Strengths and Weaknesses
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The document summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of a study by Lisa Joseph and Sophie Harris that investigated the interactions between free fatty acids (FFAs) and G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40). Some key strengths included clear objectives, the use of multiple techniques, and statistically significant results. However, some results only showed significance at glucose concentrations higher than normal physiological levels. Additionally, the reliability of the results is questioned due to disparities with other similar studies. The research may have limited therapeutic value since drugs already exist that can target the same pathway.
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1. The following are body mass index (BMI) scores measured in 12 patients who are free of diabetes and participating in a study of risk factors for obesity. Body mass index is measured as the ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared. Generate a 95% confidence interval estimate of the true BMI.
25
27
31
33
26
28
38
41
24
32
35
40
2. Consider the data in Problem 1. How many subjects would be needed to ensure that a 95% confidence interval estimate of BMI had a margin of error not exceeding 2 units?
3. The mean BMI in patients free of diabetes was reported as 28.2. The investigator conducting the study described in Problem 1 hypothesizes that the BMI in patients free of diabetes is higher. Based on the data in Problem 1 is there evidence that the BMI is significantly higher that 28.2? Use a 5% level of significance.
4. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is a measure of a patient’s ability to expel air from the lungs. Patients with asthma or other respiratory conditions often have restricted PEF. The mean PEF for children free of asthma is 306. An investigator wants to test whether children with chronic bronchitis have restricted PEF. A sample of 40 children with chronic bronchitis are studied and their mean PEF is 279 with a standard deviation of 71. Is there statistical evidence of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis? Run the appropriate test at =0.05.
5. Consider again the study in Problem 4, a different investigator conducts a second study to investigate whether there is a difference in mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis as compared to those without. Data on PEF are collected and summarized below. Based on the data, is there statistical evidence of a lower mean PEF in children with chronic bronchitis as compared to those without? Run the appropriate test at =0.05.
Group
Number of Children
Mean PEF
Std Dev PEF
Chronic Bronchitis
25
281
68
No Chronic Bronchitis
25
319
74
6. Using the data presented in Problem 5,
a) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean PEF in children without chronic bronchitis.
b) How many children would be required to ensure that the margin of error in (a) does not exceed 10 units?
7. A clinical trial is run to investigate the effectiveness of an experimental drug in reducing preterm delivery to a drug considered standard care and to placebo. Pregnant women are enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either the experimental drug, the standard drug or placebo. Women are followed through delivery and classified as delivering preterm (< 37 weeks) or not. The data are shown below.
Preterm Delivery
Experimental Drug
Standard Drug
Placebo
Yes
17
23
35
No
83
77
65
Is there a statistically significant difference in the proportions of women delivering preterm among the three treatment groups? Run the test at a 5% level of significance.
8. Using the data in Problem 7, generate a 95% confidence interval for the difference in proportions of women ...
HLHresearchweb
1) HLH is a rare and deadly disease with room for improvement in diagnosis, initial therapies, and bone marrow transplantation.
2) The development of a mouse model of HLH has helped researchers understand the immunopathology and identify rational treatment targets.
3) A new clinical trial is combining ATG and etoposide therapies and exploring newer BMT strategies to improve survival in HLH patients.
4) Promising research is also investigating gene therapy approaches to correct the underlying genetic defects causing HLH.
Slas talk 2016
Ensuring Chemical Structure, Biological Data and Computational Model Quality
A talk given at SLAS 2016 mon Jan 25th in San Diego
covers published work and recent forays with BIA 10-2474
Is it appropriate to limit searches to prospective trials registries? Resear...
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Research conducted into this question relating to the ClinicalTrials.gov database and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform will be reported.the effectiveness of Pilates for low-back pain
This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of Pilates exercise for chronic low back pain through 14 randomized controlled trials. The quality of studies ranged from poor to excellent. Pilates provided statistically significant improvements in pain and function compared to usual care and physical activity from 4 to 15 weeks, but not at 24 weeks. Pilates did not consistently show statistically significant differences in pain or function improvement compared to massage therapy or other exercises. Pilates may offer short-term benefits for pain and function over usual care/activity, but equivalence to other interventions. Future research should explore optimal Pilates protocols and which individuals may benefit most.
A Time Series Evaluation Of The Treatment Of Histrionic Personality Disorder ...
This study evaluated the effectiveness of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) for a patient with histrionic personality disorder (HPD) using a single-case experimental design. Daily self-ratings on five variables related to HPD symptoms were collected over 357 days during the assessment phase, 24-session CAT treatment, and 6-month follow-up. Three of the five variables showed statistically significant reductions during treatment. Follow-up data indicated initial deterioration at termination but eventual recovery and maintenance of progress. Validated clinical measures also demonstrated clinically significant change in personality integration and reduced depression.
