere to several fundamental principles:
a) Applicability of the methods for stunning and killing pigs, including their scalability for large-scale application.
b) Description of the technical.
c) Animal welfare consequences associated with specific techniques, including welfare hazards (ABMs), animal-based indicators (ABIs), preventive and corrective measures, and the sufficiency of scientific literature in describing these consequences.
d) Applicability under field conditions.
Introducing a novel application for large-scale pig slaughter is complex and time-consuming before it can be expected, especially given the substantial economic and financial impact for the industry. However, there is hope on the horizon.
The alternative gas is nitrogen, and the application is based on using high-expansion foam filled with 100% nitrogen, applied in a closed container. Within a minute, all air is displaced by the foam, after which the container is sealed, and the foam is broken down with a powerful nitrogen pulse. This ensures that the foam does not affect the stunning process; the entire process can be visually and electronically monitored, and the residual oxygen level in the container is consistently below 2%. The container dimensions are identical to the gondolas used in the globally implemented carbon dioxide gondola system.
The integration of nitrogen foam technology into European regulation EU1099/2009 is nearing completion. All scientific and technical procedures have been submitted to the EU Commission, with finalization awaiting the presentation of EFSA's scientific opinion to the Commission and subsequent approval for inclusion. This final phase is anticipated to occur during the general meeting slated for June 2024.
This marks the first step toward replacing carbon dioxide in 25 years. Fingers crossed for the EU Commission's decision in June 2024!
Harm Kiezebrink
Independent Expert
Preventief ruimen bij vogelgriep in pluimveedichte gebieden en mogelijkheden ...Harm Kiezebrink
New Risk assessment model
The applications designed for farrow-to-weaner pig farms rely on a novel risk assessment model. This model, developed from a recent study, indicates that the likelihood of an undetected infection on nearby farms notably diminishes 7 to 14 days following the identification of the source farm.
This risk assessment model is based a Dutch study that is published by T.J. Hagenaars et al on June 30, 2023: “Preventief ruimen bij vogelgriep in pluimveedichte gebieden en mogelijkheden voor aanvullende bemonstering” (Preventive culling in areas densely populated with poultry, and possibilities for additional sampling).
According to this premise, instead of the standard depopulation approach of euthanizing pigs on-site, pigs beyond the immediate vicinity of infected farms are slaughtered.
Animal Health Canada is currently evaluating new strategies and technologies for managing large-scale emergency situations involving pigs. I have been actively involved in developing strategies and procedures aimed at implementing strict control measures for pig euthanasia during emergencies, with a focus on substantially reducing costs by avoiding unnecessary culling and destruction of healthy animals.
Opting for slaughtering over on-farm euthanasia not only reduces the operational burden on farms but also repurposes the pigs as a valuable protein source rather than considering them as animal waste. This approach assists in crisis management during widespread outbreaks, significantly reduces expenses, and simultaneously mitigates risks.
While this approach is influenced by the new EU regulations implemented since May 2022, it can be adapted for implementation within the context of any EU Member state, as well as in the USA and Canada.
Managing large-scale outbreaks at Farrow-to-Weaner FarmsHarm Kiezebrink
In the face of large-scale outbreaks of swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), there's a call for exploring various strategies conducive to managing emergencies in field conditions.
Through subdivision, a customized approach can be embraced to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness while mitigating the impact on individual farms. This tactic maximizes emergency deployment capacity and streamlines standard procedures. Moreover, leveraging the existing capacity of farming aids in alleviating scrutiny on animal welfare standards, presenting a notable advantage.
Nitrogen filled high expansion foam in open ContainersHarm Kiezebrink
On March 31, 2023 the US National Pork Board validated a study by Todd Williams, of Pipestone Veterinary Services, based on the use of high expansion nitrogen foam for the large-scale depopulation of all classes of swine, utilizing Livetec Systems Nitrogen Foam Delivery System (NFDS).
The high expansion foam produced by the Livetec Systems NFDS surrounds the animal in large bubbles filled with nitrogen with a base expansion ration of between 300 and 350 to 1, as mentioned on the information provided by the producer of the firefighting foam.
The Livetec technology, based on using Compressed Air Foam (CAF) filled with nitrogen instead of air for depopulating pigs, emerges within a critical landscape. The complexities of implementing effective emergency depopulation strategies for livestock, particularly swine, present multifaceted challenges. Livetec's approach relies on high expansion firefighting foam, aiming to euthanize pigs by submerging them in foam.
The Livetec system's claims about the effectiveness of nitrogen-filled high expansion foam for depopulating market pigs lack substantial evidence upon analysis. The discrepancy between the actual foam produced during field trials and the promised high expansion foam, coupled with the absence of concrete proof supporting the method's efficacy, discredits the technology's claims.
World bank evaluating the economic consequences of avian influenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Pandemics cause very serious loss of life, restrictions of freedom and serious economic damage. Potential pandemics all are related to our dealing with animals, both wild and domesticated.
In this Word Bank study of 2006, the effects of a severe HPAI pandemic (with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus crossing the species barrier and infecting humans) predicted economic losses from 2-10% of the world economy.
The economic impact of the present COVID-19 crisis, caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus spreading from wild animals to humans, probably will reach the upper limits of this prediction even if the losses of life might be near the lower limits mentioned in the report (1,4 millions rather than 71 millions).
A common observation is that governments were late to react on the COVID-19 outbreak.
Pandemics are rare, so due to cost-benefit considerations emergency preparations do usually not get beyond an advisory (paperwork) phase. When an emergency eventually arises, the response is too late, too little, and with disastrous effects on animal and/or human welfare that could have been avoided. Relatively small, short-term financial savings result in big, long-term losses.
Protection against outbreaks cannot be achieved by political decisions during a crisis. Our dealing with animals, especially in animal production, must be inherently safe so that animal health and public health are protected.
This is recognized in the One Health strategy that has been adopted internationally.
An outbreak of animal disease occurs should be contained at a very early stage. This can only be realized if all farms have their own emergency plans, with equipment to deal with contagious diseases already present at the farm.
Gas alternatives to carbon dioxide for euthanasia a piglet perspectiveHarm Kiezebrink
The use of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic/euthanasia agent may prove to be affordable, feasible and more humane than other alternatives.
