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stomatal movement in succulents 1. introduction 2.shrunken stomata 3.cam in succulents 4.overview of cam cycle
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IB Biology Plant Science 2015
The document summarizes key concepts relating to plant transport systems. It discusses transpiration and how it is an inevitable consequence of gas exchange in leaves. It also describes how plants transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves via osmosis and cohesion in the xylem. Additionally, it explains how plants transport organic compounds like sugars from sources to sinks using pressure flow in the phloem system. Adaptations that allow plants to conserve water in dry environments are also summarized.
9.1 transport in the xylem of plants
The document discusses plant transpiration and water transport. It covers:
1. Transpiration occurs through stomata in leaves and is driven by water evaporation and tension forces.
2. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves through xylem vessels. The cohesive properties of water and xylem structure allow transport under tension.
3. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity affect transpiration rates, which can be measured using a potometer.
9.1 transport in the xylem of plants worksheet
This document outlines understandings, applications, and skills related to plant transpiration and water transport. It includes definitions of key terms like transpiration and xerophyte. It describes the process of water movement through the plant from roots to leaves, driven by transpiration and the cohesive properties of water. Adaptations of plants in dry environments to minimize water loss are discussed. The document provides guidance on drawing xylem structures, designing experiments on factors affecting transpiration rates, and measuring transpiration using a potometer. Sample questions are included to assess understanding of these concepts.
Stomatal function and cam photosynthesis
Stomata are pores in plant leaves that can open and close to regulate gas exchange. When open, CO2 can enter for photosynthesis but water vapor can also escape, potentially causing water loss. Most plants open stomata during the day to take in CO2 while risks of water loss are lower. Desert plants face high risks of dehydration if stomata open in the day. Some desert plants use CAM photosynthesis, opening stomata at night to take in and store CO2 as malic acid, then using the stored CO2 for photosynthesis during the day when stomata are closed to minimize water loss. However, limited storage space means CAM photosynthesis rates are lower than in C3 plants
cam pathway
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway adapted by some plants for arid conditions. It was first discovered in the late 1940s in succulent plants. CAM plants keep their stomata closed during the day to reduce water loss, and open at night to collect and store carbon dioxide as the acid malate. During the day, the malate is broken down and the carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis. This allows CAM plants to efficiently fix carbon dioxide while minimizing water loss.
CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)pathway.pptx
The Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) pathway is a photosynthetic adaptation employed by certain plants to optimize carbon dioxide uptake and minimize water loss. This unique physiological strategy allows plants to thrive in arid and semi-arid environments where water availability is limited. The CAM pathway exhibits distinctive features that set it apart from the more common C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. In this comprehensive exploration, we will delve into the intricacies of the CAM pathway, its evolutionary significance, molecular mechanisms, ecological implications, and potential applications in agriculture and climate change mitigation.
I. Introduction
A. Background
The CAM pathway is a specialized form of photosynthesis that enables plants to fix carbon dioxide during the night, reducing water loss through transpiration during the day. Discovered in the early 20th century, this pathway has since captivated the interest of scientists due to its ecological and physiological implications.
B. Importance of Photosynthesis
Understanding the various photosynthetic pathways is crucial for appreciating the diversity of plant adaptations and their ecological success. Photosynthesis is the fundamental process by which plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, supporting life on Earth.