Diabetes Systems Biology And Genetics V6
The document discusses using systems biology and genetics approaches to improve drug discovery for diabetes. It argues that current approaches have high failure rates due to a lack of understanding disease biology. It proposes using multi-disciplinary experiments and computational modeling to map signaling networks, identify modulation points, and predict drug targets. This would require new academic-industry partnerships and integrating various omics data to better understand disease mechanisms and improve drug development outcomes.
Was 2019-pilar
Pilar Martin Pitto and Patrick Capelle conducted a survey on assumptions and methods of obtaining phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. The survey had 14 questions and received 136 responses. Factor analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data, identifying two main dimensions - one focused on usage and the other on demographics. While more data is needed, this approach provides insight into the complex issue by analyzing it across multiple factors.
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A predictive ligand based Bayesian model for human drug induced liver injury US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most important reasons for drug development failure at both pre-approval and post-approval stages. There has been increased interest in developing predictive in vivo, in vitro and in silico models to identify compounds that cause idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. In the current study we applied machine learning, Bayesian modeling method with extended connectivity fingerprints and other interpretable descriptors. The model that was developed and internally validated (using a training set of 295 compounds) was then applied to a large test set relative to the training set (237 compounds) for external validation. The resulting concordance of 60%, sensitivity of 56%, and specificity of 67% were comparable to internal validation. The Bayesian model with ECFC_6 fingerprint and interpretable descriptors suggested several substructures that are chemically reactive and may also be important for DILI-causing compounds, e.g. ketones, diols and -methyl styrene type structures. Using SMARTS filters published by several pharmaceutical companies we evaluated whether such reactive substructures could be readily detected by any of the published filters. It was apparent that the most stringent filters used in this study, like the Abbott alerts which captures thiol traps and other compounds, may be of utility in identifying DILI-causing compounds (sensitivity 67%). A significant outcome of the present study is that we provide predictions for many compounds that cause DILI by using the knowledge we have available from previous studies for computational approaches. These computational models may represent a cost effective selection criteria prior to costly in vitro or in vivo experimental studies.Critical appraisal of meta-analysis
This document provides information about conducting and appraising a meta-analysis on the use of prophylactic antibiotics for pancreatic necrosis. It outlines the steps of formulating the clinical question using PICO, acquiring relevant studies through database searches and hand searches, appraising study quality, collecting and recording study data, analyzing results using both individual and pooled treatment effects, and reporting findings in a forest plot. Key aspects of meta-analysis methodology are discussed including biases that can affect results.
Lipinski Jmrc Lecture1 Nov2008
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Why do evaluation researchers in crime and justice choosen.docx
Why do evaluation researchers in crime and justice choose
non-experimental methods?
1
CYNTHIA LUM*,**
College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
* corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]
SUE-MING YANG
Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Abstract. Despite the general theoretical support for the value and use of randomized controlled
experiments in determining Fwhat works_ in criminal justice interventions, they are infrequently used in
practice. Reasons often given for their rare use include that experiments present practical difficulties and
ethical challenges or tend to over-simplify complex social processes. However, there may be other
reasons why experiments are not chosen when studying criminal justice-related programs. This study
reports the findings of a survey of criminal justice evaluation researchers as to their methodological
choices for research studies they were involved in. The results suggest that traditional objections to
experiments may not be as salient as initially believed and that funding agency pressure as well as
academic mentorship may have important influences on the use of randomized controlled designs.
Key words: criminal justice evaluation, evaluation research, experiments, scientific validity, what works
No question has simultaneously dominated practice and research in criminology
and criminal justice more so than Fwhat works?_ in reducing crime, recidivism, and
crime-related risk factors. Since a number of highly influential reports in the 1970s
and 1980s indicating a grim future for many criminal justice programs and policies
(see Kelling et al. 1974; Lipton et al. 1975; Spelman and Brown 1984), the push
towards evaluating criminal justice interventions to find effective treatments has
defined the role of a number of researchers. This emphasis on program
effectiveness can be seen in systematic reviews of programs (most notably,
Sherman et al.’s 1997 report to congress), the increased use of meta-analyses to
draw more parsimonious conclusions from the plethora of evaluation research (see,
e.g., Andrews et al. 1990; Cox et al. 1995; Dowden et al. 2003; Lipsey and Wilson
1993; Logan and Gaes 1993; Lösel and Koferl 1989; Prendergast et al. 2000;
Wilson 2000, 2001; Wilson et al. 2000, 2001; Whitehead and Lab 1989), and the
establishment of the Campbell Collaboration,
2
an organization which advocates for
higher quality research and evidence-based policy (see Farrington and Petrosino
2001; Petrosino et al. 2001).
**In August 2005, Dr. Lum’s affiliation will change to George Mason University.
Journal of Experimental Criminology (2005) 1: 191–213 # Springer 2005
A natural development from this Fwhat works_ pursuit has become assessing the
quality of these evaluations. The believability of evaluation research depends not
only on the theoretical sense of what is being evaluated but also upon the eval-
ua.
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