The neonatal stage is a critical time in the life of a pig, when they are prone to become sick or weak. This is the stage at which most euthanasia procedures are required if the pig is judged unable to recover. Any euthanasia method should be humane, practical, economical and socially acceptable to be universally accepted.
They found that nitrous oxide in oxygen appeared to be less aversive than nitrous oxide, nitrogen, or argon all combined with low (30%) concentrations of carbon dioxide or 90% carbon dioxide by itself.
This study is the first to investigate the use of nitrous oxide at sufficiently high concentrations to cause anesthesia. Nitrous oxide, commonly referred to as laughing gas, has been widely used in human surgery and dental offices for its pain-relieving, sedative and anxiolytic effects. It is cheap, non-flammable, non-explosive, legally accessible and not classified as a drug in the U.S., and already commonly used in the food industry as a propellant for food products.
Development of its use into an automated procedure will allow producers to implement it with little effort. Thus its use as an anesthetic/euthanasia agent may prove to be affordable, feasible and more humane than other alternatives.
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
H5N8 virus dutch outbreak (2014) linked to sequences of strains from asiaHarm Kiezebrink
Genetic analysis of influenza A(H5N8) virus from the Netherlands indicates that the virus probably was spread by migratory wild birds from Asia, possibly through overlapping flyways and common breeding sites in Siberia. In addition to the outbreak in the Netherlands, several other outbreaks of HPAI (H5N8) virus infections were reported in Europe at the end of 2014 after exponentially increasing deaths occurred in chicken and turkey flocks.
Genetic sequences submitted to the EpiFlu database indicated that the viruses from Europe showed a strong similarity to viruses isolated earlier in 2014 in South Korea, China, and Japan. An H5N8 virus isolated from a wigeon in Russia in September 2014 is located in the phylogenetic tree near the node of all sequences for H5N8 viruses from Europe.
In regard to time, this location fits the hypothesized route of H5N8 virus introduction into Europe. Furthermore, for several reasons, it is highly likely that the introduction of HPAI (H5N8) virus into the indoor-layer farm in the Netherlands occurred via indirect contact.
First, despite intensive monitoring, H5N8 viruses have never been detected in commercial poultry or wild birds in the Netherlands.
Second, when the virus was detected, the Netherlands had no direct trade contact with other European countries or Asia that might explain a route of introduction.
Third, because of the severity of disease in galliforms, outbreaks of H5N8 in the Netherlands before November 2014 would have been noticed.
Avian influenza virus-infected poultry can release a large amount of virus-contaminated droppings that serve as sources of infection for susceptible birds. Much research so far has focused on virus spread within flocks. However, as fecal material or manure is a major constituent of airborne poultry dust, virus-contaminated particulate matter from infected flocks may be dispersed into the environment.
This study, demonstrates the presence of airborne influenza virus RNA downwind from buildings holding LPAI-infected birds, and the observed correlation between field data on airborne poultry and livestock associated microbial exposure and the OPS-ST model. These findings suggest that geographical estimates of areas at high risk for human and animal exposure to airborne influenza virus can be modeled during an outbreak, although additional field measurements are needed to validate this proposition. In addition, the outdoor detection of influenza virus contaminated airborne dust during outbreaks in poultry suggests that practical measures can assist in the control of future influenza outbreaks.
In general, exposure to airborne influenza virus on commercial poultry farms could be reduced both by minimizing the initial generation of airborne particles and implementing methods for abatement of particles once generated. As an example, emergency mass culling of poultry using a foam blanket over the birds instead of labor-intensive whole-house gassing followed by ventilation reduces both exposure of cullers and dispersion of contaminated dust into the environment, contributing to the control of influenza outbreaks.
Supplementary information wind mediated transmission HPAIHarm Kiezebrink
A comparison between the transmission risk pattern predicted by the model and the pattern observed during the 2003 epidemic reveals that the wind-borne route alone is insufficient to explain the observations although it could contribute substantially to the spread over short distance ranges, for example, explaining 24% of the transmission over distances up to 25 km.
In this generic overview, you will find the date used in the publication “Modelling the Wind-Borne Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus between Farms”, published February 2012 (http://n2gf.com/?p=2377). For the outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N7) in the Netherlands in 2003, much data are available. The overview gives a description of the data used in the analyses of the mentioned publication:
Epidemiological data
There were 5360 poultry farms in the Netherlands in 2003, for all of which geographical information x is available. For 1531 farms the flocks were culled, for all of these the date of culling Tcull is known. For 227 of the 241 infected farms the date of infection tinf has been estimated, based on mortality data. The remaining 14 farms are hobby farms, defined as farms with less than 300 animals, for which no mortality data are available.
The geographic and temporal data together have previously been used to estimate the critical farm density, i.e. above what density of farms outbreaks are can occur.
Genetic data
The HA, NA and PB2 genes of viral samples from 231 farms have previously been sequenced. Sequence data RNA can be found in the GISAID database under accession numbers EPI ISL 68268-68352, EPI ISL 82373-82472 and EPI ISL 83984-84031. These data have previously been used to give general characteristics of the outbreak, to reconstruct the transmission tree and to assess the public health threat due to mutations of the virus in the animal host.
Meteorological data
Available meteorological data include wind speed wv and direction wdir (with a ten degree precision) and the fraction of time r without precipitation for every hour of every day of the outbreak, measured at five weather stations close to the infected farms. These data are available from the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute at www.knmi.nl.
Reseach on H9N2: evidence that link outbreaks in Eurasia, China, South Korea,...Harm Kiezebrink
In this study, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service harnessed a new type of DNA technology to investigate avian influenza viruses in Alaska. Using a “next generation” sequencing approach, which identifies gene sequences of interest more rapidly and more completely than by traditional techniques, scientists identified low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Alaska that are nearly identical to viruses found in China and South Korea.
The viruses were found in an area of western Alaska that is known to be a hot spot for both American and Eurasian forms of avian influenza.
“Our past research in western Alaska has shown that 70 percent of avian influenza viruses isolated in this area were found to contain genetic material from Eurasia, providing evidence for high levels of intercontinental viral exchange,” said Andy Ramey, a scientist with the USGS Alaska Science Center and lead author of the study. “This is because Asian and North American migratory flyways overlap in western Alaska.”
The new study, led by the USGS, found low pathogenic H9N2 viruses in an Emperor Goose and a Northern Pintail. Both of the H9N2 viruses were nearly identical genetically to viruses found in wild bird samples from Lake Dongting, China and Cheon-su Bay, South Korea.
