This document discusses various types of mechanical joints and fasteners, including bolted, welded, and riveted joints. It covers topics such as bolt materials and strengths, thread standards and definitions, stress areas of bolts, stiffness of fasteners and clamped parts, and force analysis of power screws. The document contains definitions of key terms related to bolts, screws, threads and joints. It also provides equations for calculating forces and torques in bolted and power screw connections.
The document discusses the design of machine elements. It covers factors governing design, general design procedures, stresses in bolts, nuts and keys, and design of cylinder cover bolts. Key points covered include:
1) The factors governing machine element design include strength, cost, reliability, shape, size, friction, corrosion and more.
2) General design procedures include identifying needs, analyzing forces, selecting materials, determining sizes, and producing detailed drawings.
3) Stresses in bolted connections from initial tightening, external loads, and combined loads are analyzed. Formulas to calculate bolt sizes based on allowable stresses are presented.
4) The design of cylinder cover bolts involves calculating the pitch
Multi-StageSheet Metal Fromed Bolted Fastener DesignMark Brooks
This document discusses the development of a multi-stage sheet metal fastening design that eliminates nuts to reduce costs and improve manufacturing efficiency. Testing showed that while extruded, rivet, and PEM nuts exceeded torque specifications, shear/tap fasteners only marginally met specifications, failing through thread tear. To breakthrough this technology barrier, the basics of thread forming were revisited. Roll-forming threads through compression may improve performance over cutting threads.
The document discusses various mechanical fastening methods used to assemble parts. It describes threaded fasteners like screws, bolts, and nuts which allow for disassembly. It also covers permanent fastening methods like rivets and eyelets. Interference fits that create an interference during or after assembly to hold parts together are also discussed, including press, shrink, and expansion fits. The document provides details on the use, advantages, and considerations for each fastening method.
This document discusses various mechanical drive systems including friction drives, belt drives, rope drives, and chain drives. It provides details on the components, operation, advantages and disadvantages of each type of drive. Specifically, it describes how friction is used to transmit motion in friction drives and how different types of belts and pulleys are used to transmit power over a distance in belt drives. It also explains the construction and stress considerations of wire rope used in rope drives, and the components and operation of roller chains used in chain drives.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key information effectively in 3 sentences.
Couplings are used to connect two rotating shafts and transmit torque from one to the other. There are two main types of couplings: rigid couplings for perfectly aligned shafts, and flexible couplings for shafts with misalignment which absorb shocks and vibrations. Common rigid couplings include sleeve, flange, and split-muff couplings which connect shafts through a sleeve or bolted flanges. Flexible bush pin couplings connect shafts through pins with rubber bushes to absorb shocks and compensate for misalignment.
The document discusses various mechanical fastening and assembly methods. It describes common threaded fasteners like screws, bolts, nuts and how they are used. Other fastening methods discussed include rivets, press fits, shrink fits, snap fits, retaining rings, staples and sewing. The document also covers design for assembly principles to reduce assembly costs through minimizing part counts and ease of assembly.
The document discusses steel structures and structural drafting. It covers various topics related to steel including properties, structural joints, technical terms, and design elements. Specific sections are dedicated to steel columns, plate girders, purposes and uses of steel, advantages and disadvantages of steel structures, steel structure drawings, working drawings, fabrication, and roof systems of steel trusses. The document provides information needed for structural drafting and elementary structural design.
The document discusses the design of machine elements. It covers factors governing design, general design procedures, stresses in bolts, nuts and keys, and design of cylinder cover bolts. Key points covered include:
1) The factors governing machine element design include strength, cost, reliability, shape, size, friction, corrosion and more.
2) General design procedures include identifying needs, analyzing forces, selecting materials, determining sizes, and producing detailed drawings.
3) Stresses in bolted connections from initial tightening, external loads, and combined loads are analyzed. Formulas to calculate bolt sizes based on allowable stresses are presented.
4) The design of cylinder cover bolts involves calculating the pitch
Multi-StageSheet Metal Fromed Bolted Fastener DesignMark Brooks
This document discusses the development of a multi-stage sheet metal fastening design that eliminates nuts to reduce costs and improve manufacturing efficiency. Testing showed that while extruded, rivet, and PEM nuts exceeded torque specifications, shear/tap fasteners only marginally met specifications, failing through thread tear. To breakthrough this technology barrier, the basics of thread forming were revisited. Roll-forming threads through compression may improve performance over cutting threads.
