3. COMMON FUNGI
• The following are fungi found in our environment
• Mushrooms: These are the most recognizable fungi. They come in various
shapes, sizes, and colors.
4. COMMON FUNGI: Moulds
• Molds: Molds can be found indoors and outdoors. They thrive in moist
environments and often appear as fuzzy patches on surfaces like food, walls, or
damp materials.
5. COMMON FUNGI: Yeasts:
• Yeasts: They are found in natural environments like soil, fruits, and plant
surfaces
7. COMMON FUNGI: Lichens
• Lichens: They can be found in various environments, including rocks,
trees, and soil.
8. COMMON FUNGI: Bracket Fungi
• Bracket Fungi: These fungi often grow on the sides of trees and dead wood.
They have a distinct shelf-like appearance.
9. ACTIVITY
• Draw or take a picture of any fungi in your locality and present to your
class
10. IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI IN NATURE
• Decomposition: Fungi are nature's recyclers, breaking down organic matter like
dead plants and animals into simpler compounds.
• Symbiotic Relationships: Fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants,
animals, and other organisms.
• Food Source: Fungi serve as a vital food source for many organisms. Animals
such as insects, birds, and mammals feed on fungi, while some fungi are
directly consumed by humans, such as certain edible mushrooms.
• Medicinal Purposes: Fungi produce compounds with medicinal properties,
Examples include antibiotics like penicillin, produced by Penicillium fungi, and
statins used to lower cholesterol.
11. IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI IN NATURE
• Ecological Balance: Fungi help maintain ecological balance by
controlling populations of other organisms.
• Soil Formation and Structure: Fungi play a role in soil formation and
structure by breaking down organic matter and contributing to the
formation of soil aggregates.
• Biodiversity: Fungi contribute to biodiversity by inhabiting various
habitats and forming diverse ecological interactions
12. ACTIVITY
•use print and non-print materials to search for
information on the economic importance of moulds,
yeast and mushrooms, record and discuss with peers
14. Sub Strand: Invertebrates
• Common invertebrates found in the environment include ;
• Insects: Insects make up the largest group of invertebrates Common examples
include beetles, ants, bees, butterflies, moths, flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers,
and dragonflies. In groups name the insects in the pictures below.
15. • Arachnids: They include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. They are typically
found in terrestrial habitats but can also inhabit freshwater and marine
environments.
16. • Crustaceans: Crustaceans can be found in damp terrestrial habitats. Common
examples include crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish, and barnacles.
17. • Molluscs: Molluscs are soft-bodied invertebrates. Found in terrestrial,
freshwater, and marine environments. Common examples include snails,
slugs, clams, oysters, mussels, squid, and octopuses.
20. • Worms:Found in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Earthworms are
commonly found in soil, while marine worms like Polychaeta's inhabit ocean
floors. Other examples include flatworms and nematodes
23. • Discuss with peers safety precautions when handling invertebrates
24. ACTIVITY
•Explore the school compound and the adjacent
environment to identify different invertebrates and
their characteristics; practise safety precautions in
handling invertebrate
25. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN HANDLING
INVERTEBRATES
• Know What You're Handling
• Wear Protective Clothing
• Handle with Care: Treat invertebrates gently and avoid rough handling.
• Watch for Allergies: Some people may be allergic to certain invertebrates or
their venom.
• Avoid Direct Contact: Whenever possible, use tools like tweezers, forceps, or
a net to handle invertebrates rather than using your hands
• Wash Hands Thoroughly: After handling invertebrates, especially if you've
been in natural environments.
• Be Mindful of Surroundings: be aware of your surroundings and any
potential hazards such as uneven terrain.
26. ACTIVITY 2
•Use print and non-print materials to search for
information on general characteristics of
invertebrates
•Share the information gathered above with peers in a
plenary
27. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
INVERTEBRATES
•NO Vertebral Column: The defining feature of
invertebrates is the absence of a vertebral
column or backbone (The backbone is a
segmented or bony structure that runs along
the back side of the body)
28. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INVERTEBRATES
• Pollination
•Biological Pest Control
• Silk Production
•Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
• Tourism and Recreation
• Waste Management
30. ASSESMENT
1. Describe the importance of fungi
2. With peers list and report precautions taken
when handling invertebrates
3. Outline the economic importance of
invertebrates
31. SUB STRAND: 1.3 HUMAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
Main parts of human circulatory system.
⬧ Blood circulate throughout the body in a system known as circulatory
system.
⬧ The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
⬧ The heart is muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body.
⬧ Blood circulates in the body through the blood vessels.
⬧ Blood is a body fluid that is used in the transport of substance within the
body.
⬧ Blood vessel are tubes in which blood flows, the main blood vessel are the
arteries, veins, and capillaries.
34. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
The circulatory system is importance because it is involved in the
transport of the following substance in the body:
⬧ Oxygen from the lung to all parts of the body.
⬧ Digested food from small intestine to all parts of the body.
⬧ Carbon dioxide from body to the lungs where it’s breathed out.
⬧ Heat from the liver to all parts of the body. This help to regulate
body temperature.
⬧ Waste product from different parts of the body to organ such as
kidney to be removed from the body.
36. HEART
•This is the organ that pumps blood throughout the
body. It is muscular and placed between the lungs
somewhere slightly to the left side of the body. The
strong muscles of the heart can relax or contract
when contracting the heart pumps blood with force.
When the heart relaxes, the blood flows into
chambers of the heart
37. HEART
• The heart has 4 chambers.
• ➢ The upper chambers are known as auricles and the lower chambers are
known as ventricles.
• ➢ The heart has 2 auricles, the left auricle and the right auricle and 2
ventricles and the right ventricle and the left ventricle.