“These H9N2 viruses are low pathogenic and not known to infect humans, but similar viruses have been implicated in disease outbreaks in domestic poultry in Asia,” said Ramey.
There is no commercial poultry production in western Alaska and highly similar H9N2 virus strains have not been reported in poultry in East Asia or North America, so it is unlikely that agricultural imports influenced this result.
The finding provides evidence for intercontinental movement of intact avian influenza viruses by migratory birds. The USGS recently released a publication about the detection of a novel highly pathogenic H5N8 virus in the U.S. that is highly similar to the Eurasian H5N8 viruses. This suggests that the novel re-assortment may be adapted to certain waterfowl species, enabling it to survive long migrations. That virus, and associated strains, have now spread from early detections in wild and domestic birds in Pacific states to poultry outbreaks in Minnesota, Missouri and Arkansas.
“The frequency of inter-hemispheric dispersal events of avian influenza viruses by migratory birds may be higher than previously recognized,” said Ramey.
While some of the samples for the project came from bird fecal samples collected from beaches at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, most of the samples came from sport hunters.
“For the past several years, we’ve worked closely with sport hunters in the fall to obtain swab samples from birds and that has really informed our understanding of wildlife disease in this area,” said Bruce Casler, formerly a biologist with the USFWS Izembek National Wildlife Refuge and a co-author of the study. Non
Risk analysis on the role of wild ducks by the introduction of Avian Influenz...Harm Kiezebrink
Lelystad, April 2015: According to a recently published study (in Dutch) by the University of Wageningen, wild ducks are are identified as a high risk factor for the introduction of Low Pathogen Avian Influenza viruses in free-range laying hens.
Through a case-control study investigated presumed risk factors for introduction of low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus in poultry laying farms free range. Under a LPAI virus was defined in this study: an avian influenza virus of each subtype (H1 H16 tm), with the exception of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses.
In order to determin the potential risk factors for infection with LPAI virus, forty Dutch free range poultry farms where the introduction of Low Pathogen Avian Ifluenza virus has been confirmed in the past (cases) were compared with 81 free range poultry farms where no introduction has taken place (controls). Questions about the presence of potential risk factors through surveys submitted to the poultry farmers.
The analysis of the various factors shows that the risk of introduction of LPAI virus on free range laying farms 3.3 (95% CI: 1.2-9.7) times higher as mallards has identified by the farmer entering the free range area at least once a week, in comparison to free-range laying farms where wild ducks have been identified by the farmer once a month or less.
It seems logical that the regular presence of wild ducks in the free-range increases the risk exposure of the chickens LPAI virus since wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses.
The study also revealed that the risk factor for free range layer farms located on clay is 5.8 (95% CI: 2.2-15.1) times have higher risk of introduction of LPAI virus then free range layer farms on sandy soil or a soil other than clay. The soil on which the free range farm is situated is probably an indirect risk factor (association and not causation): especially in case the farm is located near the coast or close to rivers.
Overview of recent outbreaks of H5N8-High Pathogen Avian Influenza in Europe...Harm Kiezebrink
Updated outbreak assessment on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Europe, America and the Middle East. By the DEFRA, Veterinary & Science Policy Advice Team - International Disease Monitoring.
OIE terrestrial code killing of animals for disease preventionHarm Kiezebrink
The guidelines are intended to help countries identify priorities, objectives and the desired goal of disease control programmes.
Disease control programmes are often established with the aim of eventual eradication of agents at a country, zone or compartment level. While this approach is desirable, the needs of stakeholders may require a broader range of outcomes.
For some diseases, eradication may not be economically or practically feasible and options for sustained mitigation of disease impacts may be needed.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
Ventilation Shutdown: who takes the responsibility to flip the switch?
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Neutralizing risks instead of Stamping-Out
Pre publishing version
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Summary
On September 18, 2015 the USA Government and the American egg producers
announced that they would accept the Ventilation shutdown method as a method of
mass destruction of poultry when other options, notably water-based foam and CO2, are
not available for culling at the farm within 24-36 hours. This is actually the case on all
caged layer farms in the USA, in particular in Iowa.
The Ventilation shutdown method consists of stopping ventilation, cutting off drinking
water supply, and turning on heaters to raise the temperature in the poultry house to a
level between 38 Celsius and 50 Celsius. Birds die of heat stress and by lack of oxygen in
a process that easily takes over after a period of at least 3 days. Ventilation shutdown is
a killing method without prior stunning of the birds, and as such is contrary to all
international Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose this introduction of the
cruelest method of killing poultry that lost their economic value. The Humane Society
(HSUS) described it as the “inhumane mass baking of live chickens”. With adequate
preparation the alternative methods, like the water-based Anoxia foam method, can be
available at each farm for immediate use in case of an outbreak. The ban of the
Ventilation shutdown method should therefore be maintained and the Anoxia method
should be further developed so that is suitable for application to caged layers and
turkeys. In Germany, such a systemis currently under development and will become
commercially available soon.
The poultry industry in the USA ignores this development and asks for a formal approval
of the Ventilation Shutdown method. Speaking on August 19, 2015, during the United
Egg Producers (UEP) national briefing webinar, UEP President Chad Gregory explained
that much research is being done concerning the feasibility of such a depopulation
program.
“The government, the producers, the states and UEP, we all recognize that
depopulation is going to have to happen faster and ideally within 24 hours.”
Quick depopulation of affected flocks is important, Gregory said, because the sooner a
flock is depopulated, the risk of the virus going into fans and out into the atmosphere
becomes smaller. Gregory said ventilation shutdown – if approved – would probably
only be used in a worst-case scenario or when all other euthanasia options have been
exhausted. Gregory did not elaborate on how to adequately prevent outbreaks and how
to promote more animal-friendly methods.
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The latest draft of the USDA Foreign Animal Disease Preparation Plan was published on
August 25, 2015, and the publication of the Ventilation Shutdown Evidence & Policy on
September 18, 2015, effectively created facts on the ground. This was done in a
unilateral way, without any political consultation, without informing trade partners, and
without a fundamental discussion whether or not the Ventilation Shutdown method
should be made acceptable at all.
