Structures - Tacoma bridge

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The Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in 1940 after being open for only 4 months due to oscillations caused by wind loads, which the bridge was not strong enough to withstand. No casualties resulted from the collapse. After investigating, engineers determined they did not sufficiently understand wind effects on suspension bridges. They began using wind tunnel testing and developing new mathematical theories to strengthen future suspension bridge designs.

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STRUCTURES Technologies 1st year ESO (Adapted from a presentation by Manuel Suarez Alvite)

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STRUCTURES: Activity What are the requirements that the Tacoma bridge did not fulfill? What are the requirements that the Leaning Tower of Pisa does not fulfill?

Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge was a bridge constructed in Washington D.C. in 1940. The structure was a complete loss just after four months of its construction. PRESENTED BY: Muhammad Asad Hayat, Student Department of Civil Engineering, Session (2014-18) COURSE: Civil Engineering Practice COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Arslan Yaqub, Lecturer, Civil Engineering UNIVERSITY: University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

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Detailed outline Research question: What happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and what steps can engineer take to avoid this situation from happening again? Thesis statement: There are important lessons that engineers can learn from studying the design and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge so they can avoid this from happening again in the future. I. Introduction II. Design A. As the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being designed, engineers were not expecting wind that hits at 42 miles per hour. B. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was too weak to hold because the bridge was too light, too shallow and too long. III. Cause of collapse How could a modern bridge with advanced design suffer failure from wind? A. the main reason of the failure of Tacoma Narrows bridge was it’s great flexibility, while the bridge was moving it acted like aerofoil, creating drag and lift. B. aerodynamic were a bit understood, engineers were supposed to test bring modals and suspension. IV. For avoiding future problems A. Engineers must utilise computer simulations that makes them better understand design and pressure of wind flow. B. Detailed outline Research question: What happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and what steps can engineer take to avoid this situation from happening again? Thesis statement: There are important lessons that engineers can learn from studying the design and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge so they can avoid this from happening again in the future. I. Introduction II. Design A. As the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being designed, engineers were not expecting wind that hits at 42 miles per hour. B. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was too weak to hold because the bridge was too light, too shallow and too long. III. Cause of collapse How could a modern bridge with advanced design suffer failure from wind? A. the main reason of the failure of Tacoma Narrows bridge was it’s great flexibility, while the bridge was moving it acted like aerofoil, creating drag and lift. B. aerodynamic were a bit understood, engineers were supposed to test bring modals and suspension. IV. For avoiding future problems A. Engineers must utilise computer simulations that makes them better understand design and pressure of wind flow. B. The Tacoma Narrows Collapse March, 2017 Imagine yourself driving through the third longest bridge with your beloved Golden Retriever on a hot sunny day. However, you suddenly feel the bridge kneeling towards the right and left. Seeing everyone in front of you vacating their cars and running away from the bridge before it collapses. Most likely, you would do the same even maybe 3 times faster before it’s too late. But sadly, when it’s too late and the bridge has collapsed you will eventually realize that you have left your beloved dog behind. The First Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being completed and designed in the state of Washington, Tacoma. The Tacoma Narrows bridge was constructed .