II. The CAM Pathway: An Overview
A. General Characteristics
Nocturnal CO2 Fixation
Diurnal Stomatal Opening
Succulent Tissues
Evolutionary Advantage in Arid Environments
B. Comparison with C3 and C4 Pathways
C3 Photosynthesis
C4 Photosynthesis
CAM vs. C3 and C4: Advantages and Disadvantages
III. Evolutionary History of CAM Plants
A. Phylogenetic Distribution
Diverse Plant Families
Evolutionary Constraints and Opportunities
B. Adaptive Evolution
Selection Pressure in Arid Environments
Co-evolution with Abiotic Factors
IV. Molecular Mechanisms of the CAM Pathway
A. Anatomical Adaptations
Leaf Morphology
Stomatal Behavior
Water Storage
B. Biochemical Pathways
Carboxylation and Decarboxylation Reactions
Enzymatic Involvement
Regulation of Metabolic Processes
V. Environmental Influences on CAM Expression
A. Light Availability
Photoperiodic Control
Influence of Artificial Light
B. Temperature
Thermal Adaptations
Impact on Metabolic Rate
C. Water Availability
Drought Stress Responses
CAM as a Water-Saving Strategy
VI. Ecological Implications
A. Habitat Diversity
CAM Plants in Desert Ecosystems
Other Environments Supporting CAM Adaptations
B. Ecological Interactions
CAM-Associated Symbiotic Relationships
Competition with Non-CAM Plants
VII. Applications of CAM Plants in Agriculture
A. Drought-Resistant Crops
Engineering CAM Traits in C3 and C4 Plants
Potential for Crop Improvement
B. Bioenergy Production
CAM Plants as Bioenergy Feedstocks
Challenges and Opportunities
VIII. CAM and Climate Change Mitigation
A. Carbon Sequestration
Potential of CAM Plants in Carbon Capture
Afforestation and Reforestation Initiatives
B. Alleviating Water Scarcity
CAM as a Sustainab
Botany:Transpiration
Transpiration:Types of transpiration,Role of stomata in transpiration,Structure of stomata,Mechanism of stomatal movement,Theories of stomatal movement.
Chapter 1 homeostasis
Detail about Homeostasis,There are three important aspects of homeostatis.
Osmoregulation
Thermoregulation
Excretion
Recommended
IB Biology Plant Science 2015
The document summarizes key concepts relating to plant transport systems. It discusses transpiration and how it is an inevitable consequence of gas exchange in leaves. It also describes how plants transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves via osmosis and cohesion in the xylem. Additionally, it explains how plants transport organic compounds like sugars from sources to sinks using pressure flow in the phloem system. Adaptations that allow plants to conserve water in dry environments are also summarized.
9.1 transport in the xylem of plants
The document discusses plant transpiration and water transport. It covers:
1. Transpiration occurs through stomata in leaves and is driven by water evaporation and tension forces.
2. Water is transported from the roots to the leaves through xylem vessels. The cohesive properties of water and xylem structure allow transport under tension.
3. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity affect transpiration rates, which can be measured using a potometer.
9.1 transport in the xylem of plants worksheet
This document outlines understandings, applications, and skills related to plant transpiration and water transport. It includes definitions of key terms like transpiration and xerophyte. It describes the process of water movement through the plant from roots to leaves, driven by transpiration and the cohesive properties of water. Adaptations of plants in dry environments to minimize water loss are discussed. The document provides guidance on drawing xylem structures, designing experiments on factors affecting transpiration rates, and measuring transpiration using a potometer. Sample questions are included to assess understanding of these concepts.
Stomatal function and cam photosynthesis
Stomata are pores in plant leaves that can open and close to regulate gas exchange. When open, CO2 can enter for photosynthesis but water vapor can also escape, potentially causing water loss. Most plants open stomata during the day to take in CO2 while risks of water loss are lower. Desert plants face high risks of dehydration if stomata open in the day. Some desert plants use CAM photosynthesis, opening stomata at night to take in and store CO2 as malic acid, then using the stored CO2 for photosynthesis during the day when stomata are closed to minimize water loss. However, limited storage space means CAM photosynthesis rates are lower than in C3 plants
cam pathway
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway adapted by some plants for arid conditions. It was first discovered in the late 1940s in succulent plants. CAM plants keep their stomata closed during the day to reduce water loss, and open at night to collect and store carbon dioxide as the acid malate. During the day, the malate is broken down and the carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis. This allows CAM plants to efficiently fix carbon dioxide while minimizing water loss.
CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)pathway.pptx
The Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) pathway is a photosynthetic adaptation employed by certain plants to optimize carbon dioxide uptake and minimize water loss. This unique physiological strategy allows plants to thrive in arid and semi-arid environments where water availability is limited. The CAM pathway exhibits distinctive features that set it apart from the more common C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. In this comprehensive exploration, we will delve into the intricacies of the CAM pathway, its evolutionary significance, molecular mechanisms, ecological implications, and potential applications in agriculture and climate change mitigation.
I. Introduction
A. Background
The CAM pathway is a specialized form of photosynthesis that enables plants to fix carbon dioxide during the night, reducing water loss through transpiration during the day. Discovered in the early 20th century, this pathway has since captivated the interest of scientists due to its ecological and physiological implications.
B. Importance of Photosynthesis
Understanding the various photosynthetic pathways is crucial for appreciating the diversity of plant adaptations and their ecological success. Photosynthesis is the fundamental process by which plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, supporting life on Earth.
II. The CAM Pathway: An Overview
A. General Characteristics
Nocturnal CO2 Fixation
Diurnal Stomatal Opening
Succulent Tissues
Evolutionary Advantage in Arid Environments
B. Comparison with C3 and C4 Pathways
C3 Photosynthesis
C4 Photosynthesis
CAM vs. C3 and C4: Advantages and Disadvantages
III. Evolutionary History of CAM Plants
A. Phylogenetic Distribution
Diverse Plant Families
Evolutionary Constraints and Opportunities
B. Adaptive Evolution
Selection Pressure in Arid Environments
Co-evolution with Abiotic Factors
IV. Molecular Mechanisms of the CAM Pathway
A. Anatomical Adaptations
Leaf Morphology
Stomatal Behavior
Water Storage
B. Biochemical Pathways
Carboxylation and Decarboxylation Reactions
Enzymatic Involvement
Regulation of Metabolic Processes
V. Environmental Influences on CAM Expression
A. Light Availability
Photoperiodic Control
Influence of Artificial Light
B. Temperature
Thermal Adaptations
Impact on Metabolic Rate
C. Water Availability
Drought Stress Responses
CAM as a Water-Saving Strategy
VI. Ecological Implications
A. Habitat Diversity
CAM Plants in Desert Ecosystems
Other Environments Supporting CAM Adaptations
B. Ecological Interactions
CAM-Associated Symbiotic Relationships
Competition with Non-CAM Plants
VII. Applications of CAM Plants in Agriculture
A. Drought-Resistant Crops
Engineering CAM Traits in C3 and C4 Plants
Potential for Crop Improvement
B. Bioenergy Production
CAM Plants as Bioenergy Feedstocks
Challenges and Opportunities
VIII. CAM and Climate Change Mitigation
A. Carbon Sequestration
Potential of CAM Plants in Carbon Capture
Afforestation and Reforestation Initiatives
B. Alleviating Water Scarcity
CAM as a Sustainab
Botany:Transpiration
Transpiration:Types of transpiration,Role of stomata in transpiration,Structure of stomata,Mechanism of stomatal movement,Theories of stomatal movement.
Chapter 1 homeostasis
Detail about Homeostasis,There are three important aspects of homeostatis.
Osmoregulation
Thermoregulation
Excretion
Different mode of carbon dioxide assimilation
This document discusses the three main modes of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants: C3, C4, and CAM cycles. The C3 cycle fixes carbon through Calvin-Benson cycle in mesophyll cells throughout the leaf. Most plants use this cycle. The C4 cycle fixes carbon in mesophyll cells and transports it to bundle sheath cells, concentrating CO2 around Rubisco to promote photosynthesis. C4 plants include grasses. The CAM cycle fixes carbon at night and stores it as malic acid, releasing CO2 during the day to concentrate it around Rubisco. This allows CAM plants like cacti to keep their stomata closed in the day. C4 and CAM plants evolved to reduce photorespiration
Presentation pbl by chinchilla
Cacti and bromeliads have developed several characteristics that allow them to survive in dry conditions through drought-tolerant mechanisms. Both are CAM plants that open their stomata at night to fix carbon. Cacti have lost their leaves and use their stems for photosynthesis, which are covered in a waxy cuticle and spines to reduce water loss. Their shallow roots spread widely to maximize water intake. Bromeliads form water-storing leaf tanks and have thick, water-storing leaves covered in scales. These adaptations allow cacti and bromeliads to effectively use water resources under drought conditions.
Pp pbl physio
Cacti and bromeliads are succulent plants that are adapted to survive in hot, dry climates with prolonged drought. Some key adaptations include reduced or absent leaves, thick waxy stems that store water, spines or trichomes that reduce water loss, shallow roots, and undergoing Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis. CAM allows the plants to take in carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid to be used during photosynthesis the next day, allowing them to keep their stomata closed during the heat of the day to minimize water loss through transpiration. These adaptations make cacti and bromeliads suitable to grow in temperate regions where water is limited.
the uniqueness of bromeliads and cacti
Cacti and bromeliads have adaptations that allow them to survive in hot, dry climates with limited water availability. Cacti have spines, thick succulent stems that store water, shallow roots, and undergo Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to absorb water at night. Bromeliads form tank-like structures with their leaves to capture water and have CAM photosynthesis. Both plants have thick waxy coatings and store water in their tissues to withstand drought conditions.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM Pathway)
CAM pathway is a carbon fixation pathway present in some plants adapted to arid conditions. These plants fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as the four-carbon acid malate. During the day, the stomata remain closed to reduce water loss through transpiration while the stored carbon is released and used in photosynthesis, increasing the efficiency of carbon fixation.
Transpiration
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant surfaces, mainly leaves, through stomata. It occurs through three main processes: stomatal transpiration via openings in the leaves called stomata, cuticular transpiration through the plant cuticle, and lenticular transpiration through openings called lenticels. Stomata are regulated by guard cells which open and close to control transpiration rates in response to various environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity and water availability. Higher temperatures, light levels, low humidity and adequate water supply generally increase transpiration, while the reverse decreases it.
09 07 , 7leaves and atmosphere
Plants exchange gases through specialized pores called stomata. Stomata are bordered by guard cells that regulate opening and closing. During photosynthesis, stomata open to allow carbon dioxide entry and oxygen release. However, this also causes water loss through transpiration. Plants have developed mechanisms to minimize water loss while allowing gas exchange, including closing stomata in response to hormones like abscisic acid during drought. The size of vacuoles in guard cells changes, controlling turgor pressure and stomatal position.
02 Crop Adaptations
C4 plants like maize and sugarcane have adaptations that allow them to more efficiently fix carbon. These include bundle sheath cells that compartmentalize RuBisCO from oxygen, and mesophyll cells that fix carbon dioxide before it reaches the bundle sheath cells. Sorghum is adapted to arid environments through traits like a dense root system, waxy leaves that reduce evaporation, and leaves that can roll inward to hide stomata when water is scarce. Rice is adapted to grow with submerged roots through large air spaces that provide oxygen to roots, shallow roots with access to surface water, and the ability to undergo anaerobic respiration in roots.
20100906140933our presentation
The group members are studying different crops commonly grown by farmers in rural areas, including oil palm, rubber trees, and rice. These crops are suitable for the fertile soil and climate conditions in the rural villages. During dry seasons, crop production and farmer incomes may decrease. The group plans to research why farmers choose these particular crops, which crops can survive drought, what soil and climate conditions allow crop growth, and the differences between C3 and C4 crops. They will conduct research online and in journals.
Chapter 6 Leaves.ppt
The document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It states that leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in most plants. Leaves generally have a flattened blade and a petiole connecting it to the stem. They vary in shape but most dicots have netted veins while monocots have parallel veins. Leaves transport water and sugars throughout the plant and also conserve water through structures like the cuticle, stomata and guard cells which regulate gas exchange and water loss. Specialized leaves have adapted for functions like photosynthesis in stems, water conservation, or trapping insects.
Chapter 6 Leaves.pptghjjkkftiidtiifgilfdyio
This document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It begins by explaining that leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in most plants and their primary functions are to collect solar energy and carbon dioxide. It then describes the typical structures of leaves, including the blade, petiole, epidermis, mesophyll layers, veins and stomata. The document outlines how leaves vary in their shapes, arrangements on stems, and venation patterns between monocots and dicots. It also explains the internal structures of leaves and their roles in photosynthesis, gas exchange, water transport and conservation through processes like transpiration.
2018 Talk 7 - Leaves (3).pptx
Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in most plants. They generally consist of a flattened blade and a petiole stalk. Leaves come in many shapes and arrangements on the stem. Internally, leaves contain tissues specialized for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transport. Stomata and guard cells regulate transpiration and carbon dioxide uptake. Plant taxonomists use leaf traits like shape, venation patterns, and arrangements to classify plants. Specialized leaves have adapted for functions like storing water or trapping insects.
Photosynthesis revision
This is a simple PowerPoint which talks about photosynthesis. It will be useful for people that want to revise or for teachers to teach to their class.
Transport in plants
The document discusses transport processes in plants. It describes the functions of xylem and phloem tissues, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Water and minerals are absorbed by root hairs through osmosis and active transport. Water moves up through the xylem vessels via transpiration pull. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, driven by factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity. The document also examines adaptations that reduce water loss through transpiration.
Photosynthesis
An updated version of the previous photosynthesis PowerPoint with a quick 10 question test at the end.
Crassulacean acid metabolism (cam)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
Photosynthesis
This document discusses photosynthesis and plant structures and processes related to photosynthesis. It describes how leaves are adapted through features like a large surface area, thinness, and chlorophyll to efficiently perform photosynthesis. These adaptations allow leaves to absorb sunlight, carbon dioxide, and produce carbohydrates. The document also discusses the transport systems in plants, including xylem and phloem, and how roots absorb water through osmosis and root hairs.
Evolutionary transitions from c 3 to c 4 plants
C3 and C4 plants transitions adaptations of C3 plants to C4 plants
what are C3 and C4 plants
plantphysiology1-converted-210509145051.pptx
This document discusses transpiration in plants. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water through their leaves and stems. It occurs through microscopic pores called stomata. Stomata open and close in response to environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity and water availability. They also respond to internal factors like hormones and ion concentrations. Transpiration accounts for up to 99% of the water absorbed by plants and helps circulate nutrients and transport food. The rate of transpiration is affected by many environmental and internal regulatory factors.
C4 cycle..
here is the only ppt available of C4 cycle hope you will like it
do comment if you like it and share it
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Different mode of carbon dioxide assimilation
This document discusses the three main modes of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants: C3, C4, and CAM cycles. The C3 cycle fixes carbon through Calvin-Benson cycle in mesophyll cells throughout the leaf. Most plants use this cycle. The C4 cycle fixes carbon in mesophyll cells and transports it to bundle sheath cells, concentrating CO2 around Rubisco to promote photosynthesis. C4 plants include grasses. The CAM cycle fixes carbon at night and stores it as malic acid, releasing CO2 during the day to concentrate it around Rubisco. This allows CAM plants like cacti to keep their stomata closed in the day. C4 and CAM plants evolved to reduce photorespiration
Presentation pbl by chinchilla
Cacti and bromeliads have developed several characteristics that allow them to survive in dry conditions through drought-tolerant mechanisms. Both are CAM plants that open their stomata at night to fix carbon. Cacti have lost their leaves and use their stems for photosynthesis, which are covered in a waxy cuticle and spines to reduce water loss. Their shallow roots spread widely to maximize water intake. Bromeliads form water-storing leaf tanks and have thick, water-storing leaves covered in scales. These adaptations allow cacti and bromeliads to effectively use water resources under drought conditions.