From a strategic point of view, the US poultry industry created an unprecedented
commercial advantage for itself. Their competitors in Europe are responsible for
biosecurity and for prevention of risks of infection, based on EU legislation. Each country
has to implement a National Emergency Response plan based on Directive EC
1099/2009.
In Germany, public private partnerships called “Tierseuchenkasse” are responsible for
the preparation of emergency response to outbreaks like HPAI, and work on an
insurance model. The German government, the EU and the industry collectively carry
the costs for emergency response activities.
This is not the case in the USA. There, USDA APHIS is responsible for response activities
and the taxpayer is paying the costs. This is a significant advantage over European
producers, and with the TTIP 'free trade' negotiations in their final stage, the European
poultry industry will be confronted with a significant distortion of trading conditions by
this abandonment of animal welfare as a boundary condition in culling operations in the
USA.
US egg producers are actively creating facts that will be very difficult to undo, and with
the Ventilation Shutdown Method officially accepted by USDA Aphis, the industry
effectively avoids to take its responsibility for risks inherent to the type of production
with 31.000.000 caged layers, packed on 35 farms, and caged layer farms with an
average size of 913.000 caged layers per farm. The consequences will be devastating: all
Asian producers, who routinely use cage systems to produce eggs, will follow the
example of the USA, just to be able to compete with the American poultry industry.
For the producers within the EU, it will even more difficult to compete with the US
poultry producers. The ventilation shutdown method will on the mid- and long term
destroy cage free egg production policy in Europe, putting the EU egg production
methods as demanded by the European consumers at risk. In case the European
industry would not able to produce against compatible prices, the consumers will
become completely dependent on eggs produced outside the EU. As the situation is
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now, TTIP will not allow for mandatory labeling of animal welfare on eggs, so that EU
consumers only will have the price as their decision criterion.
Conclusion
Senator Ron Johnson calls emergency response an economic issue; the Foreign Animal
Disease Preparedness & Response Plan puts the limit for Stamping-Out on 24 hours;
official guidelines introduce the Ventilation Shutdown method as a legitimate culling
method in situations described as “where all other euthanasia options have been
exhausted’ - the Ventilation Shutdown method in the USA is a fact with disastrous
consequences for animal welfare and a new obstacle to TTIP.
Harm Kiezebrink
AssociateResearch Fellow
Principal consultantApplied Veterinary Technologies
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SUMMARY 2
INTRODUCTION OF AVIAN INFLUENZA INTO THE INDUSTRY 6
DIFFERENT DRIVERS 7
TRANSMISSION ROUTES 8
CATEGORY 1: INTRODUCTION OF THE INFECTION INTO THE FARM 8
CATEGORY 2: ONWARD-SPREAD BETWEEN FARMS 9
A) TRANSMISSION THROUGH CONTACT STRUCTURE BETWEEN FARMS 9
B) WIND-MEDIATED SPREAD 10
C) RODENTS, SCAVENGERS AND FARM DOGS 10
CATEGORY 3: SPREADING DURING OUTBREAKS 10
TRANSMISSION RISKS WITHIN THE POULTRY INDUSTRY 12
SPECIFIC RISKS RELATED TO LAYER- AND TURKEY FARMS 12
ACUTE SHORTAGE OF RESPONDERS AND CRIMINAL OPPORTUNITIES 13
CARCASS DISPOSAL 15
WHO DARES TO FLICK THE SWITCH? 16
FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE PLAN 17
DEPOPULATION WITHIN 24 HOURS 18
NATIONAL ANIMAL HEALTH EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM NAHEMS 18
$30 PER BIRD 20
STAMP IT OUT! 21
RISK CALCULATION 22
CALCULATION NUMBER OF RUNNERS 22
CALCULATION CATCHERS 23
REFERENCES 25
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Introduction of Avian Influenza into the industry
There are several factors, which contribute to the unique presentation of an avian
influenza outbreak, like the relationship of this virus with wild waterfowl. The virus is
highly pathogenic for chickens and turkeys but not pathogenic for waterfowl.
Since the virus in our current outbreak is not pathogenic for waterfowl, the vast flocks of
healthy virus-infected migratory geese and ducks travel thousands of miles, entering
into commercial poultry-producing regions while shedding tremendous quantities of
infectious avian influenza virus in their feces.
In a recently published studyi (in Dutch) by the
University of Wageningen, wild ducks were identified
as a high risk factor for the introduction of Low
Pathogen Avian Influenza viruses in free-range laying
hens.
It seems logical that the regular presence of wild
ducks in the free-range increases the risk exposure of
the chickens LPAI virus since wild waterfowl are the
natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses.
Another study, published in 2009 ii describes that the
spatio-temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match
bird migration patterns. The potential mechanisms
explaining the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the role of
wild birds, were analyzed, demonstrating that between
December 2003 and December 2006, three global
epidemic phases of H5N1 influenza were identified.
These H5N1 outbreaks showed a clear seasonal pattern,
with a high density of outbreaks in winter and early spring
(i.e., October to March). In phase I and II only the East Asia Australian flyway was
affected. During phase III, the H5N1 viruses started to appear in four other flyways: the
Central Asian flyway, the Black Sea Mediterranean flyway, the East Atlantic flyway and
the East Africa West Asian flyway.
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A third study iii that is worth mentioning is
revealed two different transmission modes
of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a
significant role of poultry in virus
dissemination. Furthermore, selective
pressure posed by vaccination was found in
virus evolution in the country. In some
geographic regions has had an enormous
impact on the poultry industry and presents
a serious threat to human health.
Different drivers
The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental
spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These
different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Avian Influenza might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, iv through direct
(via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via
contaminated environment) infection.
Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by
transmission via wild birds alone, through
sharing foraging areas or shelters. These
findings are in contrast with previous
studies, which did not find environmental
differences between disease outbreaks in
poultry and wild birds in Europe.
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Transmission routes
The routes of virus transmission risks can be split into three categories:
1. Introduction of the infection into the farm
2. Onward-spread between farms
3. Spreading during outbreaks
Introduction into the farm entails the target farm’s exposure through incoming contacts
(human and fomite), through inputs such as feed and egg trays and through
neighborhood-related risks such as air-borne contamination. Onward spreading and
spreading during outbreaks can be through farm outputs (waste and non-waste),
outgoing contacts (human and fomite) and contamination of the neighborhood (e.g.,
through emissions from the farm). Therefore, all day-to-day farm activities involving
people and/or materials and/or equipment going in or out of the farm must be
systematically analyzed.