The document discusses various mechanical fastening methods used to assemble parts. It describes threaded fasteners like screws, bolts, and nuts which allow for disassembly. It also covers permanent fastening methods like rivets and eyelets. Interference fits that create an interference during or after assembly to hold parts together are also discussed, including press, shrink, and expansion fits. The document provides details on the use, advantages, and considerations for each fastening method.
This document discusses various mechanical drive systems including friction drives, belt drives, rope drives, and chain drives. It provides details on the components, operation, advantages and disadvantages of each type of drive. Specifically, it describes how friction is used to transmit motion in friction drives and how different types of belts and pulleys are used to transmit power over a distance in belt drives. It also explains the construction and stress considerations of wire rope used in rope drives, and the components and operation of roller chains used in chain drives.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key information effectively in 3 sentences.
Couplings are used to connect two rotating shafts and transmit torque from one to the other. There are two main types of couplings: rigid couplings for perfectly aligned shafts, and flexible couplings for shafts with misalignment which absorb shocks and vibrations. Common rigid couplings include sleeve, flange, and split-muff couplings which connect shafts through a sleeve or bolted flanges. Flexible bush pin couplings connect shafts through pins with rubber bushes to absorb shocks and compensate for misalignment.
The document discusses various mechanical fastening and assembly methods. It describes common threaded fasteners like screws, bolts, nuts and how they are used. Other fastening methods discussed include rivets, press fits, shrink fits, snap fits, retaining rings, staples and sewing. The document also covers design for assembly principles to reduce assembly costs through minimizing part counts and ease of assembly.
The document discusses steel structures and structural drafting. It covers various topics related to steel including properties, structural joints, technical terms, and design elements. Specific sections are dedicated to steel columns, plate girders, purposes and uses of steel, advantages and disadvantages of steel structures, steel structure drawings, working drawings, fabrication, and roof systems of steel trusses. The document provides information needed for structural drafting and elementary structural design.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a C-clamp using different materials. It analyzes the C-clamp design using both structural steel and aluminum alloy to determine the most suitable material. The analysis includes modeling the C-clamp in ANSYS, applying loads, and evaluating stresses and safety factors. The results show that structural steel performs better with higher safety factors and lower stresses under load compared to the aluminum alloy. Specifically for the handle part, the aluminum alloy shows higher stresses due to greater deflection, making structural steel preferable for withstanding the applied forces in the C-clamp.
This document describes the design and modeling of a screw jack. It includes analyzing the stresses on each component of the screw jack, which consists of a screw, nut, body, handle, cup and other parts. Materials were selected for each component based on their strength and stress requirements. Dimensions for each part were calculated using analytical methods to ensure the screw jack could safely lift a load of 250kN over a height of 270mm. 3D models were created for each component in Solid Edge software and then assembled to visually demonstrate the complete screw jack design.
This document discusses machine drawing and screw threads. It provides information on conventions for representing materials and machine components in drawings. It also describes the terminology, nomenclature, profiles, and representations of screw threads and threaded fasteners like bolts, nuts, and studs. Evaluation criteria for subjects involving design and drawing are outlined which allocate 30 marks for internal evaluation and 70 marks for end examination.
The document analyzes rivets using finite element analysis. It discusses rivet design, materials, and joining techniques like cold riveting and hot riveting. Finite element analysis software ANSYS is used to model and analyze single lap riveted joints with and without adhesive. Results show stresses and deformations in the rivet and joint. The analysis finds finite element methods to be effective for designing mechanical components like riveted joints, and ANSYS can accurately model complex joint geometries. Using adhesives between plates leads to more uniform stress distribution and increased joint life.
