1. FORCE AND ENERGY
Force: Gravity
- Gravity is a force that pulls objects
downwards towards the centre of the
earth.
- When objects are thrown, they are
released from a high point.
2. DEMONSTRATING GRAVITY
Although we cannot see gravity, we can
demonstrate its existence.
- While standing, pick a book and hold it
high. Then release it.
As expected, the book will fall.
3. ENERGY: SOUND
Sound is produced when objects vibrate.
- The object can be made to vibrate by:
Blowing
Plucking
Hitting
A Bell - It produces sound when shaken
4. CLASSIFYING SOUND
Loud sound is produced when objects are
hit hard with high intensity.
- Soft sound is low in volume.
- The soft sound is produced when an object
is hit slightly.
5. EFFECTS OF SOUND POLLUTION
The following are some of the effects of sound
pollution:
Causes irritability
Affects the hearing as it can affect the ear drum.
Makes one feel uncomfortable.
6. EARTH AND SPACE
Earth and Space: The Moon
The Moon: Introduction
- The moon is seen in the sky.
- It appears in different shapes.
- The shapes of the moon are called its phases.
- There are five phases of the moon.
- They are:
New moon
Crescent moon
Quarter moon
Gibbous moon
Full moon
7.
8. Every phase of the moon appears two
times in one month.
- The new moon cannot be seen
9. EFFECTS OF THE MOON
- Phases of the moon affects some human
activities and behavior.
- For example:
1. Siting of the moon indicates beginning
and the end of the holy Ramadhan.
2. Ocean tides occur high during the new
moon and the full moon.
11. What are the things that make water dirty in
your environment.
12. MEANING OF THE TERM WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution means that something harmful has
gotten into the water, making it dirty or unsafe.
This can happen when things like trash, chemicals,
or even germs get into rivers, lakes, or oceans.
When water is polluted, it can make people and
animals sick, harm plants and wildlife, and make it
unsafe for swimming or drinking
14. COMMON WATER
POLLUTANTS
Chemicals: From factories, farms, or homes, like pesticides, fertilizers, and cleaning products. These
chemicals can poison animals and plants and make water unsafe to drink or swim in.
15. COMMON WATER POLLUTANTS
Oil: From spills or leaks, which can harm animals and plants and make water look oily and dirty.
16. ACTIVITY
In peers discuss the effects of water pollution
in day to day life, (e.G. Water borne diseases
etc.)
17. SUMMARY OF EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION IN
DAY TO DAY LIFE
Health Issues: Polluted water can make people sick if they drink it or use it for cooking. It can also cause
skin rashes or infections if people swim or bathe in contaminated water. And cause waterbourn diseases
like,bilhazia,cholera,typhoid
Limited Access to Clean Water: When water sources are polluted, it can be challenging to find clean water
for drinking, cooking, and bathing. This can lead to water shortages and hygiene-related issues.
Harm to Wildlife: Pollution can harm fish, birds, and other animals that live in or near water. It can disrupt
ecosystems and food chains, leading to declines in animal populations.
18. SUMMARY OF EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION IN
DAY TO DAY LIFE
Loss of Recreational Activities: Polluted water may
not be safe for swimming, fishing, or boating. This
can limit recreational activities that people enjoy
doing in clean water.
Damage to Agriculture: Pollution can affect crops
and livestock if contaminated water is used for
irrigation or drinking. This can lead to reduced crop
yields and livestock health problems.
19. METHODS OF REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE WATER
SOURCES
Keep Trash Out of Water: Throw trash in proper bins
instead of throwing it on the ground or in rivers. This helps
prevent trash from polluting water sources.
Use Less Chemicals: Be careful with chemicals like
cleaning products and pesticides. Use them only when
necessary and follow instructions to avoid them getting
into water sources.
Don't Litter: Don't throw things like plastic bottles, bags,
or wrappers into rivers or lakes. This keeps water clean and
safe for animals and people.
20. METHODS OF REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE
WATER SOURCES
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Use less plastic and recycle
what you can. Plastic waste can end up in water sources
and harm animals and plants.
Protect Water Sources: Help keep rivers, lakes, and
oceans clean by picking up trash when you see it and not
dumping things into them.
Use Water Wisely: Don't waste water. Turn off taps when
you're not using them and fix leaks to conserve water and
keep it clean.
21. SAFETY MEASURES WHEN WORKING IN
A WATER POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT
Stay Away from Dirty Water: Avoid touching or playing in water that looks dirty or smells bad. It might have
harmful things in it.
Wear Protective Clothing: If you have to work near polluted water, wear rubber boots and gloves to keep
your skin safe.
Don't Drink Polluted Water: Never drink water from rivers, lakes, or ponds if it looks dirty or smells bad.
Always drink clean water from taps or bottles.