Category 1: Introduction of the infection into the farm
During the last HPAI H5N8 epidemic in the Netherlands (2014), a total of 5 traditional
poultry became infected by separate introductions, from outside the building to inside
and in contact with the birds. The risk of
introducing the virus to a farm can be
determined from the farm’s
neighborhood characteristics, its contact
structure and its biosecurity practicesv.
Neighborhood characteristics include
factors such as the presence of water
bodies (accessed by wild birds), the
density of poultry farms (together with
the number and type of birds on these
farms) and poultry-related businesses
and the road network. The use of manure in the farm’s vicinity is also deemed to be
risky.
In nature, disease-causing strains of avian influenza rarely spread far because the birds
sicken and die before they can fly to spread it to others. However, in unnatural,
intensive agricultural systems, pathogens are more easily able to evolve from mild
strains to dangerous, highly pathogenic forms.
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Category 2: Onward-spread between farms
In Iowa, cage layer housing conditions (confining in average more than 100,000 animals
each) may have an effect on immunity, but there is no such thing as being more or less
susceptible to avian influenza virus infection; poultry in outdoor facilities that have more
opportunities to engage in natural behavior are not more resistant to AI infection.
Probably the housing conditions themselves (windowless sheds, intensely overcrowded,
unsanitary, with stressful living conditions for the birds) make exposure to AI virus
easier. In the Netherlands it has been shown that. Layer farms with outdoor facilities
and therefore more and better contact with wild water birds have a much higher
probability of introduction of AI virus than traditional indoor layer farms (which do not
have windowless sheds).
Nine out of 10 chickens used for egg production in the U.S. are confined in barren wire
cages. Due to the extreme confinement, hens —highly intelligent and social animals —
cannot engage in natural behaviors. High levels of stress can lead to weakened
immunity, rendering animals much more susceptible to disease. This makes the average
caged layer farm in Iowa a plausible hotbed for outbreaks of avian flu.
Still, it is unlikely that the confinement of hens in cages is the only explanation for the
current outbreaks in the U.S, especially in Iowa. The industrial indoor housing in remote
locations with large distances between farm locations has always been considered as
the perfect protection against introduction of viruses to the farm. Considering the
current pace of outbreaks over large areas, other factors might have caused the
transmission between farms, like:
a) Transmission through contact structure between farms
b) Wind-mediated spread
c) Transmission via rodents and farm dogs
a) Transmission through contact structure between farms
Contacts between people, equipment and vehicles prior and during outbreak situations
are critical to determine the possible source of infection of a farm vi. Hired laborers are
known to play a big role in interconnecting
farms.
The farm’s exposure through incoming contacts
(human and fomite), through inputs such as
feed and egg trays and through neighborhood-
related risks such as air-borne contamination.
The latter can be through farm outputs (waste
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and non-waste), outgoing contacts (human and fomite) and contamination of the
neighborhood (e.g., through water- or airborne emissions from the farm).
b) Wind-mediated spread
In the study, publishedvii in 2012 by Rolf Ypma
et al, a comparison between the transmission
risk pattern predicted by the model and the
pattern observed during the 2003 Netherlands
epidemic reveals that the wind-borne route
alone is insufficient to explain the observations
although it could contribute substantially to the
spread over short distance ranges, for example,
explaining 24% of the transmission over distances up to 25 km.
c) Rodents, scavengers and farm dogs
Besides a study published in 2007viii Taiwan, little research has been undertaken into the
transmission routes via rodents, scavengers and farm dogs. There are strong indicators
for the assumption that rodents, scavengers and farm dogs could play a role in
distributing and reintroducing HPAI.
Recently Avian Influenza was found in a farm dog in
South Korea. The dog had antigens for the highly
pathogenic H5N8.
Since the first case of a dog being infected with the
poultry virus in March 2014, there have been 55 dogs
found with antibodies to the bird flu virus. This is the first
time bird flu has been found in a dog in Korea through
the detection of antigens.
Category 3: Spreading during outbreaks
The impact of the outbreak of the Avian Flu Epidemic outbreak in the Netherlands in
2003 ix shows that biosecurity during outbreaks is one of the main issues to address. An
estimated 1.000 people, possibly more have been shown to carry antibodies to the
H7N7 virus active at that time.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be
low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of
influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
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Most H7 cases were detected in the cullers. The
attack rate (proportion of persons at risk that
developed symptoms) of conjunctivitis was
highest in veterinarians, and both cullers and
veterinarians had the highest estimated attack
rate of confirmed A/H7N7 infections.
From all people that had been questioned, 453 people had health complaints—349
reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We
detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only,
in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-
like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples
had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset.
A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed
influenza-like illness. In three of these exposed contacts an A/H7N7 infection was
confirmed. All three were household contacts. The first contact was the 13-year-old
daughter of a poultry worker, who developed conjunctivitis approximately 10 days after
onset of symptoms in her father. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection.
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Transmission risks within the poultry industry
Before introduction of the ban on conventional battery cages in the EU from January
2012, battery cages were still common in the Netherlands. An evaluation of the
statistics of the Dutch outbreak (in total 1.134 culling operations - more than 29 million
birds) shows that 79.2% of all the infected/suspected farms H7N7 was reintroduced
were labor-intensive layers/parent stock farms; 8,7 % were turkey farms.
Compared to the production of broilers, the layer industry is much more labor intensive.
Specialized agricultural service providers are contracted to supply the workforce for
tasks like egg collection, depopulation, cleaning & disinfection, vaccination etc. The
same service providers are contracted to supply the workforce to depopulate the farms
during outbreak situations.
Because this labor force contains of staff that is partly contracted on short-term basis
(for instance seasonal workers), it is almost impossible keep track of where the staff is
coming from or where it will be working in the future. Even when all farm workers are
officially registered, it is very difficult to guarantee that the workforce in teams that only
carry out normal farm work and teams that strictly work as responders on infected
farms. This makes the layer- and turkey industry vulnerable for labor related risks of
transmission. It was possibly one of the main reasons why the outbreak in Holland in
2003 was so difficult to control.
