Cacti and bromeliads are succulent plants that are adapted to survive in hot, dry climates with prolonged drought. Some key adaptations include reduced or absent leaves, thick waxy stems that store water, spines or trichomes that reduce water loss, shallow roots, and undergoing Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis. CAM allows the plants to take in carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid to be used during photosynthesis the next day, allowing them to keep their stomata closed during the heat of the day to minimize water loss through transpiration. These adaptations make cacti and bromeliads suitable to grow in temperate regions where water is limited.

1. NURUL FARIHIN BT MOHD RADZI (D20091034866) FHATIN AMIRA BT MUSA (D20091034856) MUNIRAH BT APANDI (D20091034850) EZZA LIYANA BT BADRUL HISHAM (D20091034875) NUR FARHANA BT MOHAMAD MOKHTAR (D20091034852)

2. WHY CACTUS SUITABLE TO GROW IN TEMPERATE REGION ?

11. What is the special characteristic of Bromeliads which make the farmer grow them?

13. Nidularium sp. Nidularium sp. Billbergia sp. Ananas sp.

17. C4 PLANT What are the characteristics of C4 plants?

24. CAM PLANT

25. Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a Carbon Fixation pathway present in some plants. These plants fix carbon dioxide (CO2) during the night, storing it as the four-carbon acid malate. The CO2 is released during the day, where it is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. The CAM pathway allows stomata to remain shut during the day, reducing evapotranspiration ; therefore, it is especially common in plants adapted to arid conditions.

26. The CAM cycle is shown below... Notice how all the reactions occur in the same cell but at different times of the day .

28. The fixation step occurs at night with the guard cells open to receive carbon dioxide during the cool night. This process is driven by use of starch to make the PEP required for PEPcarboxylase activity. The malic acid is transported to the vacuole and accumulates there at night. There is a strong pH change in the vacuole at night! During the night

29. During the day The malic acid is transported back to the cytosol for the decarboxylation reaction. This floods the Calvin cycle with carbon dioxide while the guard cells are closed. The energy of course comes from the light reactions and accumulated starch is used the next night for another round of carbon fixation.

31. Thank you