This document discusses riveted joints, which are used to join metal plates. It describes the different types of rivet heads, riveted joint configurations like lap joints and butt joints, and how rivets are installed through heating and hammering. The document also discusses factors that determine the strength of riveted joints like the tearing resistance of plates, shearing resistance of rivets, and crushing resistance of plates and rivets. It explains how riveted joints can fail through tearing of plates, shearing of rivets, or crushing of plates/rivets. The efficiency of riveted joints is defined as the ratio of the joint's strength to the strength of an unriveted solid
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses mechanical fasteners. It defines fasteners as mechanical elements that hold two or more machine or structural parts together. Fasteners are classified as detachable or non-detachable. Threaded and non-threaded fasteners are types of detachable fasteners. Common threaded fasteners include bolts, screws, and nuts. The document provides details on threaded fastener terminology, types of threads, thread manufacturing, and considerations for selecting an appropriate fastener.
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
square threads
,
types and forms of threads
,
overhauling of screw threads
,
self locking of screw threads
,
design of machine elements
,
machine design
Selection of manufacturing methods for knuckle jointViraj Dendge
The document summarizes a presentation on selecting manufacturing methods for a knuckle joint. It introduces knuckle joints, describes their typical parts and applications. It then discusses selecting materials like steel or wrought iron and manufacturing processes like casting, fabrication or forging for the different parts. The document outlines design procedures and assumptions for stress analysis. It provides an example of designing a knuckle joint for a tractor trolley subjected to 75kN tensile load, selecting materials, dimensions and safety factors.
The document discusses various topics related to screwed joints and fastenings including:
1. The advantages and disadvantages of screwed joints.
2. Important terms used in screw threads such as major diameter, pitch, and crest.
3. Different types of screw threads including British Standard, American, and metric threads.
4. Factors to consider when locating screwed joints such as reducing bending stresses.
5. Common types of screw fastenings like through bolts, studs, and set screws.
The document discusses the design of power screws. Power screws convert rotary motion into linear motion and are used in applications like lathes, screw jacks, presses, and vices. There are several types of thread profiles used in power screws including square, acme, trapezoidal, and buttress threads. Square threads provide maximum efficiency but are weaker. Acme threads are stronger and allow for split nuts. The document provides formulas to calculate the torque required to raise or lower a load using a power screw based on factors like thread angle, friction angle, and load weight. It also discusses design considerations for parts of a screw jack like the screw, nut, nut collar, screw head, and handle.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
,
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
machine design
,
design of machine elements
,
knuckle joint
,
failures of knuckle joint under different streses
,
fork end
,
single eye end
,
knuckle pin
The document discusses different types of fasteners used to join machine parts, including screwed fasteners, riveted joints, and keys. It describes various threaded components like bolts, nuts, and studs. It discusses different thread profiles like metric, square, and ACME threads. It also covers rivet types, dimensions of riveted joints, and types of keys used in pin joints.
Design of Beam- RCC Singly Reinforced BeamSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Concrete beams are an essential part of civil structures. Learn the design basis, calculations for sizing, tension reinforcement, and shear reinforcement for a concrete beam.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses determining the fatigue behavior of engine damper cap screw bolts. It describes testing the bolts to determine their ultimate tensile strength, hardness, preload, and fatigue strength. Samples of the bolts were tested under various alternating loads with a constant mean load to generate an S-N curve showing their fatigue life. It was found that fatigue failure occurred in the threads due to high stress concentration, and the average preload of the bolts was determined to be 40,000 lbs using ultrasonic measurement.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses determining the fatigue behavior of engine damper cap screw bolts. It begins with an abstract that outlines testing cap screw bolts under different alternating loads to determine their fatigue strength using the S-N method. It then provides background on issues like insufficient bolt preload leading to failure. The document describes testing the mechanical properties of damper cap screw bolts, including hardness, ultimate tensile strength from tension tests, and evaluating their chemical composition. It aims to determine the cap screw bolts' fatigue strength and failure locations under fatigue testing.
1. The document discusses various engineering drawing codes, symbols, and standards including abbreviations, IS codes, and presentation rules.
2. Welding symbols and their components like arrow lines, reference lines, weld size, finish symbols, and unwelded lengths are defined. Riveted joint types and rivet head forms are also covered.
3. Screw thread terms such as crest, root, pitch, and types including V-thread, square thread, and metric threads are explained. Keys, fasteners, and threaded components like bolts, nuts, and taps are also discussed.
Spring is an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed.