Tell an Adult: If you see something that looks like pollution in the water, tell a grown-up right away. They can
help keep you safe and clean up the water.
Wash Your Hands: After playing or working near polluted water, make sure to wash your hands with soap and
clean water to keep them clean and safe
22. WATER TREATMENT
, solar treatment
Filtering: Water is passed through filters to remove dirt, particles, and other impurities. This helps make the
water clearer and safer to drink.
Adding Chemicals: Sometimes, chemicals like chlorine are added to the water to kill germs and bacteria that
can make people sick.
Boiling: In some places, water is boiled to kill germs and make it safe to drink. Boiling water is an easy way to
make sure it's clean.
Testing: Water is tested regularly to make sure it's safe to drink. Scientists check for things like bacteria,
chemicals, and other harmful substances.
Purification: Water purification plants use special machines and processes to clean water on a large scale.
These plants make sure that water is safe and clean for everyone to use.
23. SOLAR WATER TREATMENT
Solar water treatment is a way to make dirty water clean
and safe to drink using the power of the sun. Here's how it
works:
Fill a Clear Bottle: Start by filling a clear plastic bottle
with water from a source like a river or well. Make sure the
bottle is clean and clear, without any labels blocking the
sunlight.
Place in Sunlight: Put the filled bottle in a sunny spot
outdoors where it can get lots of sunlight. The sunlight
shines through the water and produces something called
ultraviolet (UV) rays.
24. carry out activities to demonstrate basic
methods of water treatment (filtering,
boiling, chemical treatment, solar
treatment),
26. ASSESSMENT
Carrying out appropriate methods of
separating heterogeneous mixtures
Outlining methods of reducing water
pollution in the water sources
28. Why do some materials float and others
sink?
How are floaters useful in day to day
life?
29. ACTIVITY
Demonstrate floating and sinking of objects
using different materials
(use dry wood, stone, metals, plastic, cork,
buoy & feathers)
30. FACTORS THAT AFFECT FLOATING AND SINKING OF
OBJECTS IN WATER
Density: Objects with lower density than water float, while those with higher density sink. Density is how
much stuff is packed into an object. Lighter things float, heavier things sink.
Shape and Size: Objects with a large surface area relative to their weight, like a flat boat or a big balloon,
are more likely to float. Smaller objects or objects with a compact shape might sink.
Weight: The weight of an object compared to the water it displaces affects floating. If the object's weight is
less than the water it pushes aside, it floats. If it's more, it sinks.
31. FACTORS THAT AFFECT FLOATING AND SINKING OF
OBJECTS IN WATER
Material: Some materials are denser than others. Objects made of dense materials like metal might sink,
while objects made of less dense materials like plastic might float.
Buoyant Force: This is the upward force exerted by water on an object. If the buoyant force is greater than
the weight of the object, it floats. If it's less, the object sinks.
32. ACTIVITIES TO VERIFY HOW SHAPE, WEIGHT AND SIZE
AFFECT FLOATING AND SINKING OF OBJECTS IN WATER
Carry out activities to verify how shape, weight
and size affect floating and sinking of objects in
water (normal bottle tops, crushed bottle tops,
same quantity of plasticine in different shapes,
containers of same size and weight; one filled
with sand and the other one feathers or cotton
wool,
33. APPLICATIONS OF FLOATING AND
SINKING IN DAY TO DAY LIFE
Boating and Swimming: Understanding which objects float and which ones sink is essential for activities like
boating and swimming. Boats are designed to float on water, while life jackets and buoys help people float if
they fall into water.
Bathing and Washing: In the bath or sink, toys and lightweight objects float, while heavier items like soap or
coins sink. This knowledge helps keep things organized and prevents blockages in drains.
Cooking: When cooking, ingredients like vegetables or pasta can float or sink in boiling water. Knowing this
helps determine when they're cooked and ready to eat.
34. APPLICATIONS OF FLOATING AND
SINKING IN DAY TO DAY LIFE
Drinking: Ice cubes float in drinks because they're less dense than the liquid. This keeps drinks cool without
diluting them too quickly.
Fishing: Fishermen use floats or bobbers to suspend bait at a certain depth in the water. When a fish bites,
the float moves, indicating a bite.
Swimming Pool Safety: Pool toys and inflatables are designed to float, making them easy to see and
retrieve. Pool noodles and kickboards help children learn to swim by providing buoyancy.
Bath Toys: Floating toys make bath time fun for kids while teaching them about buoyancy and water play
35. ACTIVITY
Discuss the applications of floating and sinking
in day to day life (swimming, diving, use of
lifesavers water transport, floods, drowning,
surfing),and report to a plenary
36. EXTENDED ACTIVITY
Use digital or print media to search for:
Effects of flooding and mitigation measures,
The use of floaters as life savers
37. PROJECT:
In groups learners make lifesavers
from floaters made of locally
available materials such as rubber
tubes, wood or plastics
39. SOURCES OF SOUND IN NATURE,
Animals: Many animals produce sounds for communication, mating, territory marking, and hunting. Examples
include birds singing, frogs croaking, insects chirping, whales singing, and mammals vocalizing.
