This document provides an overview of sterilization and infection control in dentistry. It begins with introductions to key terminology like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It then discusses the history of sterilization and pioneers like Semmelweis, Lister, and Pasteur. The document categorizes different sterilization methods like physical methods using heat, chemicals, and radiation. Specific sterilization techniques like autoclaving and filtration are described in detail. The document concludes with a discussion of recent advances.
This document provides an overview of sterilization and infection control. It begins with definitions of key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It then covers various physical and chemical sterilization methods like dry heat, moist heat/autoclaving, filtration, radiation, and chemical agents. Biological controls for different sterilization methods are discussed. The relevance for prosthodontics is explained, including sterilizing instruments, impressions, and elastomeric materials. Studies on the effects of chemical disinfection on dimensional changes in impression materials are summarized. Occupational infections and conclusions are also mentioned.
The document outlines various occupational hazards faced by dentists, including musculoskeletal issues from maintaining improper positions for long periods, risks of infection from patients, dermatitis and mercury poisoning from chemicals, radiation exposure from x-rays, noise exposure from dental equipment, and psychological stressors like burnout. It provides recommendations for mitigating these hazards through ergonomic practices, personal protective equipment, safety protocols, and stress management techniques.
This document provides an overview of infection control practices for dentistry. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection and infection control. It then discusses the history and development of infection control practices. The main sections cover universal precautions like hand washing, protective equipment, needle safety and post-exposure procedures. It also addresses sterilization methods, disinfection, management of medical waste and guidelines from organizations like OSHA and CDC. The goal is to prevent the transmission of infections between patients and healthcare workers.
Rationale
Chain of infection
Routes of disease transmission
CDC and OSHA
Spauldings classification
Sterilization protocol
Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical agents
New methods of sterilization
Sterilization of scaler handpeice and inserts
Infection control
Infectious diseases commonly encounterd in dentistry
Medical history and dental safety
Immunization of personnel involved in dental care
Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Surface barriers
Waste management in dental practice
Cdc guidelines-special considerations
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It covers personal protection like gloves, masks and protective eyewear. It also discusses sterilization, disinfection and aseptic techniques. Universal precautions should be followed, treating all body fluids as potentially infectious. OSHA guidelines require hepatitis B vaccination, engineering controls to reduce aerosols, and safe handling of sharps. Proper sterilization of instruments is important to prevent transmission of diseases between patients and dental staff.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization and disinfection. It explains why infection control is important given risks of exposure to pathogens from patients and contaminated equipment. It covers personal protective barriers, managing sharps, maintaining asepsis in the operatory, and strategies for sterilizing dental instruments using methods like steam sterilization, dry heat, and ethylene oxide. Proper sterilization after cleaning is essential to prevent transmission of infections between patients.
The presentation deals with the various suturing materials available and the different kinds of techniques used. Attempts have been made to simplify the text and support with suitable illustrations. Hope you like it!
Suggestions and feedback will be highly appreciated! :)
This document discusses air abrasion technology for dental applications. It begins by introducing the concept of minimally invasive dentistry and how air abrasion aids in removing carious hard tissue with little damage to sound structures. While air abrasion was introduced in the 1940s, it did not gain popularity initially due to limitations in materials, cavity preparation techniques, and suction capabilities. The document describes how air abrasion works using compressed gas to direct aluminum oxide particles to remove tooth structure. It outlines the parameters that control tooth removal and discusses improved bonding agents and restorative materials that have allowed air abrasion to become more widely used for applications like removing caries, preparing teeth for restorations, and removing old restorations. Access
This document provides an overview of sterilization and infection control. It begins with definitions of key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It then covers various physical and chemical sterilization methods like dry heat, moist heat/autoclaving, filtration, radiation, and chemical agents. Biological controls for different sterilization methods are discussed. The relevance for prosthodontics is explained, including sterilizing instruments, impressions, and elastomeric materials. Studies on the effects of chemical disinfection on dimensional changes in impression materials are summarized. Occupational infections and conclusions are also mentioned.
The document outlines various occupational hazards faced by dentists, including musculoskeletal issues from maintaining improper positions for long periods, risks of infection from patients, dermatitis and mercury poisoning from chemicals, radiation exposure from x-rays, noise exposure from dental equipment, and psychological stressors like burnout. It provides recommendations for mitigating these hazards through ergonomic practices, personal protective equipment, safety protocols, and stress management techniques.
This document provides an overview of infection control practices for dentistry. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection and infection control. It then discusses the history and development of infection control practices. The main sections cover universal precautions like hand washing, protective equipment, needle safety and post-exposure procedures. It also addresses sterilization methods, disinfection, management of medical waste and guidelines from organizations like OSHA and CDC. The goal is to prevent the transmission of infections between patients and healthcare workers.
