The lecture was delivered on the Online Course on Macroeconomic Modelling, estimating and modelling on http://elearning.aneconomist.com. Students on this course will get all the lessons also in form of recorded videos and will be offered to select their specific topics in the offered course which will then be presented Live and Interactively.
The lecture was delivered on the Online Course on Macroeconomic Modelling, estimating and modelling on http://elearning.aneconomist.com. Students on this course will get all the lessons also in form of recorded videos and will be offered to select their specific topics in the offered course which will then be presented Live and Interactively.
constant strain triangular which is used in analysis of triangular in finite element method with the help of shape function and natural coordinate system.
Embedding and np-Complete Problems for 3-Equitable GraphsWaqas Tariq
We present here some important results in connection with 3-equitable graphs. We prove that any graph G can be embedded as an induced subgraph of a 3-equitable graph. We have also discussed some properties which are invariant under embedding. This work rules out any possibility of obtaining a forbidden subgraph characterization for 3-equitable graphs.
Econometric Methods for Labour Economics by Stephen BazenAnissa ATMANI
1. Linear Regression in Labour Economics
2. Regression Issues in Labour Economics
3. Dummy and Ordinal Dependent Variables
4. Selectivity
5. Duration Models
6. Evaluation of Policy Measures
Panel data econometrics and GMM estimationAnissa ATMANI
1. Panel data models: introduction, the linear model, extensions, augmented /dynamic panel data methods,
2. GMM: the GMM estimator, GMM for time series models, GMM for dynamic panel data,
3. dicrete choice models
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
NO1 Uk Divorce problem uk all amil baba in karachi,lahore,pakistan talaq ka m...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
NO1 Uk Rohani Baba In Karachi Bangali Baba Karachi Online Amil Baba WorldWide...Amil baba
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Structural VAR representation
Suppose we have the following bivariate VAR(1) model of the
following form (Note: we suppress the intercept term for
simplicity):
In the framework, y and x are specified to be related
contemporaneously as well as with lags and u1t and u2t are
structural shocks of yt and xt respectively and
OLS estimation method may not be used to estimate the above
since the error terms are correlated with the right-hand-side
contemporaneous variables.
ttttt ubxyxay 11111211112 +++−= −− αα
ttttt ubxyyax 22212212121 +++−= −− αα
10
01
,
0
0
~
2
1
N
u
u
t
t
3. SVAR and Reduced-Form VAR
• Expressing (1) and (2) in matrix notation, we have:
• Rearranging terms:
+
=
−
−
t
t
t
t
t
t
u
u
b
b
x
y
x
y
a
a
2
1
22
11
1
1
2221
1211
21
12
0
0
1
1
αα
αα
+
=
−
−
−
−
t
t
t
t
t
t
u
u
b
b
a
a
x
y
a
a
x
y
2
2
22
11
1
21
12
1
1
2221
1211
1
21
12
0
0
1
1
1
1
αα
αα
+
=
−
−
t
t
t
t
t
t
x
y
x
y
2
1
1
1
2221
1211
ε
ε
ββ
ββ Reduced form
VAR/Tradition
al VAR
SVAR or
primitive
VAR
4. Objectives of VAR Analysis
To uncover dynamic interactions among the variables
examined:
Two VAR approaches:
- minimal theoretical restrictions: traditional VAR
- theoretical identifying restrictions: Structural VAR
(Theoretic-dependent)
Similar analytical principle – analyzing the effects of
structural shocks on the variables under study.
5. Main issue in VAR/SVAR
The basic issue in VAR modeling is structural shock
identification.
Note that, the reduced form errors make up of structural
errors. Accordingly, a shock to a reduced form “error”
cannot be taken as a structural shock to a particular
variable:
−
−
−
=
t
t
t
t
u
u
b
b
a
a
aa 2
1
22
11
21
12
21122
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
ε
ε
6. Structural shock identification
Note that:
This is AB model proposed by Amisano and Giannini (1997)).
Let B be an identity matrix. To just identify the structural shocks, the
number of restrictions on the off-diagonal elements of matrix A is n(n-
1)/2 since the estimated variance-covariance matrix of reduced form
residuals has n(n+1)/2 unique elements.
In general, the number of restrictions for exact identification is 2n2
-
n(n+1)/2 on A and B matrices.
=
−
t
t
t
t
u
u
b
b
a
a
2
1
22
11
1
21
12
2
1
0
0
1
1
ε
ε
=
t
t
t
t
u
u
b
b
a
a
2
1
22
11
2
1
21
12
0
0
1
1
ε
ε
tt BuA =ε
7. Case 1: a12 = a21 = 0
• In this case, the contemporaneous value of x will not
appear in the y equation and, likewise, the
contemporaneous value of y will not be in the x equation.
Hence, the reduced form residuals are identical to
structural residuals (or shocks).
+−
−
−
=
tt
tt
t
t
uua
uau
aa 2121
2121
21122
1
1
1
ε
ε
=
t
t
t
t
u
u
2
1
2
1
ε
ε
8. Case 2: a12 = 0
This is a recursive identification as suggested by
Sims(1980), the so-called Cholesky factorization.
In this case, x is affected contemporaneously by structural
shock in y but not the reverse (y is also affected by
structural shock in x with lag).
=
t
t
t
t
u
u
a 2
1
2
1
21 1
01
ε
ε
ttt
tt
uua
u
21212
11
+−=
=
ε
ε
9. Theoretical Restrictions
In general, the model contains more than two variables.
The essence of SVAR is to use theoretical restrictions to
identify the shocks.
Since these restrictions are theoretical-dependent,
illustration need to be given from the theoretical model
adopted to assess the relationship among the variables.
To be fruitful, the models involving more than two variables
will be used.
10. Example I: Kozluk and Mehrotra (2009)
Kozluk, T., and Mehrotra, A., (2009), The impact of monetary policy
shocks on East and South-east Asia. Economics of Transition, 17(1),
121-145.
11. Step I: Estimate the VAR
• The model contains 6 variable.
• The construction of the AB model and its restrictions
should be based on theories (see the paper).
• Estimate the 6-variable VAR model containing the six
variables (i.e. the reduced form VAR)
• It is suggested that the information criterion is used to the
determine the VAR lag order.
• This step is standard in any VAR analysis, i.e. an
estimation of the reduced-form VAR.
• From the reduced form VAR, a structural identification is
made.
12. Step II: Construct the A and B Matrices
• There are various ways to construct the A and B
matrices.
• Take note the matrices are square matrices with
the size equals to the number of endogenous
variables. In our case, it is 6.
• There are various ways to construct the matrices.
The simple way is to use matrix object.
• Click object/new object and choose Matrix-
Vector-Coef.
• Eviews will bring up the following (next page).
15. Fill in the restrictions
as specified in the
model with NA for the
value to be estimated
16. Close the Matrix Object.
MATA (i.e. Matrix A) will
appear in the workfile.
Construct Matrix B in the
same manner.
17. Step III: Estimate the structural
factorization
After the estimation of the VAR in Step I and
construction of the A and B matrices in step II,
proceed to estimate the AB model by estimating
structural factorization.
Do not close your VAR result window as the
structural factorization needs to be estimated
from there.
Click Proc/Estimate Structural Factorization.
Eviews will bring to…(next page).
19. Step IV: Generate IRF and VDC
• The previous step gives you the estimated of
contemporaneous relations as specified in the AB format.
• In order the generate the IRF and VDC based on your
identification scheme (the SVAR), make sure that the
impulse definition is STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION.
• Shock will be named as Shock 1, Shock 2 and so on
corresponding to the order of the variables entered when
estimating the VAR in the first step.