Specific risks related to layer- and turkey farms
Managing simple response tasks might look simple, but these get extremely
complicated: most responders are untrained and insufficiently prepared to carry out
79.2%
12.0%
8.7%
Type of farms infected during the H7N7 outbreak in Holland
Labor-intensive farms (Layers/parent
stock)
Labor-extensive farms
(broiler/breeders)
Turkey farms
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heavy labor in narrow houses, under stressful circumstances, and wearing
uncomfortable protective clothing. Breaches of biosecurity during outbreaks are
belonging therefore to the most likely routes of transmission.
The veterinary authorities in Iowa and Minnesota face huge managerial and logistical
challenges when faced with depopulation and biosecurity protection on the highest
level at the same time. The labor intensity of response activities – and the number of
people needed to depopulate layer farms with an average size per farm of almost 1
million layers (compared to an average 21,500 layers on Dutch layer farms) and -in
average- 51,800 turkeys per farm (compared to 13,250 turkeys on Dutch turkey farms).
The enormous size of farms will make it almost impossible to prevent transmission
outside the infected areas.
The size of the U.S. farms is one of the most complicating factors to bring the outbreak
under control.
Similar to the situation of the Dutch outbreak specialized poultry workers are used
simultaneously as responders during outbreak situations. And because of that, farm
activities on non-infected farms and response activities on suspected/infected farms
need to be strictly separated. This in itself causes massive pressure on the veterinary
authorities to deploy sufficient responders. For that reason, responders are brought in
from different parts of the country, opening up the transmission routes to uninfected
areas and causing introduction of viruses into uninfected areas.
Acute shortage of responders and criminal opportunities
A study published in The Lancet (2004)x noted an unexpectedly high number of
transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 in people directly involved in
handling infected poultry during the 2003 outbreak in the Netherlands. This provides
evidence for person-to-person transmission pathways.
23%
68%
9%
Infected farm type
Chickens
Turkeys
Mixed
poultry
85%
15%
Infected poultry species
Chickens
Turkeys
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Although in 2003 the Dutch veterinary authority RVV did not expect that the risk of
infection of responders turned out to be 50%, it created a directive to minimize the risks
that the virus would transmit through farm workers and responders. The RVV ruled that
it was strictly forbidden for farm workers and responders who had been active on
infected farms to visit and/or work on non-infected farms within a time frame of 72
hours. Contractors were obliged to keep a strict record of where their staff has been
working.
This measure complicated the task of finding enough staff to carry out response
activities. RVV took a bold step and decided to deploy asylum seekers through a
specialized agricultural service in the south of the Netherlands provider because of the
urgency and the acute shortage of staff. All these hundreds of asylum seekers were
subject to a fake registration under the same name (F. Vogelpest, birdflu in Dutch), born
on April 14, 2003, unmarried, and all with the same social security number 2494 88 039.
This unfortunate step of RVV made it almost impossible to reconstruct the transmission
route through this group of responders.
These emergency responders were normaly deployed as
seasonal laborers to harvest asparagus. With the support of
a local tax officer, these untrained laborers were deployed in
the area of the first outbreak in the center of the
Netherlands to collect dead chickens after stable gassing.
One month later, a second wave of outbreaks took place in
the direct proximity of this service provider in the south, in
an area with mainly layer farms that used the services of this
service provider.
It is difficult to determine where his fraudulent activities
started and stopped, so it is also difficult to find out what the role his staff – including
the staff he normally deployed in the poultry industry in the southern part of the
Netherlands – actually was in terms of transmission from the area around Barneveld to
the farms in the southern part of the Netherlands and Belgium (April 16, 2003
Meeuwen-Gruitrode).
The owner of the service provider was arrested in 2003, and in June 2007, he was
convicted for tempering with the registration of responders that were deployed during
the outbreak. This story has been well documented in the Dutch pressxi, but never been
published internationally.
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Carcass disposal
A similar situation is occurring within the U.S. poultry industry at this moment, but even
on a larger scale, due to the farming infrastructure and the staggering numbers of birds
that are culled - more than 46 million/170 million tons of carcasses - and need to be
disposed of. In an article published in Des Moines Gazettexii Tom Vilsack, the U.S.
secretary of agriculture recently stated that the federal government is addressing the
outbreak by attempting to be thorough, safe and expedient, but that process was
slowed by a lack of locations to dispose of the destroyed birds.
The outbreak in the U.S. is unprecedented in the history of poultry farming. All infected
birds need to be handled at the farm, transported to the disposal location and than
buried or incinerated. Vilsack pointed out that the disposal process has been holding up
the process of stamping out. He said the government has reached agreements with a
handful of landfills and incinerators, so he hopes disposal will begin to move more
briskly. He said finding willing partners that are willing to dispose the carcasses was not
easy. Some facilities expressed willingness to take destroyed birds, but backed off after
hearing concerns from neighbors.
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Who dares to flick the switch?
The Ventilation Shut down method is considered the most gruesome way for wholesale
killing of chickens. Still, it is by far the most method economic depopulation. The
principle is simple, all it takes is shut down all doors and windows; place mobile heaters;
and flick the switch of the ventilation system. Without ventilation, air becomes still;
temperatures raise; chickens suffer; their organs eventually fail; they become lethargic;
and they eventually die of either heat stress, or suffocation, or both. It can take as long
as three hours for the birds to die. Ventilation shut down is killing poultry without prior
stunning, and thus violates all International Animal Welfare standards.
Stamping out strategy
The United States’ primary control and eradication strategy for HPAI in domestic
poultry, also known as the “Stamping Out Strategy”, is based on the recommendations
of the OIE (World Organization for Animal Health). In particular, rapid depopulation of
infected poultry is considered as critical to halt virus transmission. In the OIE terrestrial
code, stamping out is defined as:
1. The killing of animals, which are affected, and those suspected of being affected
in the herd and, where appropriate, those in other herds which have been
exposed to infection by direct animal to animal contact, or by indirect contact
with the causal pathogen; this includes all susceptible animals, vaccinated or
unvaccinated, on infected establishments; animals should be killed.
2. The destruction of their carcasses by rendering, burning or burial, or by any
other method
3. The cleansing and disinfection of establishments through procedures
In the latest draft of the Red Book - Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness & Response
Planxiii - published in August 2015, the goal for the depopulation activities is described as
“within 24 hours”, without reference to the scientific basis, if any, of this timeframe.