APPLICATION OF SPRINGS
To apply forces as in brakes, clutches and spring loaded valves.
To store energy as in watches, toys.
To measure forces as in spring balance and engine indicators.
To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car.The material of the spring should have
high fatigue strength,
high ductility,
high resilience and
creep resistant.
It largely depends upon the size and service.
The strength of the wires varies with size, smaller size wires have greater strength and less ductility, due to the greater degree of cold working.
Severe service means rapid continuous loading where the ratio of minimum to maximum load (or stress) is one-half or less, as in automotive valve springs.
Average service includes the same stress range as in severe service but with only intermittent operation, as in engine governor springs and automobile suspension springs.
Light service includes springs subjected to loads that are static or very infrequently varied, as in safety valve springs.
The springs are mostly made from oil-tempered carbon steel wires containing 0.60 to 0.70 per cent carbon and 0.60 to 1.0 per cent manganese.
IRJET- Behaviour of Cold Form Steel under Point Loading & Statically Defi...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analytical and experimental study on the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) channel sections under point loading. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS to analyze CFS channel sections with various stiffener configurations. Experimental testing was also performed on CFS channel sections with and without stiffeners. The results found that CFS channel sections with rectangular stiffeners and lips had the highest load carrying capacity and lowest deformation compared to other section configurations based on both analytical and experimental analysis. In particular, the rectangular stiffened CFS channel section with a 30mm lip was found to have a load carrying capacity of 42.25kN and deformation of 3.06mm from experimental testing.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a C-clamp using different materials. It analyzes the C-clamp design using both structural steel and aluminum alloy to determine the most suitable material. The analysis includes modeling the C-clamp in ANSYS, applying loads, and evaluating stresses and safety factors. The results show that structural steel performs better with higher safety factors and lower stresses under load compared to the aluminum alloy. Specifically for the handle part, the aluminum alloy shows higher stresses due to greater deflection, making structural steel preferable for withstanding the applied forces in the C-clamp.
This document describes the design and modeling of a screw jack. It includes analyzing the stresses on each component of the screw jack, which consists of a screw, nut, body, handle, cup and other parts. Materials were selected for each component based on their strength and stress requirements. Dimensions for each part were calculated using analytical methods to ensure the screw jack could safely lift a load of 250kN over a height of 270mm. 3D models were created for each component in Solid Edge software and then assembled to visually demonstrate the complete screw jack design.
This document discusses machine drawing and screw threads. It provides information on conventions for representing materials and machine components in drawings. It also describes the terminology, nomenclature, profiles, and representations of screw threads and threaded fasteners like bolts, nuts, and studs. Evaluation criteria for subjects involving design and drawing are outlined which allocate 30 marks for internal evaluation and 70 marks for end examination.
The document analyzes rivets using finite element analysis. It discusses rivet design, materials, and joining techniques like cold riveting and hot riveting. Finite element analysis software ANSYS is used to model and analyze single lap riveted joints with and without adhesive. Results show stresses and deformations in the rivet and joint. The analysis finds finite element methods to be effective for designing mechanical components like riveted joints, and ANSYS can accurately model complex joint geometries. Using adhesives between plates leads to more uniform stress distribution and increased joint life.
This document discusses riveted joints, which are used to join metal plates. It describes the different types of rivet heads, riveted joint configurations like lap joints and butt joints, and how rivets are installed through heating and hammering. The document also discusses factors that determine the strength of riveted joints like the tearing resistance of plates, shearing resistance of rivets, and crushing resistance of plates and rivets. It explains how riveted joints can fail through tearing of plates, shearing of rivets, or crushing of plates/rivets. The efficiency of riveted joints is defined as the ratio of the joint's strength to the strength of an unriveted solid
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses mechanical fasteners. It defines fasteners as mechanical elements that hold two or more machine or structural parts together. Fasteners are classified as detachable or non-detachable. Threaded and non-threaded fasteners are types of detachable fasteners. Common threaded fasteners include bolts, screws, and nuts. The document provides details on threaded fastener terminology, types of threads, thread manufacturing, and considerations for selecting an appropriate fastener.