Weather: Weather phenomena such as thunder, lightning, wind, rain, and storms can produce natural sounds.
Thunder is the result of rapidly expanding air due to lightning, while wind creates noise as it moves through
trees and across landscapes.
Water: Bodies of water, including oceans, rivers, waterfalls, and streams, produce sounds as water moves
and interacts with its surroundings. Waves crashing against the shore, water flowing over rocks, and
waterfalls cascading create distinctive sounds.
40. ACTIVITY
carry out activities to identify sources of sound (vibrating air, vibrating strings, vibrating drums)
41. MOVEMENT OF SOUND IN NATURE
To demonstrate that sound travels in all directions from a source:
Materials Needed:
Balloon
Pin or needle
String
Scissors
Optional: Tape
42. PROCEDURE:
Inflate the balloon and tie it securely.
Cut a piece of string around 1 meter long.
Tie one end of the string to the balloon's knot.
Attach the other end of the string to a fixed object, such as a
chair, using tape or by tying it securely.
Hold the balloon in one hand and the pin or needle in the
other.
Ask a helper to stand a few meters away from you.
43. PROCEDURE:
With the helper's consent, have them close their eyes or turn away from you.
Quietly prick the balloon with the pin or needle, causing it to pop.
Observe the reaction of your helper. They should be able to hear the sound of the balloon popping, even
though they didn't see it.
Discuss with your helper how they were able to hear the sound even though they weren't facing the balloon.
Explain that sound travels in all directions from the source, reaching their ears regardless of their position
relative to the source.
44. EFFECTS OF LOUD SOUND
Hearing Damage: Loud sounds, especially those above a certain
level, can damage the delicate structures in our ears, leading to
temporary or permanent hearing loss. This can affect our ability
to hear clearly and can be irreversible.
Ear Pain: Exposure to loud sounds can cause discomfort or pain
in the ears, known as earache. This can occur immediately after
exposure to loud noise or develop gradually over time with
repeated exposure.
Stress and Anxiety: Prolonged exposure to loud sounds can
trigger stress responses in the body, leading to feelings of
anxiety, irritability, or agitation. Loud noises can disrupt sleep
patterns and affect overall well-being.
45. EFFECTS OF LOUD SOUND
Disturbance to Wildlife: Loud sounds can disrupt the natural
behavior and habitats of wildlife, including birds, mammals,
and aquatic species. Noise pollution from human activities
such as construction, transportation, and industrial processes
can negatively impact ecosystems and biodiversity.
Damage to Property: Intense or prolonged exposure to loud
noises can cause physical damage to structures and property,
leading to structural damage, vibrations, or mechanical
failure. This can be particularly evident in buildings located
near sources of loud noise, such as airports or industrial
sites.
46. EFFECTS OF LOUD SOUND
Interference with Communication: Loud sounds can make it
difficult to communicate effectively, especially in noisy
environments. It can interfere with verbal communication,
making it challenging to understand speech or convey messages
clearly.
Impact on Mental Health: Chronic exposure to loud sounds can
have negative effects on mental health, contributing to
increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. It can also
impair cognitive function and concentration, affecting
productivity and overall quality of life.
47. ACTIVITY : ECHO
Demonstrate that sound travels in all directions
from a source
(listen to a loud sound from a common speaker from
different directions and around corners)
48. ACTIVITY
Demonstrate reflection of sound (echo)
use of two tubes placed alongside a
wall, a cliff, a large hall, a forest, a
valley, between tall buildings,
49. PROJECT :
In groups, make a sound producing instrument
from locally available materials (for example:
bell, drum, guitar, wind instruments, etc.).
Create a sound game using Scratch
51. MEANING OF THE TERM CONDUCTION,
In heat transfer, conduction refers to the process by which heat energy is transferred between two objects
or regions that are in direct contact with each other
52. MEANING OF THE TERM CONVECTION
Convection refers to the process by which heat energy is transferred through the movement of a fluid (liquid
or gas). It occurs when warmer regions of a fluid become less dense and rise, while cooler regions become
denser and sink. This creates a circular motion known as a convection current, which carries heat from one
place to another within the fluid.
53. MEANING OF THE TERM RADIATION AS USED IN
HEAT TRANSFER
radiation refers to the process by which heat energy is transferred through electromagnetic waves. Unlike
conduction and convection, which require a medium such as air or water, radiation can occur through empty
space. This means that radiation can transfer heat energy from a hot object to a cooler one even if they are
not in direct contact.
55. GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT
Good Conductors:
Good conductors of heat are materials that allow heat to flow
through them easily.
These materials have high conductivity, meaning they can
quickly transfer heat from one part of the material to another.
Examples of good conductors include metals like copper,
aluminum, silver, and gold. These metals are commonly used
in cooking utensils, electrical wiring, and heat sinks because
they efficiently conduct heat away from hot surfaces
56. POOR CONDUCTORS OF HEAT
Poor Conductors (Insulators):
Poor conductors of heat, also known as thermal insulators, are
materials that do not allow heat to flow through them easily.
These materials have low thermal conductivity, meaning they
resist the transfer of heat.
Examples of poor conductors include wood, plastic, rubber,
glass, and ceramics. These materials are commonly used to
insulate buildings, protect against heat loss, and prevent burns
from hot surfaces.
58. Discuss applications of heat transfer in day to
day life with peers (cooking, melting, freezing,
maintaining body temperature, insulation)
59. USES OF HEAT TRANSFER IN DAY TO DAY LIFE
Cooking: Heat transfer helps us cook food by using heat
from stoves, ovens, or grills to make our meals tasty and
safe to eat.
Keeping Warm: In cold weather, we use blankets,
sweaters, and coats to trap our body heat and stay
warm. This is an example of heat transfer from our
bodies to the surrounding materials.
Cooling Drinks: Ice cubes cool our drinks by transferring
heat from the liquid to the ice. This makes our drinks
refreshing on a hot day.
60. USES OF HEAT TRANSFER IN DAY TO DAY LIFE
Ice Cream Making: Ice cream machines freeze liquid
ingredients by transferring heat away from them, turning
them into delicious frozen treats.
Heating Homes: Furnaces or heaters transfer heat to our
homes, keeping them warm and cozy during colder
months.
Cooling Systems: Air conditioners transfer heat from inside
buildings to the outside air, keeping indoor spaces cool and
comfortable during hot weather.
61. USES OF HEAT TRANSFER IN DAY TO DAY LIFE
Baking: Ovens transfer heat to the food we bake, helping it cook evenly and become tasty and crispy.
Staying Cool: Drinking cold water or eating cold foods helps us cool down on hot days by absorbing heat from
our bodies
Sun Protection: Seeking shade on a sunny day prevents our bodies from absorbing too much heat from the
sun's rays, reducing the risk of sunburn and heat-related illnesses.
Hot Showers: Water heaters transfer heat to the water in our showers, giving us warm water for bathing and
cleaning.
62. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN
HANDLING HEAT.
Use Protective Equipment: Wear appropriate protective clothing, such as heat-resistant gloves, aprons,
and closed-toe shoes, when working with hot objects or surfaces.
Avoid Direct Contact: Never touch hot surfaces or objects with bare hands. Use insulated gloves, utensils,
or handles to handle hot items.
Use Heat-Resistant Containers: Use heat-resistant containers, such as glass or ceramic dishes, when
heating food in the microwave or oven. Avoid using containers that are not microwave-safe.
63. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN HANDLING HEAT.
Use Oven Mitts or Pot Holders: Use oven mitts or pot holders to handle hot pots, pans, and baking trays.
Make sure they are dry and in good condition to provide effective protection.
Allow Cooling Time: Allow hot items to cool down before handling them. Use caution when removing items
from the microwave or oven to avoid burns.
Use Caution with Steam: Be cautious when opening lids or covers from hot containers to avoid burns from
escaping steam. Open lids away from your face and body to prevent injury.
64. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN HANDLING HEAT.
Keep Flammable Materials Away: Keep flammable materials, such as paper towels, curtains, and clothing,
away from heat sources like stoves, ovens, and heaters to prevent fires.
Turn Off Heat Sources: Always turn off heat sources, such as stoves, ovens, and irons, when they are not in
use. Never leave cooking appliances unattended while they are on.
Avoid Overheating: Do not overheat cooking oils or liquids, as they can splatter and cause burns. Use caution
when frying or boiling foods to prevent spills and splashes.
65. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN HANDLING HEAT
Provide Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation when
working with heat sources, such as gas stoves or heaters, to
prevent the buildup of harmful gases and fumes
66. ACTIVITY
Use digital or print media to search for applications of
heat transfer in day to day life
Discuss safety precautions when handling heat
Discuss various ways of responding to fire
emergencies
67. PROJECT
Learners to make oven gloves using
locally available materials
Learners to make a fireless cooker
68. ASSESSMENT
Demonstrating floating and sinking of objects using
different materials
Explaining applications of floating and sinking
Identifying sources of sound in nature
Describing effects of loud sound in day today life
Demonstrating the modes of heat transfer in nature
Explaining the uses of heat transfer in day to day life