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Case Study 7.3 249 CASE STUDY 7.3 Classic Case: Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge The dramatic collapse of the Tacoma Narrows suspen- a series of violent vertical and torsional oscillations. sion bridge in 1940, barely four months after comple- Alarmingly, the amplitudes steadily increased, suspen tion, was a severe blow to the design and construction sions came loose, the support structures buckled, and of large span bridges. It serves as a landmark failure in the span began to break up. In effect, the bridge seemed engineering history and is, indeed, a featured lesson in to have come alive, struggling like a bound animal, most civil engineering programs. The story of the col- and was literally shaking itself apart. Motorists caught lapse serves as a fascinating account of one important on the bridge had to abandon their cars and crawl off aspect of project failure: engineering\'s misunderstand- the bridge, as the side-to-side roll had become so pro- ing of the effect that a variety of natural forces can have nounced (by now, the roll had reached 45 degrees in on projects, particularly in the construction industry. either direction, causing the sides of the bridge to rise Opening in July 1941, the Tacoma Narrows and fall more than 30 feet) that it was impossible to tra Bridge was built at a cost of $6.4 million and was verse the bridge on foot largely funded by the federal government\'s Public After a fairly short period of time in which the was wave oscillations became incredibly violent, the sus- ks Administration. The purpose of the bridge essentially viewed as a defense measure to connect pension bridge simply could not resist the pounding Seattle and Tacoma with the Puget Sound Navy Yard and broke apart. Observers stood in shock on either at Bremerton. As the third-largest single suspension side of the bridge and watched as first large pieces of bridge in the world, it had a center span of 2,800 feet the roadway and then entire lengths of the span rained and 1,000-foot approaches at each er down into the Tacoma Narrows below. Fortunately, no human lives were lost, since traffic had been closed in Even before its inauguration and op ening, the bridge began exhibiting strange characteristics that the nick of time were immediately noticeable. For example, the slightest wind could cause the bridge to develop a pronounced supported by massive 130-meter-high steel towers longitudinal roll. The bridge would quite literally begin comprised of 335-foot-long spans. These spans man to lift at one end and, in a wave action, the lift would aged to remain intact despite the collapse of the main \"roll\" the length of the bridge. Depending upon the span. The second bridge (TNB II) would end up mak severity of the wind, cameras were able to detect any ing use of these spans when it was rebuilt shortly there- where up to eight separate vertical nodes in its rolling after, by a new span stiffened with a web truss ction. Many motorists crossing the bridge .

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Write about the following ethics case studies 1. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse 2. TV Antenna Collapse 3. Trench Failure 4. Three Mile Island 5. Tacoma Bridge Solution (1) Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse :- On July 17, 1981, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in kansas City, Missouri, held a videotaped tea-dance party in their atrium lobby. With many party-goers standing and dancing on the suspended walkways, connections supporting the ceiling rods that held up the second and fourth-floor walkways across the atrium failed, and both walkways collapsed onto the crowded first-floor atrium below. The fourth-floor walkway collapsed onto the second-floor walkway, while the offset third-floor walkway remained intact. As the United states\' most devastating structural failure, in terms of loss of life and injuries, the Kansas City Hyatt Regency walkways collapse left 114 dead and in excess of 200 injured. In addition, millions of dollars in costs resulted from the collapse, and thousands of lives were adversely affected. (2) TV Antenna Collapse. :- Total collapse during installation of a 6-ton FM antenna being placed on a new 1800 ft. tower. 5 technicians killed, 3 on the hoist and 2 on the tower. It was determined that insufficient sized bolts on a makeshift lifting lug extension failed. The falling debris severed one of the tower\'s guy wires, causing the tower to collapse. The following case is based on an actual incident. However, individual actors and company names have been changed due to possible pending litigation. In addition, although conversations and memorandums used are based on evidence surrounding the case, they are hypothetical in nature, and are used to illustrate important issues rather than to attempt an actual reenactment of what \"really\" happened. In 1982, a television station video crew was filming the raising of their new television tower. The antenna was designed and manufactured by Antenna Engineering, Inc., a moderately-sized local firm. Riggers, Inc., a small local firm, was contracted to raise and assemble the antenna. During the initial design, Antenna Engineering submitted antenna plans to Riggers for their approval. Riggers approved the plans which provided for placement of the antenna hoisting lugs. These lugs provided attachment points for lifting cables which would be used for removing the antenna sections from the delivery truck, and for hoisting the antenna into the air for final assembly on a 1000 foot tower. A crew of riggers who had constructed such towers for many years was on-site. The crew used a vertically-climbing crane mounted on the already constructed portion of the tower to lift each new section of the tower, and finally, the two-section antenna onto the top of the tower. The design called for a three-legged tower, and as each new section was lifted, it was positioned and bolted onto the previous tower sections, one piece at a time. The tower legs were solid steel bars with 8 inch diameters. The tower sections we.

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