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
square threads
,
types and forms of threads
,
overhauling of screw threads
,
self locking of screw threads
,
design of machine elements
,
machine design
Selection of manufacturing methods for knuckle jointViraj Dendge
The document summarizes a presentation on selecting manufacturing methods for a knuckle joint. It introduces knuckle joints, describes their typical parts and applications. It then discusses selecting materials like steel or wrought iron and manufacturing processes like casting, fabrication or forging for the different parts. The document outlines design procedures and assumptions for stress analysis. It provides an example of designing a knuckle joint for a tractor trolley subjected to 75kN tensile load, selecting materials, dimensions and safety factors.
The document discusses various topics related to screwed joints and fastenings including:
1. The advantages and disadvantages of screwed joints.
2. Important terms used in screw threads such as major diameter, pitch, and crest.
3. Different types of screw threads including British Standard, American, and metric threads.
4. Factors to consider when locating screwed joints such as reducing bending stresses.
5. Common types of screw fastenings like through bolts, studs, and set screws.
The document discusses the design of power screws. Power screws convert rotary motion into linear motion and are used in applications like lathes, screw jacks, presses, and vices. There are several types of thread profiles used in power screws including square, acme, trapezoidal, and buttress threads. Square threads provide maximum efficiency but are weaker. Acme threads are stronger and allow for split nuts. The document provides formulas to calculate the torque required to raise or lower a load using a power screw based on factors like thread angle, friction angle, and load weight. It also discusses design considerations for parts of a screw jack like the screw, nut, nut collar, screw head, and handle.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
,
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
machine design
,
design of machine elements
,
knuckle joint
,
failures of knuckle joint under different streses
,
fork end
,
single eye end
,
knuckle pin
The document discusses different types of fasteners used to join machine parts, including screwed fasteners, riveted joints, and keys. It describes various threaded components like bolts, nuts, and studs. It discusses different thread profiles like metric, square, and ACME threads. It also covers rivet types, dimensions of riveted joints, and types of keys used in pin joints.
Design of Beam- RCC Singly Reinforced BeamSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Concrete beams are an essential part of civil structures. Learn the design basis, calculations for sizing, tension reinforcement, and shear reinforcement for a concrete beam.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses determining the fatigue behavior of engine damper cap screw bolts. It describes testing the bolts to determine their ultimate tensile strength, hardness, preload, and fatigue strength. Samples of the bolts were tested under various alternating loads with a constant mean load to generate an S-N curve showing their fatigue life. It was found that fatigue failure occurred in the threads due to high stress concentration, and the average preload of the bolts was determined to be 40,000 lbs using ultrasonic measurement.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses determining the fatigue behavior of engine damper cap screw bolts. It begins with an abstract that outlines testing cap screw bolts under different alternating loads to determine their fatigue strength using the S-N method. It then provides background on issues like insufficient bolt preload leading to failure. The document describes testing the mechanical properties of damper cap screw bolts, including hardness, ultimate tensile strength from tension tests, and evaluating their chemical composition. It aims to determine the cap screw bolts' fatigue strength and failure locations under fatigue testing.
1. The document discusses various engineering drawing codes, symbols, and standards including abbreviations, IS codes, and presentation rules.
2. Welding symbols and their components like arrow lines, reference lines, weld size, finish symbols, and unwelded lengths are defined. Riveted joint types and rivet head forms are also covered.
3. Screw thread terms such as crest, root, pitch, and types including V-thread, square thread, and metric threads are explained. Keys, fasteners, and threaded components like bolts, nuts, and taps are also discussed.
Spring is an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed.
APPLICATION OF SPRINGS
To apply forces as in brakes, clutches and spring loaded valves.
To store energy as in watches, toys.
To measure forces as in spring balance and engine indicators.
To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car.The material of the spring should have
high fatigue strength,
high ductility,
high resilience and
creep resistant.
It largely depends upon the size and service.
The strength of the wires varies with size, smaller size wires have greater strength and less ductility, due to the greater degree of cold working.
Severe service means rapid continuous loading where the ratio of minimum to maximum load (or stress) is one-half or less, as in automotive valve springs.
Average service includes the same stress range as in severe service but with only intermittent operation, as in engine governor springs and automobile suspension springs.
Light service includes springs subjected to loads that are static or very infrequently varied, as in safety valve springs.