Rationale
Chain of infection
Routes of disease transmission
CDC and OSHA
Spauldings classification
Sterilization protocol
Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical agents
New methods of sterilization
Sterilization of scaler handpeice and inserts
Infection control
Infectious diseases commonly encounterd in dentistry
Medical history and dental safety
Immunization of personnel involved in dental care
Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Surface barriers
Waste management in dental practice
Cdc guidelines-special considerations
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It covers personal protection like gloves, masks and protective eyewear. It also discusses sterilization, disinfection and aseptic techniques. Universal precautions should be followed, treating all body fluids as potentially infectious. OSHA guidelines require hepatitis B vaccination, engineering controls to reduce aerosols, and safe handling of sharps. Proper sterilization of instruments is important to prevent transmission of diseases between patients and dental staff.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization and disinfection. It explains why infection control is important given risks of exposure to pathogens from patients and contaminated equipment. It covers personal protective barriers, managing sharps, maintaining asepsis in the operatory, and strategies for sterilizing dental instruments using methods like steam sterilization, dry heat, and ethylene oxide. Proper sterilization after cleaning is essential to prevent transmission of infections between patients.
The presentation deals with the various suturing materials available and the different kinds of techniques used. Attempts have been made to simplify the text and support with suitable illustrations. Hope you like it!
Suggestions and feedback will be highly appreciated! :)
This document discusses air abrasion technology for dental applications. It begins by introducing the concept of minimally invasive dentistry and how air abrasion aids in removing carious hard tissue with little damage to sound structures. While air abrasion was introduced in the 1940s, it did not gain popularity initially due to limitations in materials, cavity preparation techniques, and suction capabilities. The document describes how air abrasion works using compressed gas to direct aluminum oxide particles to remove tooth structure. It outlines the parameters that control tooth removal and discusses improved bonding agents and restorative materials that have allowed air abrasion to become more widely used for applications like removing caries, preparing teeth for restorations, and removing old restorations. Access
This document discusses personal barrier protection for dental professionals. It outlines that barrier protection like masks, protective eyewear, gloves, and gowns are standard to prevent exposure to infectious materials. The key aspects of personal barrier protection covered are handwashing, protective overgarments, hair protection, masks, gloves, and protective eyewear. Proper use and disposal of each type of personal protective equipment is explained to minimize risk of contamination or exposure.
Sterilization of operative & endodontic instrumentsSk Aziz Ikbal
This document provides guidelines for sterilizing dental instruments to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases between patients. It discusses various sterilization methods like steam sterilization, dry heat sterilization, chemical vapor sterilization, and ethylene oxide sterilization. For endodontic instruments, steam sterilization is recommended as the most effective method. Individual instruments can also be sterilized using methods like immersion in disinfectant solutions or passing through a flame. Proper cleaning of instruments before sterilization is emphasized to reduce microbial load. The objectives are to control disease transmission during dental procedures and protect staff through implementing sterilization protocols.
This is my recent webinar powerpoint presentation - I was invited as a Featured Speaker for Biomedical Engineering Department students of Karunya Deemed University(Solving Human Problems)- here in my presentation I have highlighted two challenges that we dentists face rightnow to be solved by the University students in hope of spreading the word of challenging situation to be solved - have used this opportunity of this platform to share knowledge & Inspire souls. Thank you.
The Final presentation powerpoint - planning to share on my Linked IN Profile :) #spreadingknowledge #inspiringminds #teaching #solvingproblems #helping #highlightingproblems #suggestingsolutions #knowledge #growing #knowledgeispower #preventionisbetterthancure #spreadingawareness
Have a beautiful Day :) spread love ,Peace & Positivity...
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
The document discusses endodontic irrigating solutions. It describes the objectives and requirements of ideal irrigants, including having broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, aiding in debridement, dissolving tissue, low toxicity, and lubricating properties. Commonly used irrigants are discussed, such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, citric acid, and mixtures. Recent advances including cetrexidine, carisolv, and bioactive materials are also mentioned.
Dr.Sachdeva's Dental Institute is a Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Call us regarding Denta treatment:-
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
+919818894041,01142464041
drrajatsachdeva@gmail.com
Follow us here:-
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
Learn more:-
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
This document discusses the disinfection of dental impressions for various impression materials. It defines disinfection and lists common disinfectants used. The main methods of disinfection are immersion and spraying. For each impression material, including alginate, compound, zinc oxide, polysulfide silicone and polyether, the recommended disinfectants and methods are provided. Short exposure times are essential to avoid distortion, especially for hydrocolloids and polyethers. Proper disinfection prevents disease transmission while maintaining dimensional stability.
