1. Gaspar Antonio Chi was a Mayan nobleman from the Yucatan who served as an interpreter for the Spanish. His knowledge and translations were vital in documenting Mayan culture and language. 2. Zumbi was a leader of the quilombo of Palmares, a community of escaped slaves in Brazil that resisted colonial rule and fought to defend their freedom. Zumbi led military victories against the Portuguese but was ultimately killed in 1695. 3. Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala was a native Andean from Peru who advocated for indigenous rights. He documented pre-Columbian and colonial history through his book "The First New Chronicle and Good Government."

1. Human Tradition In Colonial Latin America Biographical Histories Megan Beaver History 27

2. Gaspar Antonio Chi Born in 1560 to Ah Kulel Chi a Mayan priest of Chi chibal descent. His Mother Ix Kukil Xiu was of the Xui tribe. Chi was from the Yucatan, schooled by the Franciscan’s he witnessed his fathers murder at the age of 6 years old. Chi felt he spent most of his life living under the servitude of the King and Chi Had made many sacrifices for the Crown. Chi who worked for the

3. Gaspar Antonio Chi (continued) Spanish for most of his life was able to give a personalized account how the Spanish Conquest affected the Indian population in Latin America. Not only was he a Mayan Nobleman but an interpreter this allowed him to be a part of the Colonial Society. It is thought because Chi worked as an interpreter for Francisco de Toral he became a source of information for de Landa’s Relación de las cosas de Yucatán . The significance in this that Chi's information was vital to the book that has been crucial in modern times to interpret not only the Mayan language but about the Mayans in general especially their religion and culture. Chi is also well known for contributing the Yucatan's legal system and as a pillar of the colony and his services as a translator were invaluable . Chi died in 1610 leaving his mark on the Spanish legal system and helped future generations translate the Mayan language.

4. Zumbi of Palmares Zumbi was born in 1655 Palmares, Brazil. He was captured and raised a Catholic Priest who taught Zumbi to speak Latin and Portuguese, he ran away at 15 and returned to Palmares. Palmares was self governed and against Colonial rule, under Zumbi Palmares fought against the Portuguese and the Dutch. Palmares was a community of escaped slaves, that fought against any culture that that threatened their way of life and

5. Zumbi of Palmares (continued) return them to slavery. Zumbi a successful military leader defeated a 1693 expedition led by Antonio Jacome Bezerra, a1776 he defeated an expedition led by Mahor Manuel Lopes. Zumbi seized power from Ganga Zumba in 1677, Portugal knew Zumbi was a force to be reckoned with and in 1685 the King attempted to make peace, by 1690 the Portuguese were more organized and an army led by Domingos Jorge Velho, attacked Palmares, yet Zumbi defeated them. Zumbi was not so lucky in 1694 when he discovered an expedition was approaching with weapons. Unable to stave off the attack after putting up a long fight Palmares was seized however he escaped. Zumbi was killed in combat in 1695 after spending a year hiding and raiding for supplies. His body was mutilated publically and his head was put on a pole. Despite his death Zumbi is hero to the descendants of those he freed. He is still loved and celebrated in Brazil.

6. Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala The year of his birth is unknown, thought to be somewhere in the mid 1530's to the mid 1550's, his birthplace is also unknown it is likely he was born in and lived in Huamanga in his youth. A native Andean, who also spoke Spanish, he was also a Christian. An artist he is known for his book "The First New Chronicle and Good Government" that was published posthumously. During the time he worked as an

7. Guaman Poma (continued) interpreter he represented his family and his own claims to land in the Valley of the Chupas in court, which he lost, for which later he was sentenced for misrepresenting himself through deceit and was lashed in public as a result and expelled from Huamanga. Guaman Poma as a result became a social activist teaching his people to read and write, advocating that the Andeans should have rights. He documented pre-Columbian and conquest in his book Nueva coronica y buen gobierno, and campaigned to the king to end the disenfranchisement of Andean social stratification. Guaman Poma became an adocate for the Indians who were treated unfairly. His book Coronica is important because it gives the viewpoint of a Quechua rather than from the Cusco point of view, giving valuable insight to scholars and the artwork was exceptional.