The springs are mostly made from oil-tempered carbon steel wires containing 0.60 to 0.70 per cent carbon and 0.60 to 1.0 per cent manganese.
IRJET- Behaviour of Cold Form Steel under Point Loading & Statically Defi...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analytical and experimental study on the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) channel sections under point loading. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS to analyze CFS channel sections with various stiffener configurations. Experimental testing was also performed on CFS channel sections with and without stiffeners. The results found that CFS channel sections with rectangular stiffeners and lips had the highest load carrying capacity and lowest deformation compared to other section configurations based on both analytical and experimental analysis. In particular, the rectangular stiffened CFS channel section with a 30mm lip was found to have a load carrying capacity of 42.25kN and deformation of 3.06mm from experimental testing.
Similar to Strength Calculation and Dimensioning of Joints.pptx (20)
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
3. 3
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Introduction
The helical-thread screw was undoubtedly an extremely
important mechanical invention. It is a basis of power screws
which change angular motion to linear motion to transmit
power or to develop large forces (presses, jacks, etc.), and
threaded fasteners, an important element in nonpermanent
joints.
A fastener is any device used to connect or join two or more
components. Literally hundreds of fastener types and
variations are available. The most common are threaded
fasteners referred to by many names, among them bolts,
screws, nuts, studs, lag screws, and set screws.
4. 4
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Introduction cont…
Typical methods of fastening or joining parts use such devices
as bolts, nuts, cap screws, setscrews, rivets, spring retainers,
locking devices, pins, keys, welds, and adhesives.
A bolt is a threaded fastener designed to pass through holes in the
mating members and to be secured by tightening a nut from the
end opposite the head of the bolt.
5. 5
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Introduction cont…
A screw is a threaded fastener designed to be inserted through
a hole in one member to be joined and into a threaded hole in
the mating member.
Machine screws, also called cap screws, are precision fasteners
with straight-threaded bodies that are turned into tapped holes.
A popular type of machine screw is the socket head cap screw.
6. 6
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Bolt Materials and Strength
Most fasteners are made from steel because of its high
strength, high stiffness, good ductility, and good
machinability and formability.
Three strength ratings are frequently available: the familiar tensile
strength and yield strength plus the proof strength.
Proof strength, similar to the elastic limit, is defined as the stress
at which the bolt or the screw would undergo permanent
deformation.
It usually ranges between 0.90 and 0.95 times the yield strength.
7. 7
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Bolt Materials and Strength cont…
Aluminum is used for its corrosion resistance, light weight,
and fair strength level.
Brass, copper, and bronze are also used for their corrosion
resistance. Ease of machining and an attractive appearance are
also advantageous.
Nickel and its alloys, such as Monel and Inconel (from the
International Nickel Company), provide good performance at
elevated temperatures while also having good corrosion
resistance, toughness at low temperatures, and an attractive
appearance.
Stainless steels are used primarily for their corrosion resistance
9. 9
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Thread Standards and Definitions cont…
Pitch:
The pitch is defined as the distance measured parallel to the axis of the screw
from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent
thread.
It is denoted by the letter p.
Lead:
It is defined as the distance measured parallel to the axis of the screw which
the nut will advance in one revolution of the screw.
It is denoted by the letter l.
For a single-threaded screw, the lead is same as the pitch. For double-
threaded screw, the lead is twice of the pitch, and so on.
10. 10
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Thread Standards and Definitions cont…
Nominal Diameter(Major diameter):
Nominal diameter is the largest diameter of the screw. It is also called major diameter.
It is denoted by the letter d.
Core Diameter (minor diameter):
The core diameter is the smallest diameter of the screw thread. It is also called minor
diameter.
It is denoted by the letter dr.
Helix Angle:
The helix angle is defined as the angle made by the helix of the thread with a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the screw. It is also called lead angle.
It is denoted by α.
11. 11
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Thread Standards and Definitions cont…
There are different types of thread standards.
The American National (Unified) thread standard has been approved in many
countries for use on all standard threaded products. The thread angle is 600 and
the crests of the thread may be either flat or rounded.
12. 12
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Thread Standards and Definitions cont…
The M profile replaces the inch class and is the basic ISO 68 profile with 60°
symmetric threads.
