The document profiles several individuals who struggled against discrimination in the late 1700s-early 1800s: - Michaela Angela Carrillo was a Native American widow in Mexico who sold pulque and wanted her illegitimate daughters to inherit her property, which her son contested. - Francisco Baquero was a shoemaker in Buenos Aires who faced racial discrimination as a mestizo trying to join a guild. He appealed to authorities in Madrid and later a segregated non-white guild was permitted. - Damiana da Cunha was a catechist among the Caiapo people in Brazil who helped them adapt to settlers while maintaining aspects of their culture.

1. Struggle and Survival Esthela Caito Part 2

2. Michaela Angela Carrillo Michaela was born in 1746. She lived in Nuestra Senora de Asuncion Amozoque (present dy Amozoc). She was a Native American. Michaela was a widow and a pulque dealer. Michaela lived by renting maguey plants on other people’s land. With this plant, she would make an intoxicating drink called pulque. Michaela wanted her illegitimate daughters to inherit some of her property, not just her legitimate sons(sons born in wedlock). - Her youngest daughter, Maria Antonia Carillo inherited Michaela’s remaining property. Don Esteban, Michaela’s then only surviving son, started a suit to claim the inheritance. Maria contested the case. Late in the colonial period, women, especially widows like Michaela, often owned their own taverns and would create pulque from their houses and would sell the drink on the streets.

3. Enrico Martinez Enrico Martinez lived from 1557- 1632. He lived in Seville. He was a printer and engineer. Martinez was chosen as the chief engineer to work on a flood control plan. Authorities wanted to stop flooding of Mexico City by draining the excess water out of the Valley of Mexico and taking that water to the Atlantic to the north. He built the desague tunnel, but failed to keep it functioning. Enrico later had a ludicrous charge of sabotaging his own work, he was also imprisoned for a short time.

4. Francisco Baquero Francisco Baquero lived from 1748- 1810. He lived in Buenos Aires. Baquero was a shoemaker and organizer. He was a Mestizo. Baquero wanted to be a part of a guild. He worked a great amount and learned to become a shoemaker, he also passed the journeyman’s test. Some masters who were a part of guilds were actually frauds. Baquero wanted to be a part of a guild but there was some racial discrimination against non-whites. There was a legal case which allowed Indians to have full participation in the guild and 2 offices were reserved especially for them. -Later on, nonwhites were excluded once again from full participation in the guild. Local authorities supported the existing guild’s white leaders. -Francisco went to the court of Madrid in 1793 and summarized his effort to create a guild of shoemakers in Buenos Aires. -In 1795, the royal order permitted shoemakers who were people of color to have a segregated guild. -Later on, the town council opposed the formation of both white and nonwhite guilds. Baquero and his allies were very disappointed about this but did not have enough money to have a new appeal.

5. Damiana da Cunha Damiana lived from the late 1700s to the early 1800s. She lived in Brasil and was an Indian. She was a catechist and sertanista. Invaders frequently went over to the hills of Goias, where there was gold. The nativs of the area were the people called Caiapo. The Spanish arrived in Goias and wanted to live in peace with the Caiapo. Damiana de Cunha was one of the Caiapo who was baptized and assimilated (but not totally) into the ways of the oputsider- the Spanish. Damiana was very intelligent and at one point she was the principal Indian leader of the community. Later on, the Spanish created a new military system and the Caiapo were explioted. Many Caiapo deserted the town. Daniana went on a voyage to persuade some of them to return to the village. At one point, Damiana was also the principal spokesperson for the Church of the region. Damiana’s life is important because she adopted some of the ways and beliefs of the outsiders yet she still had a great respect for the Caiapo. She worked to encourage her people to adapt to the settled way of life and also wanted to lead them to the Christian faith.

6. Opechancanough Opechancanough lived from 1554- 1646. He lived in what is now Virginia in the United States. He was a Native American. Opechancanough was a tribal chief of the Powhatan Confederacy. He was a much feared warrior and a very charismatic leader of the Powhatans. In May, 1607, the English made a settlement at Jamestown. Opechancanough stopped allowing negotiations with the English settlers of the Virginia Colony and wanted to force them to leave the region. In March,1622, the Powhatans attacks the settlers and 1/3 of them were killed. The settlers later got back at the natives and killed hundreds of them as a way to get even with them. Some natives were poisoned by English settler Dr. John Potts. In April, 1644, Chief Opechancanough launched one last effort to get rid of the colonists. In 1644, forces under Governor William Berkeley captured Opechancanough and sent him to prison. At this time, Opechancanough was somewhere between 90 and 100 years old. While Opechancanough was a prisoner, he was shot in the back and killed by a soldier who was assigned to guard him.