8. Ursula de Jesús Born into slavery in 1604 in Lima Ursula became a highly respected Afro-Peruvian religious servant for Women of color. Ursula was a devout Catholic who was fascinated with the Virgin of Carmen. At the age of eight she was sent to live with a mystic at The age of seventeen the spiritual Knowledge she acquired helped her gain her join the Convent of Santa Clarita. As a Religious woman and a mystic Ursula has many visions,

9. Ursula de Jesús (continued) however she did spend twenty years in bondage slaving away in convent. In 1642 Ursula almost fell into a well and claimed that the Virgin of Carmen rescued her, she gained a reputation with the nuns as a “servant of God” and reportedly she spoke with Jesus. However she had troubles with her owner caused her to ask the covenant permission to seek a new owner and a nun dona Rafaela de Esquivel bought and freed her, making It possible for her to become a donada (nun) but she refused for many reasons mainly because she felt displeased with the convent and the nuns, yet changed her mind in 1647 until 1666, when she died her reputation for being able to assist souls trapped in Purgatory, being able to communicate with Jesus and her visions made her a spiritual authority and she gave solace to many female slaves, and left behind a diary that gave historians insight on life in Peru at this time .

10. Angela Batallas Little is known about her background, Angela of Guayaquil Ecuador a slave birth date is unknown. Purchased by Ildefonso Coronel in 1821 a wealthy man and a member of the patriot movement, he enticed Angela into a sexual relationship with the promise of freedom. By 1822 Angela is pregnant, Coronel then realizes his place in society would be upset if he acknowledged the child and tried to send Angela away. Angry Angela later argues with Coronels

11. new wife when she threatened to sell her as a result she hit his wife. This is the catalyst that leads Angela to sue for her freedom, she uses her daughters baptism certificate to prove Coronel is the father of her child, which he denies. Frustrated by the legal process Angela demand to see Simon Bolivar known as the Liberator, who was the leader in the war against Spain. Angela demanded to see him and recounts her story in an attempt to gain his support if he sided with her publically this would help her cause significantly, which he did and gave Angela a note to present to the court and Angela won her case . Many slaves have sued their owners, however Angela did what many had not. Sought the assistance of someone in authority, who was powerful, influential. Though he had no power over her fate his opinion meant something and Angela knew this, and others caught on thus she changed the course of history for many of the enslaved. Angela Batallas (continued)

12. Diego de Ocaña Born in in Ocana in 1570, he took his vows in the Order of Saint Jerome in 1588. In 1599 Diego and another Friar Martin de Posada headed to the New World, because they were Jeronymite Guardians of Guadalupe known as demandadores it was their duty to collect alms and spread their faith. During his travels in the New World, Deigo documents his journey in detail, he thinks of himself as a messenger, a man sent to convey

13. Diego de Ocaña (continued) authority but also as an untrained artist. Diego was an important artist who painted many important religious images such as the Virgin of Guadalupe, yet some thought it was improper to paint such images. He continues his travels and by the time he reached Sana he was broke and starving, he was forced to sell his paintings to survive. One painting of the Lady of Guadalupe was thought to help heal the sick, which meant people wanted to buy the painting including a rich priest, which posed a moral dilemma for Deigo who did not want to break the rules of his order, finally gave in and sold the painting but considered the silver he took as payment a donation to help him continue his travels. Not only were Deigos written accounts of his travels useful documentations for historians but his paintings became religious icons. Ensuring Deigos fear of being forgotten would never happen.

14. Jose Antonio da Silva Jose Antonio was born in 1742 near Lisbon and was Portuguese, he was married and he and his wife had no children together. Jose Antonio could be considered a lothario as he had many illegitimate children. Historical records indicate by 1765 he was a wealthy farmer it was more likely he acquired wealth from a gold rush. He was a Captain and an important member of the militia, yet his stint in jail in 1783 is mystery. Besides being

15. Jose Antonio da Silva (continued) powerful in his hometown of Santana but also in the community of Sao Paulo. Jose Antonia acknowledged his illegitmate son with his mistress Ignacia Franca thourough baptism records which was risky at that time, however the end result was he could have a relationship with his child and not keep it a secret. By 1778 his new mistress and children were living with Jose Antonio and this was listed on the census, he also had two mulatto children with one of his slaves. His mistresses seemed to gain a higher social position and some gained their freedom. His wife, children, and mistresses all gained from his death in1797 whether it be slaves, money, or property. What Jose Antonio’s life proves is that it was entirely possible for two people of different races and or social status’s to have a romantic relationship without facing consequences from the church thus explaining how Brazil is racially diverse today.