• ➢ Auricle have thinner walls than ventricles
• ➢ The function of the heart is to pump blood to all parts of the body
38. HEART
•➢ Auricles receive blood from body organs and then
empty it into the ventricles.
•➢ The ventricles then pump blood to the lungs and to
other parts of the body
•➢ The heart has valves that prevent blood from
flowing backwards
•➢ The heart is connected to blood vessels
39. PUMPING OF THE HEART
The right auricle receives blood from the body
The blood then flows into the right ventricle
This blood does not have oxygen and is called
deoxygenated blood
2. The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood
into the left into lungs through the pulmonary artery.
40. PUMPING OF THE HEART
In lungs, the blood receives oxygen and becomes oxygenated blood.
3. The oxygenated blood flows from the lungs into the left auricle of the heart
through the pulmonary vein
The blood then flows into the left ventricle
4. The left ventricle then pumps the oxygenated blood to all parts of the
body(except the lungs) through the aorta
The left ventricle has thick muscular walls because they pump blood to all parts of
the body
5. The heart has valves which prevent blood from flowing backwards
41. TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Blood vessels are tubes that carry blood around
the body.
The main blood vessels in the body are
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
42. ARTERIES
• Arteries have thick elastic walls
• Arteries have a narrow lumen
Lumen is the space inside a tube such as a blood vessel
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the parts f the body
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery which carries
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
• Blood in arteries flow under high pressure because it is pumped from the heart
into the arteries at high pressure
43. ARTERIES
•This high pressure can be felt in the arteries as a beat.
•We can determine the number of times the heart beats
in a minute by counting the beats in the arteries
•The number of times the heart beat in a minute is called
a pulse or a beat rate.
•The pulse is easiest to find on the wrist and on the neck
45. VEINS
• 1. Veins have thin walls
• 2. Veins have a wide lumen
• 3. Veins have valves to ensure blood flows only in one
direction
• 4. Veins carry blood towards the heart
• 5. Veins carry deoxygenated blood except the
pulmonary vein that carries oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the heart.
46. • Valve A shows a vein with open valve to allow blood to pass through it while
valve B shows a vein with closed valve to prevent blood from flowing
backwards
47. CAPILLARIES
1. Capillaries have very thin walls
•2. Capillaries have no valves
•3. Capillaries reach every part of the body.
•They allow movements of oxygen and food nutrients from
blood into the body.
•They also allow the movement of carbon dioxide and other
wastes from the body into the blood
49. Difference between arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries Veins Capillaries
Have thick elastic
walls
Have thin walls and
elastic,
Have thin walls
Have no valves Have valves Involved in the exchange of
substances between blood
and body organs
Carry blood away from
the heart
Are very narrow
Form network in every organ
and tissue
50. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
•The four main components of blood are:
•1. Plasma
•2. Red blood cells
•3. White blood cells
•4. Platelets
51. PLASMA
•It is the liquid part that forms the main part of the
blood
•It is mostly pale yellow.
•It contains dissolved substances e.g. digested
food, salts, amino acids and glucose
53. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
Transportation of:
a) Digested food from the ileum to all parts of the body.
b) Oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues.
c) Carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs to be expelled.
d) Waste products to the organs of excretion.
e) Heat from the liver to all parts of the body.
f) Hormones from the glands to where they are needed.
g) Other blood components e.g. white blood cells, red blood cells and
platelets to where they are needed
54. RED BLOOD CELLS
Biconcave in shape.
- Contain haemoglobin (Red Colouring matter).
- Have nucleus which disappears on maturity.
- Produced in red bone marrow
- Destroyed (broken) in the liver/spleen.
- Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues.
- Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin –
oxygenated blood, which is bright red in colour (dark red)
56. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
•Larger than red blood cells
•- Few in number compared to red blood cells i.e. ratio of
white to red blood cells is 1:600
•- Have no definite shape- they change their shape easily
•- Have a nucleus at the centre
•- Produced in the yellow bone marrow and the lymph
glands
57. • White blood cells fight and kill germs by engulfing them.
58. PLATELETS
They are tiny oval shaped cells
➢ They are found in plasma
➢ Help the blood to clot when injured.
➢ They prevent further loss of the blood from the
part that was injured.
60. Symptoms and prevention of common health
conditions of the human circulatory system
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure):
•Symptoms: Often asymptomatic, but severe cases can
lead to headaches, shortness of breath, and
nosebleeds.
•Prevention: Maintain a healthy diet low in sodium,
exercise regularly, manage stress, limit alcohol
consumption, and avoid smoking.
61. Heart Attack :
•Symptoms: Chest pain or discomfort, shortness
of breath, nausea, cold sweats, and
lightheadedness.
•Prevention: Adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle,
manage risk factors like high blood pressure,
cholesterol, and diabetes, exercise regularly,
and avoid smoking.
62. •Stroke :
•Symptoms: Sudden numbness or weakness in the
face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body,
sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
speech, sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes,
sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or
coordination, and sudden severe headache with no
known cause.
•Prevention: Maintain a healthy diet, exercise
regularly, manage chronic conditions like
hypertension and diabetes, limit alcohol
consumption, and don't smoke.
63. Atherosclerosis (Hardening of the Arteries):
•Symptoms: Chest pain (angina), shortness of
breath, and numbness or weakness in legs or
arms.
•Prevention: Eat a heart-healthy diet, exercise
regularly, avoid smoking, manage stress, and
control conditions like diabetes and high
blood pressure
64. ACTIVITY
•Collaboratively discuss ways of maintaining a healthy
human circulatory system.
•Discuss with peers and develop a routine plan for
maintaining a healthy circulatory system, (to include
drinking plenty of water, physical activities and healthy
eating)