The MJ profile has a rounded fillet at the root of the external thread and a
larger minor diameter of both the internal and external threads. This profile is
especially useful where high fatigue strength is required.
Two major Unified thread series are in common use: UN and UNR. The
difference between these is simply that a root radius must be used in the UNR
series.
Unified threads are specified by stating the nominal major diameter, the
number of threads per inch, and the thread series, for example, 5/8 in-18
UNRF or 0.625 in-18 UNRF.
13. 13
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Thread Standards and Definitions cont…
Metric threads are specified by writing the diameter and pitch in millimeters,
in that order. Thus, M12 × 1.75 is a thread having a nominal major diameter of
12 mm and a pitch of 1.75 mm.
M stands for metric.
14. 14
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Stress Area
The stress area is the effective cross-sectional area of the bolt that resists bolt
fracture.
15. 15
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Threaded Fasteners cont…
The thread length of inch-series bolts, where d is the nominal diameter, is
and for metric bolts is
where the dimensions are in millimeters.
16. 16
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Fastener Stiffness
The purpose of the bolt is to clamp the two, or more, parts together. Twisting
the nut stretches the bolt to produce the clamping force. This clamping force
is called the pretension or bolt preload.
The grip 𝑙 of a connection is the total thickness of the clamped material. In
the above figure, the grip is the sum of the thicknesses of both members and
both washers.
17. 17
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Fastener Stiffness cont…
The stiffness of the portion of a bolt or screw within the clamped zone will
generally consist of two parts, that of the unthreaded shank portion and that
of the threaded portion.
The spring rates of the threaded and unthreaded portions of the bolt in the
clamped zone are
18. 18
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Fastener Stiffness cont…
Therefore, the estimated effective stiffness of the bolt or cap screw in the
clamped zone is
19. 19
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Suggested Procedure for Finding Fastener Stiffness
20. 20
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Suggested Procedure for Finding Fastener Stiffness
21. 21
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Stiffness of the Clamped Parts (Member stiffness)
The clamped parts may consist of a combination of different materials.
Hence, the total spring rate of the members is:
Shigley and Mischke proposed the following expression for the joint
stiffness:
22. 22
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Stiffness of the Clamped Parts (Member stiffness)
Wileman et al. obtained an exponential expression using finite element
analysis:
23. 23
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Tension Joints—The External Load
Preload 𝐹𝑖 , has been correctly applied by tightening the nut before P is
applied.
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Total external tensile load applied to the joint
24. 24
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Tension Joints—The External Load cont…
The load P is tension, and it causes the connection to stretch, or elongate, through some
distance δ.
27. 27
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Power Screws
A power screw is a mechanical device used for converting rotary motion
into linear motion and transmitting power. Its also called as translation
screw.
Power screw has three essential parts screw ,nut and part to hold either the
screw or the nut in its place.
Depending upon the holding arrangement power screw operate in two
different ways. In first case the screw rotates in its bearing, while the nut has
axial motion eg. Lead screw. In second case the nut is kept stationary and
the screw moves in axial direction eg. Screw jack, machine vice.
28. 28
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Power Screws cont…
The main applications of power screws are as follows:
i. To raise the load, e.g., screw-jack;
ii. To obtain accurate motion in machining operations, e.g., lead-screw of
lathe;
iii. To clamp a work piece, e.g., a vice; and
iv. To load a specimen, e.g., universal testing machine.
29. 29
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread:
From fig.
And , dm is the mean diameter of the screw.
It is given by,
30. 30
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread cont…
Considering the right angle triangle, the relationship between the helix
angle, mean diameter and lead can be expressed in the following form:
30
31. 31
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread cont…
𝟏.Lifting load:
The screw is considered as an inclined plane with inclination α as
shown in fig.