Without sufficient well-trained workers; equipment; gas/water/electricity; cleaning &
disinfection capacity; carcass disposal facilities, etc., it is impossible to carry out the
Stamping-Out strategy. This is particularly the case on farms of over 100.000 caged
birds, unless there are unlimited resources available.
This was not the case in Iowa, where the latest outbreak of H5N2 destroyed the entire
layer industry. The average size of an Iowa layer farm is 913.000 caged birds. John
Clifford, the Chief Veterinary Officer for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, explained
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the true reason for introducing the ventilation shutdown method during the Homeland
Security hearing held on July 7 2015:
The problem with these methods, Clifford explained during the hearingxivxv, is that a
farmer can use them to kill only so many chickens at once.
"You can only take out about 100,000-plus birds a day out of one house and C02
those," he said, when there are farms with millions of birds that have to be
euthanized." We need to allow all tools to be used in the toolbox," Clifford said.
"Any delay in putting birds down puts more virus into the environment."
Ventilation shutdown, he reminded, can be used to kill as many birds as fit in a
single barn.
In his opening statement of a hearing session in the US senate, chairman Senator Ron
Johnson stated that the management of future outbreaks is purely an economic issue. In
the past H5N2 outbreak, 40 million caged layers (13,2% of the entire 300 million US
layer production) were wiped out, causing a damage 8 billion dollars; 32 million layers
(80% of total infected layers) were located in Iowa. It is obvious that Iowa is not able to
handle a second wave of H5N2, and therefore drastic measures are now being
effectuated.
Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness & Response Plan
In an attempt to legitimize their actions, USA APHIS refers to the OIE and the UK. In the
introduction of the draft of the Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness & Response Planxvi
also known as ‘The 'Red Book’, published in August 2015, is mentioned in the first page:
“The changes in the latest version [of the Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness
& Response Plan] Reflects the 2015 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.”
Further on in the introduction, the OIE is referred to for the second time:
“The United States’ primary control and eradication strategy for HPAI in domestic
poultry, as recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), is
“stamping - out.”
Implementing policies on the basis of the Terrestrial Code implies the all activities are in
accordance with the OIE, especially when it comes to issues like animal welfare,
vaccination and International trade. In more detail, the HPAI Response Plan includes
what is defined in Chapter 7 of the Terrestrial Code:
“Animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it
lives. An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific
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evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate
behavior, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and
distress.”
Depopulation within 24 hours
Speaking August 19 2015,during the United Egg Producers (UEP) national briefing
webinar, UEP President Chad Gregory asked for allowing the ventilation shutdown
method as a measure of last resort, arguing that such a quick depopulation of affected
flocks is important. The sooner a flock is removed; the risk of the virus going into fans
and out into the atmosphere becomes smaller.
“The government, the producers, the states and UEP, we all recognize that
depopulation is going to have to happen faster and ideally within 24 hours.”
The Red Book states (in chapter 4.3.1) as the first critical goal of the OIE based Stamping
Out Strategy:
“The goal [of the Stamping Out strategy] is that, within 24 hours of (or as soon as
possible after) a presumptive positive classification, infected poultry are
depopulated in the quickest, safest, and most humane way possible.”
By referring to the OIE terminology for Stamping out, the Red Book suggests that the 24-
hour timeframe is following the demand of the OIE, However, the OIE Terrestrial Code
does not mention a specific period within all animals need to be culled. It only describes
a period of 24-48 hours to trace all susceptible animals, so to include active surveillance
as part of the emergency response planning.
This is therefore an important point, because further on in the Red Book it becomes
clear what on the basis of the new plan might apply. In Chapter 5.13.1 Depopulation
Goal & Methods are very briefly described:
“Carbon dioxide and water-based foam concentrate have most commonly been
used to depopulate poultry flocks. However, to meet the goal of depopulation
within 24 hours and halt virus production, other alternative methods may also be
considered by State and APHIS officials.”
National Animal Health Emergency Management System
NAHEMS
Further on the Red Book refers to the National Animal Health Emergency Management
System NAHEMS guidelines for mass depopulation and euthanasiaxvii. These guidelines
describe in details how mass population is implemented in case of an outbreak. Under
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chapter 14.8, it becomes finally clear what the true intentions of all the changes are: the
introduction of the Ventilation Shutdown method:
“Ventilation shutdown is defined as the cessation of natural or mechanical
ventilation of atmospheric air in a building where birds are housed, with or
without action to increase the ambient temperature. Although this method has
not yet been addressed by the AVMA, it is approved in the United Kingdom as a
killing method for poultry in certain disease control situations.”
Ventilation shutdown is not part of the EU legislation and is only allowed under UK
lawxviii under the condition that all other depopulation methods failed:
“Authority to use Ventilation Shutdown (VSD) will not be given unless Highly
Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) infection has been confirmed. VSD can only be
used as a last resort. All other permitted killing methods must be explored and
discounted first.”
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$30 per bird
According to the Red Book, the goal is set to stamp-out the disease within a timeframe
of 24 hours. Let’s take the situation for the layer industry in Iowa – the largest egg-
producing state in the USA — earlier this year. According to the hearing in the US
Senatexix and UDSA APHISxx, the facts are astonishing:
The outbreak was under control within a timeframe of 8 weeks (starting on April
20, 2015/ ending on June 17, 2015)
In total, 33.1 million birds were killed, of which 32 million were caged layers
In total 71 farms were infected, of witch 35 caged layer farms
The average layer farm size is 913.000 layers
Per layer farm, in average 1.188 tons of carcasses (average weight 1,3 kg/layer)
were disposed
In total 51.700 tons of carcasses were disposed, of witch 41.565 tons layer hens
The total costs of the outbreak in the USA are estimated on 8 billion USD, of
witch 1 billion USD for Iowa; an astonishing $30 per bird
The bird owner is being compensated; the contractors don’t get any form of
compensation for their losses
A study, conducted by the Iowa Farm Bureau Federationxxi, shows that the AI
outbreak is cost Iowa nearly 8,500 jobs
In addition to job losses, the AI outbreak will cost Iowa nearly $427 million in lost
additional value, more than half of which is income for Iowans.
The only conclusion is that the US poultry industry was absolutely not prepared for a
large-scale outbreak, despite all their methodical planning efforts and detailed
emergency response plans. In fact, they didn’t even have qualified methods available for
culling and disposal at the time of the outbreak.