This document provides information on sterilization and infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis and asepsis. It describes the chain of infection and common routes of disease transmission in a dental office. It discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization used in dentistry, including heat, chemicals, filtration and radiation. The most common sterilization methods used in dental offices are described as steam autoclaving, chemiclaving and dry heat ovens. The document emphasizes the importance of sterilizing dental instruments according to their risk classification as critical, semi-critical or non-critical to prevent disease transmission.
Sterilization disinfection in oral and maxillofacial surgeryArjun Shenoy
This document provides a summary of the history and methods of sterilization in 3 sentences:
The document traces the history of sterilization from ancient times when antiseptics like tar and boiled water were used, to the 19th century discoveries proving the role of microorganisms in infection and the development of sterilization techniques like steam sterilization. It then describes various physical and chemical methods of sterilization that are used today, including heat, radiation, filtration, and chemicals, as well as classifications of medical devices based on sterilization needs. The document concludes with standards for operating room ventilation and airflow to minimize infection in modern surgical facilities.
This document provides information on restoring endodontically treated teeth using post and core systems. It discusses the history of post systems, definitions, reasons for restoration, types of post and core systems, principles of tooth preparation, and the procedure for post and core fabrication. Custom cast and prefabricated post options are presented, as well as factors to consider for post length, width, and retention form. The importance of ferrule effect for fracture resistance is emphasized. In summary, this document serves as a guide for restoring endodontically treated teeth using post and core systems in a way that maximizes strength, retention and minimizes further damage to tooth structure.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various methods of sterilization used in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, and provides a brief history of the development of sterilization concepts. It then describes various physical methods of sterilization like heat, filtration, radiation and chemical methods. The major physical methods discussed are dry heat using hot air oven or flaming, moist heat using steam under pressure in an autoclave, and filtration. It provides details on the mechanisms and procedures for each method.
This document provides an overview of various irrigation techniques and devices used in endodontics. It begins with an introduction to the importance of irrigation in root canal treatment and discusses some of the limitations of conventional needle irrigation. The document then classifies irrigation methods into manual and machine-assisted techniques. Under manual techniques, it describes brushes, dynamic irrigation using gutta percha, and various needle designs. Machine-assisted techniques discussed include continuous irrigation devices, rotary brushes, sonic devices like the EndoActivator, and ultrasonic irrigation. The document provides details on the mechanism and effectiveness of different agitation systems based on supporting literature.
This document discusses sterilization in dentistry. It defines sterilization as the process of destroying all microbial life from surfaces and instruments using physical and chemical methods. Sterilization is important in dentistry to prevent the spread of infections between patients and dental staff through contaminated instruments and surfaces. Instruments are classified as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Common sterilization methods discussed are heat (dry and moist), radiation, and chemicals like phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, and gases. Monitoring of sterilization involves mechanical, chemical, and biological indicators to evaluate effectiveness.
This document discusses different types of space maintainers used in orthodontics. It defines space maintainers and describes their purpose in maintaining space after premature loss of primary teeth. The document categorizes space maintainers as either removable or fixed, and lists examples of common types, their advantages and disadvantages, ideal requirements, indications and contraindications. Key space maintainers mentioned include acrylic partial dentures, lingual arches, Nance holding arches, and band and loop appliances.
1. The document discusses electronic apex locators (EALs), which are devices used to determine the working length of a root canal without radiography.
2. It describes the six generations of EALs, from first-generation resistance-based devices to sixth-generation adaptive apex locators. Key EAL models are provided for each generation.
3. The mechanisms of EALs are explained, noting they measure changes in resistance or impedance as a file tip approaches the apex. Accuracy and limitations of each generation are summarized.
Occupational hazards that dentists and dental staff face include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial risks. Physical hazards involve heat, light, noise, radiation, and sharps that can cause injuries. Chemical hazards such as mercury, methacrylates, silica, and beryllium can cause poisoning if proper precautions are not taken. Biological risks include transmitting infections like HIV, HBV, HCV, and TB through needlesticks or contact with blood and saliva. Repetitive motions and uncomfortable postures can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Stress from patient expectations and emergency situations impacts psychosocial health if not managed. Proper training, protective equipment, vaccination, ergonomics, and self-care
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, and provides the objectives and importance of infection control. The modes of disease transmission are described. Infection control involves proper sterilization and disinfection of instruments, protective barriers, immunization, and waste disposal. Proper hand hygiene and use of PPE is essential. Infection control guidelines help protect dental staff and patients from exposure to pathogens.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines infection and modes of transmission. The main risks of exposure in a dental operatory are through aerosols, droplets, spatter and contact with contaminated surfaces. Proper infection control procedures include categorizing tasks based on risk, following an exposure control plan, using personal protective barriers like gloves, masks and protective eyewear, safe handling of sharp instruments, and sterilizing or disinfecting all instruments. Critical and semi-critical dental instruments must be sterilized using an autoclave or dry heat sterilizer to eliminate all microorganisms.