Forces act at a point on inclined plane
• Load F
• Normal reaction N
• Frictional force µN
• Effort 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑅
N
µN
F
l
π𝑑𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
α
32. 32
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread cont…
𝑃𝑅 =
𝐹(𝜇 cos 𝛼 +sin 𝛼)
(cos 𝛼 − 𝜇 sin 𝛼)
Dividing right hand side by cos α
𝑃𝑅 =
𝐹( µ + tan α )
(1 − µ tan α )
(c)
µ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜n
33. 33
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread cont…
33
Substituting tan 𝛼 =
𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚
in to equation (C)
𝑃𝑅 =
𝐹(µ +
𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚
)
( 1 −
µ𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚
)
or
𝑃𝑅 =
𝐹 µ𝜋𝑑𝑚 + 𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚 − µ𝑙
The torque required to raise the load is given by
𝑇𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅
𝑑𝑚
2
𝑇𝑅 = 𝐹
𝑑𝑚
2
(
µ𝜋𝑑𝑚 + 𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚 − µ𝑙
)
34. 34
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread cont…
34
34
𝟐.Lowering load:
The forces acting at a point on the inclined plane as shown in
fig.
µN
N
𝑃𝐿
F
l
π𝑑𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
α
Considering the equilibrium of horizontal & vertical forces
𝑃𝐿 = µ𝑁 cos α − 𝑁 sin α (a)
𝐹 = 𝑁 cos α + µ𝑁 sin α (b)
35. 35
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread cont…
Dividing (a) by (b)
𝑃𝐿 =
𝐹(𝜇 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼)
(cos 𝛼 + 𝜇 sin 𝛼)
Dividing right hand side by cos α
𝑃𝐿=
𝐹( µ − tan α )
(1+ µ tan α )
(c)
Substituting tan 𝛼 =
𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚
in to equation (C)
𝑃𝐿 =
𝐹(µ −
𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚
)
( 1 +
µ𝑙
𝜋𝑑𝑚
)
or
𝑃𝐿 =
𝐹 µ𝜋𝑑𝑚 − 𝑙
µ𝑙 + 𝜋𝑑𝑚
36. 36
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Force analysis of square thread cont…
The torque required to lower the load is:
𝑇𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿
𝑑𝑚
2
𝑇𝐿 = 𝐹
𝑑𝑚
2
(
µ𝜋𝑑𝑚 − 𝑙
µ𝜋𝑑𝑚 + 𝑙
)
37. 37
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Self-locking Screw
When a positive lowering torque is obtained, the screw is said to be self-
locking. Thus the condition for self-locking is
µ𝜋𝑑𝑚 > 𝑙
Dividing both sides of the equation by 𝜋𝑑𝑚
µ > tan 𝛼
This relation states that self-locking is obtained whenever the coefficient of
thread friction is equal to or greater than the tangent of the thread lead angle.
A self-locking screw will hold the load in place without a brake.
This property is used in screw jack application.
38. 38
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Efficiency
An expression for efficiency is also useful in the evaluation of power screws. If we let
μ = 0 in Eq. (8–1), we obtain
𝑇0 =
𝐹𝑙
2𝜋
which, since thread friction has been eliminated, is the torque required only to raise the
load. The efficiency is therefore
𝜂0 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
=
𝑇0
𝑇𝑅
=
𝐹𝑙
2𝜋𝑇𝑅
38
39. 39
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
Stresses in screw
39
The body of the screw is subjected to an axial
force F and torsional moment 𝑇as shown in
fig.
The direct compressive stress σ𝑐
σ𝑐 =
𝐹
(
π
4
𝑑𝑐
2
)
The torsional shear stres
τ =
16 𝑇
π𝑑𝑐
3
The principal shear stress
τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (
σ𝑐
2
)2+τ2
40. 40
NIGUSSIE ADEM DEPT. OF MANF. TECH.
The threads of the screw is subjected to transverse shear stress
τ𝑠 =
𝑊
π 𝑑𝑐 𝑡 𝑧
τ𝑠= transverse shear stress at the root of the screw (𝑁 𝑚𝑚2)
𝑡 = thread thickness at the core diameter (mm)
z = number of threads in engagement with the nut.
π 𝑑𝑐 𝑡= shear area of one thread
The threads of the nut is subjected to transverse shear stress
τ𝑛 =
𝑊
π 𝑑 𝑡 𝑧
τ𝑛= transverse shear stress at the root of the nut (𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
)
𝑡 = thread thickness at the core diameter (mm)
π 𝑑 𝑡= shear area of one thread
The bearing pressure between the contacting surfaces of the
screw and the nut.