16. Victorino Loza Victorino was born in the North Andes around 1740 to community plauged not only by diseases and natural disasters but civil unrest. Loza a citizen of Quito came from a family of merchants and became a merchant herself, she married twice, and unfortunately was cheated of her inheritance by her brother. Childless she had an adopted son, she was known as a shrewd businesswoman suing anyone who did not pay her,

17. Victorino Loza (continued) one suit she waited sixteen years to collect on. Her second marriage was more of a business arrangement, her new husband was to travel for business for her so she could keep her good reputation. Loza began investing in landed estates in 1776, by 1782 she owned three properties that were prosperous. Concerned with her adopted sons future she set up a trust, sold her properties and invested the profits. When she moved onto ownership of a plantation she “ bought” employees to make up for the shortage of available laborers. Unfortunately her husband had an affair and her attempt to end it failed so she reported the affair to the president of the Auidencia and sued him quietly, as a consequence her husband was sent to jail but the affair continued. The pair sued each other, and he lost. Loza died alone but rich and successful in 1805, proving that a woman could be a successful and did not need a man to do so.

18. Pedro de Ayarza Pedro was a merchant from Panama his date of birth is not mentioned. Pedro wanted his sons to have an education and a career, upon learning his son Josef was denied graduation because of his race was pardos. Pedro then tried to have the family legally declared white. This process was lengthy and also fractured his family. He would have to engage in a legal process that could change his racial status to white.

19. Pedro de Ayarza (continied) The crown issued a 1795 arancel the chance to purchase this status, as long as they had ample documentation and recommendations. Pedro did this as well as hiring an apoderado. His first petition sent in 1795 and also provided information such as his military service, and friends testified on his behalf, a few negative witnesses hampered this attempt only his eldest was whitened in 1797. His second attempt in 1799 lasted four years at this point Joesph was a lawyer and Pedro wanted his two other sons to graduate, they were legally whitened in 1803 but the decision was reversed. From 1804 to 1806 Pedro sought to overturn the reversal which was denied. The final petition in 1807 pleading it was vital to his younger sons futures, the case was never ruled on. Pedros legal battle showed that race was being looked at in a new light that a persons worth mattered now, not just their skin color.

20. Dona Isabel Sisa Isabel Sisa was an Indian from Charcas her birth date is unknown. Castilian law dictated that community properly in married couples, yet the husband had the right to manage the marital property. Isabel Sisa's husband felt certain properties that he inherited from family should be left to who he deemed, she could not dispute him. Isabel Sisa found a way around that claiming the land as joint property she willed it to her son. This

21. Dona Isabel Sisa (continued) led to a lengthy legal battle between the couple. Will's at this time also documented private information, her first will revealed not only what she owned but after adding a codicil she was afraid of her husband and he had not spit the profits from the harvest and he has taken the money she earned on her own. Her husbands will revealed their were no heirs from the marriage, leaving the question who was Juan to the couple, a later will revealed don Domingo had 2 illegitimate sons and Isabel Sisa brought no assets into the marriage. After her husbands death she fought his will and the truth of how he gained his assets came out, after revealing he was an Indian she gained community property. Isabel Sisa's argument that being able to read and write indicated power was also a persuasive argument, not only did she defy stereotypes about Indians she also rebuked gender inequality.

22. Don Melchior Caruarayco (cont.) the values and traditions of his culture. Caruarayco felt that the Spanish did not care nor understand traditions and practices and saw a decline in his tribe after the Spanish invasion; the Spanish had imposed upon the natives and forced them to supply labor. Christianity was also forced upon the natives and as tribal life declined Christianity gained popularity. There was little Caruarayco could do to oppose the Spanish so his position of challenged as other members of the tribe declared their claim to the position. This was taking place in other tribes as well. The natives being introduction to a new faith and new culture was a threat to tribal life and it did indeed suffer and decline as a result. Tribal practices waned, vales, changed, and traditions died. The significance here is that the Spanish colonization not only changed the lives of the indigenous people but dramatically altered their way of life and in some cases obliterated cultures.

23. Caruarayco of Peru was an Indian that lived in the Andes his date of birth is unknown. Caruarayco was the Kuraka of his tribe, besides leading his tribe he was also responsible for collecting taxes, and protecting his people from the Spanish. He cared so much for his people that when he fell ill he provided for many of them in his will during a health scare. Caruarayco was concerned with the fact the Spanish were changing