A bite registration is used to record how the upper and lower teeth fit together. It involves placing soft wax between the dental arches and having the patient bite down to make an impression. This impression is then used to position study models accurately relative to one another. Specifically, baseplate wax or modeling wax is softened and placed in the mouth to capture the occlusal surfaces. The patient bites down firmly until the wax hardens, and then it is removed and disinfected for use in articulating dental models.
This document provides an overview of sterilization and infection control terminology, history, methods, and guidelines. It discusses key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It outlines various physical and chemical sterilization methods including heat, filtration, radiation, and chemicals. It describes Spaulding's classification of critical, semi-critical, and non-critical items. It also summarizes CDC guidelines for sterilization and levels of disinfection. Major advances in the history and development of sterilization techniques are highlighted.
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
This document discusses personal barrier protection for dental professionals. It outlines that barrier protection like masks, protective eyewear, gloves, and gowns are standard to prevent exposure to infectious materials. The key aspects of personal barrier protection covered are handwashing, protective overgarments, hair protection, masks, gloves, and protective eyewear. Proper use and disposal of each type of personal protective equipment is explained to minimize risk of contamination or exposure.
Sterilization of operative & endodontic instrumentsSk Aziz Ikbal
This document provides guidelines for sterilizing dental instruments to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases between patients. It discusses various sterilization methods like steam sterilization, dry heat sterilization, chemical vapor sterilization, and ethylene oxide sterilization. For endodontic instruments, steam sterilization is recommended as the most effective method. Individual instruments can also be sterilized using methods like immersion in disinfectant solutions or passing through a flame. Proper cleaning of instruments before sterilization is emphasized to reduce microbial load. The objectives are to control disease transmission during dental procedures and protect staff through implementing sterilization protocols.
This is my recent webinar powerpoint presentation - I was invited as a Featured Speaker for Biomedical Engineering Department students of Karunya Deemed University(Solving Human Problems)- here in my presentation I have highlighted two challenges that we dentists face rightnow to be solved by the University students in hope of spreading the word of challenging situation to be solved - have used this opportunity of this platform to share knowledge & Inspire souls. Thank you.
The Final presentation powerpoint - planning to share on my Linked IN Profile :) #spreadingknowledge #inspiringminds #teaching #solvingproblems #helping #highlightingproblems #suggestingsolutions #knowledge #growing #knowledgeispower #preventionisbetterthancure #spreadingawareness
Have a beautiful Day :) spread love ,Peace & Positivity...
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
The document discusses endodontic irrigating solutions. It describes the objectives and requirements of ideal irrigants, including having broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, aiding in debridement, dissolving tissue, low toxicity, and lubricating properties. Commonly used irrigants are discussed, such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, citric acid, and mixtures. Recent advances including cetrexidine, carisolv, and bioactive materials are also mentioned.
Dr.Sachdeva's Dental Institute is a Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Call us regarding Denta treatment:-
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
+919818894041,01142464041
drrajatsachdeva@gmail.com
Follow us here:-
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
Learn more:-
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
This document discusses the disinfection of dental impressions for various impression materials. It defines disinfection and lists common disinfectants used. The main methods of disinfection are immersion and spraying. For each impression material, including alginate, compound, zinc oxide, polysulfide silicone and polyether, the recommended disinfectants and methods are provided. Short exposure times are essential to avoid distortion, especially for hydrocolloids and polyethers. Proper disinfection prevents disease transmission while maintaining dimensional stability.
This document provides information on sterilization and infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis and asepsis. It describes the chain of infection and common routes of disease transmission in a dental office. It discusses various methods of disinfection and sterilization used in dentistry, including heat, chemicals, filtration and radiation. The most common sterilization methods used in dental offices are described as steam autoclaving, chemiclaving and dry heat ovens. The document emphasizes the importance of sterilizing dental instruments according to their risk classification as critical, semi-critical or non-critical to prevent disease transmission.
Sterilization disinfection in oral and maxillofacial surgeryArjun Shenoy
This document provides a summary of the history and methods of sterilization in 3 sentences:
The document traces the history of sterilization from ancient times when antiseptics like tar and boiled water were used, to the 19th century discoveries proving the role of microorganisms in infection and the development of sterilization techniques like steam sterilization. It then describes various physical and chemical methods of sterilization that are used today, including heat, radiation, filtration, and chemicals, as well as classifications of medical devices based on sterilization needs. The document concludes with standards for operating room ventilation and airflow to minimize infection in modern surgical facilities.
This document provides information on restoring endodontically treated teeth using post and core systems. It discusses the history of post systems, definitions, reasons for restoration, types of post and core systems, principles of tooth preparation, and the procedure for post and core fabrication. Custom cast and prefabricated post options are presented, as well as factors to consider for post length, width, and retention form. The importance of ferrule effect for fracture resistance is emphasized. In summary, this document serves as a guide for restoring endodontically treated teeth using post and core systems in a way that maximizes strength, retention and minimizes further damage to tooth structure.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various methods of sterilization used in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, and provides a brief history of the development of sterilization concepts. It then describes various physical methods of sterilization like heat, filtration, radiation and chemical methods. The major physical methods discussed are dry heat using hot air oven or flaming, moist heat using steam under pressure in an autoclave, and filtration. It provides details on the mechanisms and procedures for each method.
This document provides an overview of various irrigation techniques and devices used in endodontics. It begins with an introduction to the importance of irrigation in root canal treatment and discusses some of the limitations of conventional needle irrigation. The document then classifies irrigation methods into manual and machine-assisted techniques. Under manual techniques, it describes brushes, dynamic irrigation using gutta percha, and various needle designs. Machine-assisted techniques discussed include continuous irrigation devices, rotary brushes, sonic devices like the EndoActivator, and ultrasonic irrigation. The document provides details on the mechanism and effectiveness of different agitation systems based on supporting literature.
This document discusses sterilization in dentistry. It defines sterilization as the process of destroying all microbial life from surfaces and instruments using physical and chemical methods. Sterilization is important in dentistry to prevent the spread of infections between patients and dental staff through contaminated instruments and surfaces. Instruments are classified as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Common sterilization methods discussed are heat (dry and moist), radiation, and chemicals like phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, and gases. Monitoring of sterilization involves mechanical, chemical, and biological indicators to evaluate effectiveness.
This document discusses different types of space maintainers used in orthodontics. It defines space maintainers and describes their purpose in maintaining space after premature loss of primary teeth. The document categorizes space maintainers as either removable or fixed, and lists examples of common types, their advantages and disadvantages, ideal requirements, indications and contraindications. Key space maintainers mentioned include acrylic partial dentures, lingual arches, Nance holding arches, and band and loop appliances.
1. The document discusses electronic apex locators (EALs), which are devices used to determine the working length of a root canal without radiography.
2. It describes the six generations of EALs, from first-generation resistance-based devices to sixth-generation adaptive apex locators. Key EAL models are provided for each generation.
3. The mechanisms of EALs are explained, noting they measure changes in resistance or impedance as a file tip approaches the apex. Accuracy and limitations of each generation are summarized.
Occupational hazards that dentists and dental staff face include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial risks. Physical hazards involve heat, light, noise, radiation, and sharps that can cause injuries. Chemical hazards such as mercury, methacrylates, silica, and beryllium can cause poisoning if proper precautions are not taken. Biological risks include transmitting infections like HIV, HBV, HCV, and TB through needlesticks or contact with blood and saliva. Repetitive motions and uncomfortable postures can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Stress from patient expectations and emergency situations impacts psychosocial health if not managed. Proper training, protective equipment, vaccination, ergonomics, and self-care
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, and provides the objectives and importance of infection control. The modes of disease transmission are described. Infection control involves proper sterilization and disinfection of instruments, protective barriers, immunization, and waste disposal. Proper hand hygiene and use of PPE is essential. Infection control guidelines help protect dental staff and patients from exposure to pathogens.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines infection and modes of transmission. The main risks of exposure in a dental operatory are through aerosols, droplets, spatter and contact with contaminated surfaces. Proper infection control procedures include categorizing tasks based on risk, following an exposure control plan, using personal protective barriers like gloves, masks and protective eyewear, safe handling of sharp instruments, and sterilizing or disinfecting all instruments. Critical and semi-critical dental instruments must be sterilized using an autoclave or dry heat sterilizer to eliminate all microorganisms.
A bite registration is used to record how the upper and lower teeth fit together. It involves placing soft wax between the dental arches and having the patient bite down to make an impression. This impression is then used to position study models accurately relative to one another. Specifically, baseplate wax or modeling wax is softened and placed in the mouth to capture the occlusal surfaces. The patient bites down firmly until the wax hardens, and then it is removed and disinfected for use in articulating dental models.
This document provides an overview of sterilization and infection control terminology, history, methods, and guidelines. It discusses key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It outlines various physical and chemical sterilization methods including heat, filtration, radiation, and chemicals. It describes Spaulding's classification of critical, semi-critical, and non-critical items. It also summarizes CDC guidelines for sterilization and levels of disinfection. Major advances in the history and development of sterilization techniques are highlighted.
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
Dr. Neetu Singh presented on sterilization and infection control in dentistry. Key points included:
- Classifying dental instruments as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical based on infection risk. Critical instruments must be heat sterilized between uses.
- Methods of sterilization include heat sterilization methods like autoclaving and chemical methods like ethylene oxide and glutaraldehyde. Each method has advantages and limitations.
- Proper cleaning of instruments is essential before sterilization to remove debris. Manual, ultrasonic, and mechanical washing are used.
- Maintaining aseptic techniques and properly packaging and storing sterilized items are important for infection control.
This document defines various terms related to infection control such as sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, aseptic techniques, and antiseptic techniques. It then provides a brief historical background on important figures in the development of infection control practices like Ignaz Semmelweis, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Ernst Von Bergmann. The rest of the document outlines various methods of infection control including antiseptic techniques, traffic patterns in operating rooms, sterilization techniques like heat, chemicals, gases, and radiation. It also discusses maintenance of sterility in operating rooms and appropriate attire and behaviors for sterile versus non-sterile personnel.
The document discusses various methods of sterilization and asepsis. It defines key terms like cleaning, asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes the Spaulding classification system for categorizing medical instruments based on infection risk. Various sterilization methods are covered in detail, including heat sterilization methods like moist heat using autoclaves and dry heat using hot air ovens. Other methods discussed include filtration, irradiation, ethylene oxide sterilization, and chemical disinfectants. Proper pre-sterilization cleaning and sterility maintenance are also emphasized.
The document discusses sterilization and infection control. It provides definitions for key terms like cleaning, antisepsis, asepsis, disinfection, and sterilization. It discusses the history of sterilization practices dating back to the late 1800s pioneers like Lister, Pasteur, and Holmes. The CDC guidelines classify medical instruments as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Various sterilization methods are described including heat, chemicals, and packaging requirements. Dry heat methods include hot air ovens while moist heat utilizes autoclaves or boiling. Proper cleaning, sterilization processes, and aseptic storage are required to achieve sterilization.
Asepsis in dentistry, infection control PPT.pptxpranavisonu
The document discusses asepsis and sterilization methods in dentistry. It begins with definitions of key terms like asepsis, sterilization, and disinfection. It then covers the history of asepsis dating back to Joseph Lister's pioneering work applying carbolic acid. The document outlines various physical and chemical sterilization methods like heat, radiation, chemicals, and gases. It provides details on specific techniques like hot air ovens, incineration, and different types of incinerators. The summary emphasizes the importance of asepsis and sterilization to prevent transmission of pathogens in dental procedures.
This document discusses sterilization and asepsis. It defines key terms like cleaning, asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes different sterilization methods like heat, filtration, irradiation, ethylene oxide, and chemical methods. It discusses the importance of pre-sterilization cleaning and outlines different stages of sterilization - cleaning, sterilization process, and aseptic storage. It also discusses classifications of instruments based on infection risk and the importance of maintaining an antiseptic environment in the operating theatre.
This document discusses sterilization and various methods used. It provides an overview of important microorganisms found in the oral cavity and various infectious agents found in dentistry, including their modes of transmission and prevention. It discusses the history of sterilization and important scientists who contributed to the field. It defines various terms related to sterilization and cleaning. It also describes different physical and chemical methods used for sterilization, including heat, filtration, radiation, chemicals like alcohols, aldehydes, and halogens. The key methods discussed in detail are autoclaving, hot air oven, and chemical sterilization using agents like formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like infection, infection control, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization etc. It describes standard precautions like using barriers during procedures. Modes of disease transmission and classification of instruments are covered. The sterilization methods of autoclaving, dry heat and chemical vapor are summarized. Disinfection methods and agents are also outlined along with protocols for processing instruments and sterilizing the dental chair between patients.
1) Asepsis and sterilization are important principles to prevent wound infections. General asepsis principles were established by Hungarian scientists and accepted after Lister studied antiseptic surgery.
2) There are various levels of disinfection and sterilization that are classified based on their ability to eliminate different types of microorganisms. The most effective is sterilization which destroys all microorganisms.
3) Proper pre-sterilization cleaning is essential before subjecting instruments to sterilization using various physical and chemical methods like heat, radiation, ethylene oxide and chemicals. Strict aseptic storage of sterilized items is also important.
This document provides information on sterilization and disinfection in healthcare settings. It defines sterilization as a process that destroys all microbial life on an item to prevent disease transmission. Disinfection eliminates many pathogens but not bacterial spores. There are various methods of sterilization discussed, including heat sterilization methods like steam sterilization using autoclaves, and low-temperature methods like ethylene oxide gas and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma. Medical instruments are categorized as critical, semicritical, or noncritical based on the site of contact and sterilization or disinfection level needed to ensure safety. Proper cleaning and sterilization/disinfection of medical equipment is essential to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of microorganisms, while disinfection removes or destroys pathogens. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Chemical methods use alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and other agents. Proper sterilization is important in surgery and other medical fields to prevent infection. The history of infection control involved early advances like Lister introducing antiseptic techniques. Common pathogens in medical settings are also listed.
This document provides information about disinfection and sterilization. It defines key terms like disinfection, antisepsis, asepsis, and discusses the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants. It describes various physical agents for sterilization including heat, radiation, and filtration. It also covers different chemical agents used for sterilization like alcohols, chlorine compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The document provides details on different sterilization techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of various physical and chemical sterilization methods.
This document provides information about disinfection and sterilization. It defines key terms like disinfection, antisepsis, and asepsis. It describes various physical agents for sterilization like heat, radiation, and filtration. It covers types of heat sterilization including moist and dry heat. It also discusses various chemical agents used for sterilization including alcohols, chlorine compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The document categorizes different types of filters and provides details on filtration sterilization methods.
The document discusses various methods for sterilization and disinfection. It begins by explaining that most medical devices are heat sterilized using steam, but some materials like plastics require low-temperature sterilization. It then describes several physical methods like heat, radiation, and filtration. It also outlines some common chemical disinfecting agents like alcohol, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, and dyes. The document provides details on sterilization techniques like autoclaving and their mechanisms of action.
There are two main types of asepsis - medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis aims to limit microorganism growth and transmission, while surgical asepsis destroys all microorganisms and spores. Key aspects of maintaining asepsis include cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of instruments. Common sterilization methods include heat (dry or moist), filtration, gas (e.g. ethylene oxide), and irradiation. Proper aseptic technique helps prevent wound and site contamination by ensuring only sterile objects and fluids come in contact.
This document discusses sterilization, asepsis, and infection control in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction noting the importance of adequate sterilization and discusses a review finding insufficient sterilization protocols in most orthodontic offices. It then covers terminology, history, various sterilization methods including heat, chemicals, radiation and filtration. It discusses factors affecting sterilization effectiveness and provides details on specific sterilization agents and methods. The document concludes with a section on infection control in orthodontic offices.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection in dentistry. It begins with introducing the importance of sterilization due to the risk of transmission of infections from dental professionals to patients. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and classifications. The document goes on to describe various sterilization methods including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods. It provides details on sterilization of dental instruments and monitoring sterilization effectiveness.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. Presented by Dr. Aishwarya Hajare
1st year post graduate student
1
2. Contents-
INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGIES
HISTORY
CLASSIFICATION
DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL AGENTS
BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS
STERILIZATION IN DENTISTRY
STERILIZATION IN PERIODONTICS
INFECTION CONTROL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
RECENT ADVANCES IN STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
2
3. Introduction
Microorganisms are ubiquitous.
Since pathogenic microorganisms cause contamination,
infection and decay, it becomes necessary to remove or
destroy them from materials and areas.
This is the objective of infection control and sterilization.
3
4. STERILIZATION Sterilization (or sterilisation) is a term referring to any
process that eliminates or kills all forms of life and other biological
agents including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions,
spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present
in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a
compound such as biological culture media.
( WHO Glossary )
STERILE: Free from all living microorganisms; usually described as a
probability (e.g., the probability of a surviving microorganism being 1 in 1
million).(CDC guidelines 2008)
4
5. DISINFECTION: Destruction of pathogenic and other kinds of
microorganisms by physical or chemical means. Disinfection is less lethal
than sterilization, because it destroys the majority of recognized pathogenic
microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial forms (e.g., bacterial
spores).(CDC guidelines 2008)
Disinfection is a process of removing or killing most, but not all, viable
organisms.
MIMS-PLAYFAIR,5th
5
6. ANTISEPSIS is the prevention of infection, usually by
inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues
BACTERICIDAL AGENTS: Those which are able to kill
bacteria.
BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS: Only prevents the
multiplication of bacteria which may however remain alive.
DECONTAMINATION: The process of rendering an article
or area free of danger from contaminants, including microbial,
chemical, radioactive and other hazards.
6
7. History of sterilization
Hippocrates of Cos (460-377 BC), was the first to separate medicine from
philosophy and disproved the idea that disease was punishment for sin. He
also advocated irrigation of wounds with wine or boiled water,
foreshadowing asepsis.
Ignaz Semmelweis, an Hungarian obstetrician, advocated in 1847 the value
of handwashing and fingernail scrubbing.
7
8. In 1862, French chemist and microbiologist
Louis Pasteur publishes his findings on how
germs cause disease, which he later uses to
develop the pasteurization process.
Joseph Lister, an English physician, reduced the
mortality rate of his patients in 1867 by using a
carbolic solution spray as he operated, he then
used it in the wound.
Charles Chamberland, Louis Pasteur’s pupil
and collaborator, developed the first pressure
steam sterilizer, or autoclave in 1876.
8
9. The research of Robert Koch and his associates in 1881 on the disinfecting
properties of steam and hot air mark the beginning of the science of
disinfection and sterilization. They devised the first non pressure flowing
steam sterilizer.
Aesculap created the first rigid instrument container, originally made of
stainless steel, in Germany. In the early 1900’s, responding to the needs of
the military hospitals and aid stations, Aesculap manufactured chrome-plated
containers for safe transport of sterile instruments..
9
10. METHODS OF STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
PHYSICAL METHODS
• SUNLIGHT
• DRYING
• DRY HEAT
• MOIST HEAT
• FILTRATION
• RADIATION
• ULTRASONIC AND SONIC
VIBRATIONS
CHEMICAL METHODS
• ALCOHOLS
• ALDEHYDES
• DYES
• HALOGENS
• PHENOLS
• SURFACE-ACTIVE
AGENTS
• METALLIC SALTS
• GASES
10
11. Sunlight:- Active germicidal effect due to the combined effect of U.V and heat
rays. e.g.:- river, tanks & lakes.
Drying:- 4/5ths of weight of bacterial cell consist of water and hence drying has
a deleterious effect on many bacteria.
Heat :- most reliable and commonly applied way of sterilization
Dry heat
11
Flaming:- Inoculating loops or wires, the tip of
forceps & needles and spatulas are held in a bunsen
flame till they become red hot in order to be
sterilized.
Incineration :- Rapidly destroying materials such as
soiled dressings, bedding, animal carcasses,
pathological materials etc.
PHYSICALAGENTS
13. HOT AIR OVEN:-
It’s the most widely used mode of sterilization
Temp.- 160°C ( 320° F ) for 1-2 hr.
Uses :-
- Glasswares like glass syringes, petridishes, flasks,
pipettes & test tubes.
- Surgical instruments like scalpels, scissors, forceps
etc..
- Chemicals such as liquid paraffin, fats, greases,
Sulphonamide, dusting powder etc. 13
14. Precautions:-
1) Not to be overloaded.
2) Must be fitted with fans for even distribution of
hot air.
3) Materials to be sterilized should be perfectly dry.
4) Rubber materials (except silicone rubber) will
not withstand the temperature.
5) Allowed to cool for 2 hrs before opening the
doors.
14
Advantage:
Economical.
Does not rust metals
Easily monitored .
Used for anhydrous
oils & powder.
Disadvantage :
Hot air is bad
conductor of heat
hence it has less
penetrating power
15. • pasteurisation of milk.
• Inspissation.
• Vaccine bath.
• Low temperature steam formaldehyde.
TEMPERATURE
BELOW 100O C
• Boiling
• Tyndallisation
• Steam sterilizer at 1000 C
TEMPERATURE
AT 100O C
• Autoclave
TEMPERATURE
ABOVE 100O
MOIST HEAT
15
16. AUTOCLAVING
Boiling water alone is INSUFFICIENT to kill spores and viruses
water boils when its vapour pressure equals to that of surrounding atmosphere
Hence, when pressure increases inside closed vessel
Temperature at which water boils increases
saturated steam has penetrative power
When steam comes in contact with a cooler surface it condenses to water
and gives up latent heat to that surface. The large reduction in volume of steam
sucks in more steam to the site and the process continues till the temperature of
article is raised to that of steam.
16
17. 17
AUTOCLAVE
Three major factors for effective autoclave:
1. Pressure: 15psi.
2. Temperature: 121oC
3. