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V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Training of street vendors of ready-to-eat chicken in Ouagadougou on best practices in hygiene using a food safety champion approach
1. Better lives through livestock
Training of street vendors of ready-to-eat chicken in
Ouagadougou on best practices in hygiene using a
food safety champion approach
Michel Dione1, Guy Ilboudo1, Donya Madjdian2, Vera Dankwah Badu2, Marcel van Asseldonk2, Harriette Snoek2,
Gemma Tacken2, Assèta Kagambèga3, Valerie Raymonde Lallogo1 and Theodore Knight-Jones4
1International Livestock Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
2Wageningen University & Research, Holland, The Netherlands
3University Joseph Kizerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
4International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2nd Pan-African Poultry Conference, Lomé, Togo, 16–18 May 2023
3. 3
Chicken production and consumption in Burkina Faso
Chicken production contributes 6% of the country's agricultural GDP.
Chicken demand and production are projected to increase by 302% in 2050.
The traditional chicken (village) sub-sector represents more than 98% of chicken
produced.
90% of chickens consumed in Burkina Faso are produced locally.
At least 80,000 chickens consumed in Ouagadougou everyday.
75% of chicken consumption is in street restaurants, mostly by adult men.
4. 4
Foodborne disease burden
Globally, foodborne disease has a disease burden comparable to
major infectious diseases (TB, malaria, HIV/AIDS)
1 in 10 in the world affected per year
0.5 million deaths per year; under 5s carrying 30–40% of burden
Africa most affected (WHO-FERG, 2015)
Cost of foodborne disease to economy in LMICs = US$95 billion/year
(Jaffee, 2019)
>US$23 billlion in Africa
(Li et al, 2019) – Animal sourced foods – >40% of foodborne disease burden in Africa
8. 8
Training of street vendors of ready-to-eat chicken
Primary outcomes : change in knowledge, attitude, and skills of value
chain actors; improved hygienic practices; less contaminated food
Primary intended users : Food processors (chicken street food handlers)
Outputs : Training materials, promotion materials, peer-to-peer
monitoring mechanism
Trainers : Food safety champions (multi-disciplinary group)
Town hall food safety officials (Services d’hygiène) – Food hygiene
Directorate of Veterinary Services (DSV) – Animal Health
General Directorate of the promotion of rural economy (DGPER) – Socio-economics
Representative of chicken griller’s inter-profession (IPVL) – Value chain actor
Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP) – Human Health
National Standards Institue (ABNORM) - Food standards
9. 9
Training approach (2)
Co-creation of
training content
with food safety
stakeholders
(health,
veterinary, food
safety regulators)
Delivery of
training by
FSC
Evaluation
Identification
of food safety
champions
(FSC)
Identification and
engagement of
food safety
regulators)
Knowledge of
the local
context
(chicken value
chain
assessment)
10. 10
Training approach (3)
Participatory training
Interactive learning process
Beneficiaries develop own answers to questions based on own work
experiences.
Centred on the beneficiaries and developed according to their needs
Beneficiaries understand the importance of the problem in relation to
their activity, and to what extent it can affect their livelihood if not
addressed
Beneficiaries feel ownership of the whole process; in this way, they
participate in solving their own problems
11. 11
Training approach (4)
Appropriate technologies
A cheap renewable package will be
supplied to training beneficiaries of the
intervention group (disinfectants,
protective clothing, food handling
material, among others)
Certification/incentives for consumers
Laminated certificate of improvement
(proof of training)
Certificate visible to consumers as they
enter the eating premises
12. 12
Training process (5)
Training took place from 28 October to 26 November
2022.
Each group session was carried out in a day and run for
4-5 hours.
For each outlet, the owners and their employees were
trained separately for 2 and 3 days, respectively.
The owners were trained on small business management
skills.
In total, 114 participants (75 restaurant owners and 39
employees) took part in the training, representing 75
outlets.
13. 13
Training modules
Module 1: General: Importance of good hygiene practices - impact of poor
hygiene in food handling
Module 2 : Knowledge of microorganisms of external surface
Module 3 : Management of live chickens at the point of preparation (on-site
slaughter)
Module 4 : Slaughter (bleeding - scalding - plucking - evisceration)
Module 5 : Off-site carcass management
Module 6: Preparation and cutting
Module 7: Seasoning and serving
Module 8: Personal and clothing hygiene/health status
Module 9: Environmental health and sanitation
Module 10: General plenary discussions on food safety regulation (hygiene
services)
Module 11: Business management
14. 14
Training process (1)
Demonstration
Lab experiment
Participants were asked to place their hands,
coin, bank note, cough, sneeze, air on the
surface of the agar plate in contained in a
petri dish
The petri dish was incubated for 24 hours.
The results were then presented to the
participants the following day.
Hand washing
15. 15
Training process (2)
PowerPoint presentation
Photos and videos of good
and bad practices taken at
different areas of the
restaurant
Good practice
Good practice
Good practice
Bad practice
Bad practice
16. 16
Training process (3)
Group and plenary discussions
For one session/group, 2 subgroup discussions
were organized on:
Importance of business health cards
Diseases which require exemption from work
Selection criteria for the outlet implantation
Waste management: difficulties and solutions
Main problems in good hygiene practices
Etc….
17. 17
Evaluation of the training
Quantitative survey on knowledge attitude and practices
Inspection check (change in practice)
Change in food contamination (Escherichia coli and Salmonella)
Qualitative survey (focus group discussions) (n=24)
18. 18
Outcomes of the training (FGD)
Post-intervention: Motivation informing safe food practices
Risk perception
A high and urgent sense of duty due to the health repercussions of unsafe
chicken meat
Adverse impacts affect customers and employees alike
Self-efficacy
Observed among novice and experienced vendors
Vendors assume a sensitisation role
Vendors developed trust due to zealous display and enthusiasm by trainers
19. 19
Outcomes of the training (FGD)
Post-intervention: Motivation informing safe food practices
Perceived usefulness
Both training and tools were found useful
Training tools served as first point of change and exposed them to unkempt practices
Training tools were recognised as a means to an end
Perceived ease of use
No complex skills required for handling the tool package
Difficulty in the use of forks and their alternative, plastic bag on the hand
20. 20
Lessons learnt
Participatory training improved knowledge of street vendors of ready-
to-eat chicken on good hygienic practices.
Contextualised training modules and extension messages are
fundamental to facilitate quick change in practices and behaviour by the
target audience.
Reform of the supervisory approach of town hall officials: a collaborative
and supportive alliance (food safety auditing in informal markets should
be more of a dialogue and mentoring than a strict regulatory function).
21. 21
Lessons learnt
Support outlets in strengthening knowledge and skills transfer
within the organisational setting
Improvement in market infrastructure
Leverage trust in training officials to introduce the novel peer-
to-peer food safety strategy
Policies that fit the local context/reality