Pp pbl physio
Cacti and bromeliads are succulent plants that are adapted to survive in hot, dry climates with prolonged drought. Some key adaptations include reduced or absent leaves, thick waxy stems that store water, spines or trichomes that reduce water loss, shallow roots, and undergoing Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis. CAM allows the plants to take in carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid to be used during photosynthesis the next day, allowing them to keep their stomata closed during the heat of the day to minimize water loss through transpiration. These adaptations make cacti and bromeliads suitable to grow in temperate regions where water is limited.
the uniqueness of bromeliads and cacti
Cacti and bromeliads have adaptations that allow them to survive in hot, dry climates with limited water availability. Cacti have spines, thick succulent stems that store water, shallow roots, and undergo Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to absorb water at night. Bromeliads form tank-like structures with their leaves to capture water and have CAM photosynthesis. Both plants have thick waxy coatings and store water in their tissues to withstand drought conditions.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM Pathway)
CAM pathway is a carbon fixation pathway present in some plants adapted to arid conditions. These plants fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as the four-carbon acid malate. During the day, the stomata remain closed to reduce water loss through transpiration while the stored carbon is released and used in photosynthesis, increasing the efficiency of carbon fixation.
Transpiration
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant surfaces, mainly leaves, through stomata. It occurs through three main processes: stomatal transpiration via openings in the leaves called stomata, cuticular transpiration through the plant cuticle, and lenticular transpiration through openings called lenticels. Stomata are regulated by guard cells which open and close to control transpiration rates in response to various environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity and water availability. Higher temperatures, light levels, low humidity and adequate water supply generally increase transpiration, while the reverse decreases it.
09 07 , 7leaves and atmosphere
Plants exchange gases through specialized pores called stomata. Stomata are bordered by guard cells that regulate opening and closing. During photosynthesis, stomata open to allow carbon dioxide entry and oxygen release. However, this also causes water loss through transpiration. Plants have developed mechanisms to minimize water loss while allowing gas exchange, including closing stomata in response to hormones like abscisic acid during drought. The size of vacuoles in guard cells changes, controlling turgor pressure and stomatal position.
02 Crop Adaptations
C4 plants like maize and sugarcane have adaptations that allow them to more efficiently fix carbon. These include bundle sheath cells that compartmentalize RuBisCO from oxygen, and mesophyll cells that fix carbon dioxide before it reaches the bundle sheath cells. Sorghum is adapted to arid environments through traits like a dense root system, waxy leaves that reduce evaporation, and leaves that can roll inward to hide stomata when water is scarce. Rice is adapted to grow with submerged roots through large air spaces that provide oxygen to roots, shallow roots with access to surface water, and the ability to undergo anaerobic respiration in roots.
20100906140933our presentation
The group members are studying different crops commonly grown by farmers in rural areas, including oil palm, rubber trees, and rice. These crops are suitable for the fertile soil and climate conditions in the rural villages. During dry seasons, crop production and farmer incomes may decrease. The group plans to research why farmers choose these particular crops, which crops can survive drought, what soil and climate conditions allow crop growth, and the differences between C3 and C4 crops. They will conduct research online and in journals.
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The document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It states that leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in most plants. Leaves generally have a flattened blade and a petiole connecting it to the stem. They vary in shape but most dicots have netted veins while monocots have parallel veins. Leaves transport water and sugars throughout the plant and also conserve water through structures like the cuticle, stomata and guard cells which regulate gas exchange and water loss. Specialized leaves have adapted for functions like photosynthesis in stems, water conservation, or trapping insects.
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This document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It begins by explaining that leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in most plants and their primary functions are to collect solar energy and carbon dioxide. It then describes the typical structures of leaves, including the blade, petiole, epidermis, mesophyll layers, veins and stomata. The document outlines how leaves vary in their shapes, arrangements on stems, and venation patterns between monocots and dicots. It also explains the internal structures of leaves and their roles in photosynthesis, gas exchange, water transport and conservation through processes like transpiration.