During the senates Homeland Security hearing, USA’s Chief Veterinary Officer admitted
that USDA has only a staff of 1.800 qualified animal health technicians and veterinary
medical officers that are trained to manage outbreak situations. For a country with one
of the largest poultry populations in the word, this is absolutely insufficient to handle
and manage large-scale outbreak situations.
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Stamp it out!
According to the definition of stamping-out, the following issues need to be addressed
within this timeframe:
1. Killing of all animals on the farm
2. Destruction of all carcasses
3. Cleansing and disinfection of all establishments
The speed of the stamping-out is depending on several factors that need to be taken
into account, like:
Size of the farm
Number of sheds
Type of housing
Type of animal species
Size of the animals
Number of animals
Type of disposal
Availability of sufficient - well-trained – responders
Disposal of animals once euthanized
The availability of sufficient disposal capacity
Availability of sufficient logistic materials, trucks, containers, cleaning &
disinfection, etc.
Environment where animals are maintained (e.g., pasture, feedlot, dairy barn,
swamp)
Need for specialized equipment (e.g., firearm, gas chamber, chemicals)
Public acceptance of depopulation or euthanasia method
Risk of spreading the disease agent via euthanasia/ depopulation procedure
Human safety
Hazard to the environment
Weather and environmental conditions
Sample contamination on workers who have been in contact with infected
animals and materials as a result of the euthanasia method
Although each farm is different, most of these issues can be registered and addressed
upfront, as part of the Farms Bio Security Plan. In case such farm bio security plans exist
at the moment of an outbreak, managing an outbreak is much more effective/efficient
than when all these issues need to be address under the pressure of an outbreak.
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Risk calculation
In the USDA Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness & Response Planxxii published on
August 2015, the proposed method for eradicating large numbers of caged birds is
taking the birds out of their cages; bring them outside the house; place them in a large
roll-off dumpsters (1,400 ft3/40m3, covered with plastic or tarpaulins); filled with >70%
CO2.
The (simplified) steps of the Standard Operating Procedure for culling caged birds is as
follows:
1) Offload a roll-off dumpster and place it on 10 meters from the entrance of the
chicken house
2) Fill the dumpster with 980 ft3/28m3CO2 (70% by volume)
3) When the container is filled with CO2, start the removal process
a. Removal of the chickens out of the cage by a catcher (worker who takes
the birds out of the cage); 6 chickens per/time
b. Hand over 6 chickens to a runner (worker who transports the chickens in
the poultry house to the dumpster)
c. The runner transports the chickens to the dumpster and enters them into
the CO2
d. The runner walks back to the catcher to remove the next 6 birds
4) This process is repeated until the dumpster is filled with 28 tons of carcasses
5) The full dumpster is replaced by the next container that is prepared, containing
980 ft3/28m3CO2
6) The culling procedure stops when all birds are culled.
Calculation number of runners
This procedure needs to be carried out within 24 hours. To calculate the manpower
needed to depopulate a poultry house with 80.000 caged birds, you need the
dimensions and the layout. For this example, I use the layout of an average Big
Dutchman house with 80,000 caged layers:
Length: 108-meter outside/ 88-meter inside
Width: 13,3-meter outside/13 meter inside
Height: 6-meter
10 rows of cages/8 tiers of cages per row/10.000 layers per row
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The average distance a runner has to walk to transport 6 layers to the dumpster is
calculated as follows:
((Average distance from each case = 108m/2) + (distance from the door to the
dumpster = 10m)) x 2 = 128 meters.
The total running time to bring all birds to the container is calculated as follows:
80,000 birds/ 6 birds per run = 13.333 runs
The total distance that needs to be walked by all runners; 128m x 13.333 = 1.706,6 km
A runner walks with an average speed (without rests) of 1 m/s (3,6 km/hour); one
runner could run theoretically 86,4 km/24 hours. This is impossible. Even in case a
worker would only be allowed to work continuously in 4 hours per shift, this would
mean that within this theoretical 4 hours shift (2 shifts/24 hours):
One walker would walk 14,4 km (1 m/s x 60sec x 60min x 4hours), of which 50%
with chickens in his hands)
One walker would transport 675 chickens to the dumpster (1m/sec; 60s per
minute x 60 min x 4 hours = 3.600m; with an average of 128m per run; and 6
chickens per run)
One walker would lift 877,5 kg live birds manually (average weight of 1,3kg per
chicken)
In order to come to a realistic calculation, the efficiency factor for field workers is 75%
of the theoretical capacity.
The total human capacity needed to carry out this culling operation within 24 hours is
therefor calculated as follows:
Each 24-hour cycle contain 6 shifts of 4 hours each
Per shift, one runner can carry 675 birds x 75% = 506,25 birds to the dumpster;
During a 24-hour cycle, one runner can operate during 2 shifts
Per 24-hour cycle needs 3 runners who run 3.036 birds to the dumpster
80.000 birds need to be transported to the dumpster within 24 hours
In total 80 runners are needed to depopulate 80.000 caged birds over a period of
24 hour (80.000 birds/30.36 birds) x 3 runners/cycle.
Calculation catchers
Per 24 hours, 80.000 birds need to be taken out of their cages:
80.000/ 24 hours = 3.333 birds per hour
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Each catch takes approx. 30 seconds
Per hour, one catcher can catch 6 birds/30 sec x 2 x 60 min = 720 birds/hour
Per hour, 4,6 catchers are needed
Each 24-hour cycle contain 6 shifts of 4 hours each
During a 24-hour cycle, one catcher can operate during 2 shifts
In total 14 catchers are needed to depopulate 80.000 caged birds over a period
of 24 hour.
Total capacity per 80.000 birds, within a period of 24 hours: 80 + 14 = 94 workers.
With an average farm size of 913.000 birds, 11,4 poultry houses per farm need to be
depopulated, demanding a team of 11,4 x 94 workers = a team of 1.000 well-trained and
well-organized catchers and runners. During the 2 months time period, the
depopulation activities on 35 farms actually took place over in total 19 days of 24 hours.
This means that during an active day 35/19 in average 1,85 culling operations were
carried out simultaneously, almost doubling the number of workers needed on such
day.
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vii The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 20013/207 (March 1, 2013) Ypma et al
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xiiihttps://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergency_management/downloads/hpai_response_pla
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xiv http://www.c-span.org/video/?327001-1/hearing-combating-avian-influenza
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