stones for landscaping

1. Uses and types of
stones for Landscape

2. How Stones Create Ambiance in Your Landscape
• Natural stones add to the
look and feel and help create
a functional and enjoyable
outdoor space.
• Few ways to use stone in
your landscape
 Stepping stones
 Water features
 Retaining walls
 Ground cover
 Patio surfacing
 To Delineate Edges And
Boundaries
 To Build A Structure

3. Different types of stones used in walkways, patios, edges
Limestone
• Light color.
• Extremely durable
• Weather-resistant
• Relatively easy to work with
• Natural touch to your garden
• Used in paving, water walls,
garden edges and other
landscaping features

4. Different types of Limestone

5. Different types of stones used in walkways, patios, edges
Sandstone
• Attractive appearance
• Durable nature
• Intricate patterns or colors
• Highly weather-resistant
• Used in patios, stepping stones or
garden paths, retaining walls, and
other landscaping features.

6. Different types of stones used in walkways, patios , edges
Granite
• Durable and attractive.
• Resistant to weathering and
erosion from wind and water.
• High-density results in a
beautifully textured surface that
feature a variety of rich colors
and patterns.
• Slip-resistant
• Used for walkways or pavers,
patio paving, doorsteps, benches,
and other types of hardscape
design without the need for extra
finishes or coatings.

7. Different types of stones used in walkways, patios, edges
Quartzite
• Strength, durability and natural
resistance to staining and
moisture.
• Resistant to both physical and
chemical weathering
• Natural coloration can provide a
striking contrast to other
materials in the landscape.
• Ideal choice for landscaping
applications, such as paving
stones, retaining walls,
and garden edging.

8. Different types of Granite & Quartzite

9. Different types of Granite & Quartzite

10. Different types of Granite & Quartzite

11. Different types of stones used in walkways, patios
Flagstone
• Natural beauty.
• Unique colors and textures
• Incredible durability.
• Flagstone can withstand extreme
heat, freezing temperatures,
heavy rains, and other adverse
conditions without suffering
heavy damage.
• Ideal choice for use in
pathways, walkways, stepping
stones, patios and other outdoor
installations that are exposed to
wear and tear on a regular basis.

12. Different types of stones used in walkways, patios
Slate
• Durability and aesthetic appeal.
• Variety of colors, from light grey
to deep black
• Easy to cut and shape
• Can help to regulate moisture
levels in the soil, preventing
erosion and promoting plant
growth.
• Low-maintenance and easy to
clean
• Used to create patios, walkways,
and other hardscaping features.

13. Different types of stones used in walkways
Cobble Stone
• Natural beauty and versatility.
• With its irregular size and
shape, it offers a distinctive
visual appeal
• Serves an important structural
purpose as well, providing strong
underpinnings for driveways,
sidewalks, and other paved
surfaces.

14. Different types of stones used in pathways, water features
Onyx
• Adds a touch of elegance to any
landscaping project.
• The deep colour of the Onyx
Stone creates a striking contrast
against greenery and other
natural elements.
• Can be used to create a stunning
pathway, accent a water feature,
or as a decorative element in
your garden beds.

15. Different types of Onyx

16. Different types of stones used in pathways, water features
Pea Gravel
• Small, round rock
• It is usually about the size of a
pea, hence its name.
• Used as a mulch around plants,
as a drainage material in pots and
planters, or as a topdressing for
potted plants.
• Also often used as an edging
material for paths and walkways
and in water features.
• Relatively inexpensive and easy
to work with

17. Different types of stones used in pathways, water features
Pebbles
• Variety of shapes, sizes, and
colors
• Visual appeal
• Very versatile and can be used in
a number of different ways.
• Used to create footpaths, borders,
or outlines for flower beds. They
can also be used to fill in gaps
between pavers or stones.

18. Different types of stones used in pathways, water features
Decorative Stone
• They provide a natural look and
can be used in a variety of ways
to create interesting visual
effects.
• Can help to improve drainage
and reduce the amount of
maintenance required for your
landscape.
• Used as borders, edging, or
paths, they can also be used as
part of water features, or garden
beds.

19. Different types of stones used in pathways, water features
Lava rock
• It comes in both red and black
colors
• Very lightweight
• Irregular and very rough in shape
• Isn’t suitable for walkways or
patios due to its rough and
uneven texture.
• It’s great in place of mulch and
provides a unique look.
• It’s also suitable for drainage,
especially since the individual
rocks are porous

20. Uses of stones and types of stones used in paving
Uses
• Patios, edging, walkways,
stepping stones, driveways,
vertical paving
Types
1. Flagstone – do not absorb heat,
keep cool, durable and safe
2. Cobblestone
3. Travertine – distinct pitted holes
and troughs, high level of
durability
4. Bluestone – bluish grey hue

21. Different types of Travertine

22. Different types of stones used in swimming pool floors
Travertine tiles for pools
• Porous, cream-colored
• Slip free surface
• Usually available in beige
tones and they can have an
aged calibrated finish

23. Different types of stones used in swimming pool floors
Limestone for pool decks
• Available in black and dark
grey tones

24. Different types of stones used in swimming pool floors
Granite paving
• Toughness and durability
• Elegant look with its natural
shine and water resistance
properties.

25. Different types of stones used in swimming pool floors
Quartzite for coloured floors
• Usually of a whitish color.
• Its hardness and resilience
lend it to being used in
swimming pool floors.
• Their natural finishes and
tones -beige, pink and green-
are a perfect choice for
swimming pool floors.

26. Different types of stones used in swimming pool floors
The elegant touch of gneiss
• Authenticity and character.
• Beige and grey combined
with lighter tones.

27. Use of stones landscape water bodies
Backyard Oasis A Straight Shot

28. Use of stones landscape water bodies
Smooth Fountain With Lush
Vegetation
A Charming Trickle

29. Use of stones landscape water bodies
Disappearing Fountain Combine Dramatic Features

30. Use of stones landscape water bodies
South-western Chic Combine Several Elements

31. Use of stones landscape water bodies
Sea Creature Statuary Stylized Waterfall

32. Use of stones landscape water bodies
Water Terrace Going With the Flow

33. Waterproofing for roof terraces
1. Roof Deck
2. Waterproofing membrane
It should be root and rot
resistant.
3. Insulation
Different types
• Extruded polystyrene sheets
• Polystyrene cement
• Autoclaved aerated concrete
• Foamed concrete
• Other cement (perlite,
vermiculite, and LECA)

34. Waterproofing for roof terraces
4. Root barrier
Different types
A. Bitumen/asphalt roofing felt
or bituminized fabrics.
B. SBS modified bituminous
membrane sheets set in SEBS
polymer modified bitumen and
coal tar pitch/polyester built-up
systems.
C. Fluid applied membranes.
D. Concrete admixture.
It should be root and rot
resistant.

35. Waterproofing for roof terraces
5. Protection fabric
Protection layers are usually a
nonwoven geotextile that
protects the waterproofing from
mechanical damage. The
application of protective layers
is critical if the drainage layer
uses a primitive granular mix.
6. Drainage layer
The primary purpose of the
drainage layer is to drain excess
water or underflow as rapidly
as possible to prevent
prolonged saturation. There are
three main types of drainage
materials:

36. Waterproofing for roof terraces
• Granular materials (Gravel,
stone chips, broken clay
tiles, clinker, lava rock,
pumice etc
• Porous mats
• Lightweight plastic or
polystyrene drainage
modules (made of high-
density polyethene.)
• A common type of
proprietary water storage
reservoir is made from
molded expanded
polystyrene and can store up
to a maximum of 32 liters of
water per square meters.

37. Waterproofing for roof terraces
7. Filter layer
To prevent clogging of the
drainage or water storage layer
a geo-fleece is used to filter out
the silt from the planting
medium above. Nonwoven
filter layers are ideal for most
circumstances.
8. Growing media
The recommended min.
thickness of soil is about 40 cm
while for shrubs & trees range
between 1 to 1.5 m. It should
be rich, lightweight, well
aerated & have adequate water
retention capacity.

38. Waterproofing for roof terraces
9. Vegetation
Once all these layers are
correctly established, all kinds
of ornamental plants can be
grown in soft-scaping, lawn,
ground covers, seasonal
flowers, flowering and foliage
shrubs, small to medium
trees, cacti and succulents, etc.
10. Irrigation
It is recommended to install
semi-automatic drip irrigation
system in rooftop gardens.
Sprinkler head systems are
suitable for lawns.

39. Waterproofing for roof terraces

40. Waterproofing for roof terraces

41. Firefighting shaft
It might be challenging for the fire
and rescue department to safely
access and work near to fires in some
structures. To prevent delays and
offer a secure operational basis,
additional facilities are needed in
such situations. This could
incorporate:
Firefighting routes
Firefighting lifts
Firefighting stairs
Firefighting shafts
• The fire and rescue department
can carry out firefighting
operations safely from a
firefighting shaft.
• They connect all required floors
of a building, offer fresh air
connections and at least two hours
of fire resistance to safeguard fire
workers.
• Typically, a firefighting shaft will
include a firefighting main,
stairwell, lobby, and occasionally
a lift.

42. Firefighting shaft

43. Firefighting shaft
Features
• A firefighting lobby should be
used to access the firefighting
stairs and lift in buildings (apart
from apartment towers).
• A fire main with outlet
connections and valves should be
installed in the firefighting shaft
on each floor.
• A firefighting lobby is not
required for apartment buildings.
Provision for providing firefighting
shaft
• Tall buildings more than 18m
high.
• Buildings with deep basements of
more than 10 m.
• Commercial, shop, industrial or st
orage buildings that are more than
7.5 m high.