2018 Talk 7 - Leaves (3).pptx
Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in most plants. They generally consist of a flattened blade and a petiole stalk. Leaves come in many shapes and arrangements on the stem. Internally, leaves contain tissues specialized for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transport. Stomata and guard cells regulate transpiration and carbon dioxide uptake. Plant taxonomists use leaf traits like shape, venation patterns, and arrangements to classify plants. Specialized leaves have adapted for functions like storing water or trapping insects.
Photosynthesis revision
This is a simple PowerPoint which talks about photosynthesis. It will be useful for people that want to revise or for teachers to teach to their class.
Transport in plants
The document discusses transport processes in plants. It describes the functions of xylem and phloem tissues, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Water and minerals are absorbed by root hairs through osmosis and active transport. Water moves up through the xylem vessels via transpiration pull. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, driven by factors like temperature, humidity and light intensity. The document also examines adaptations that reduce water loss through transpiration.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
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C4 cycle..
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Stomatal movement in succulents copy
- 2. SUCCULENTS • Latin word- sucus, means juice or sap • Found in water arid climates or soil conditions • absent, reduced, or cylindrical-to-spherical leaves • reduction in the number of stomata
- 3. • stems as the main site of photosynthesis, rather than leaves • compact, reduced, cushion-like, columnar, or spherical growth form • ribs enabling rapid increases in plant volume and decreasing surface area exposed to the sun • waxy, hairy, or spiny outer surface to create a humid micro-habitat around the plant, which reduces air movement near the surface of the plant, and thereby reduces water loss and creates shade
- 4. • roots very near the surface of the soil, so they are able to take up moisture from very small showers or even from heavy dew • ability to remain plump and full of water even with high internal temperatures (e.g., 52 °C or 126 °F) • very impervious outer cuticle (skin) • mucilaginous substances, which retain water abundantly
- 5. Sunken stomata in succulents
- 6. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in succulents • Observed by Botanists Rason and Thomas in late 1940s • Its name refers to acid metabolism in Crassulaceae not the Crassulacean acid.
- 7. What is crassulacean Acid Metabolism? • It is a carbon pathway • Also known as CAM photosynthesis • These plants fix carbon dioxide (CO2) during the night, storing it as the four carbon acid malate • The CO2 is released during the day, where it is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. • The CAM pathway allows stomata to remain shut during the day, reducing evapotranspiration; therefore it is espicially common in plants adapted to arid conditions.
- 8. • CAM plants is subset of C4 plants • The fixation now occurs in mesophyll cells so that they will be more exposed to the air & in order to take in more CO2. • The malate, which is the product of the fixation process is pumped deeper in the leaf so that it won’t be exposed to air and to oxygen. • This is to avoid photorespiration and the wasteful process since RuBisCo is used in the Calvin cycle • The process is a lot like the C4 pathway.
- 9. Overview of CAM A two part cycle
- 10. During night • CAM plant’s stomata are open ,allowing CO2 to enter and be fixated as organic acids that are stored in vacuoles. • The carbon dioxide is fixed in the mesophyll cell’s cytoplasm by PEP reaction • PEP- Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
- 12. During day • During the day the stomata are closed and the carbon is released to the Calvin cycle so that photosynthesis may take place. • The carbon is the organic acids is freed from the mesophyll cell’s vacuoles and enters the chloroplast’s stoma and into Calvin cycle .
- 14. Comparison chart Plant characters C3 pathway C4 pathway CAM pathway Photorespiration rate High Low/ negligible Very low/ negligible Leaf anatomy Typical Kranz Xeromorphic Typical environment All Tropical, elevated daytime temperature, drought Dry, arid Stoma open during the day? Yes Yes No No. of steps in pathway 1 2 2 First molecule produced in pathway 3-phosphoglyceric acid Malic acid or aspartic acid Malate Uses the Calvin cycle yes yes Yes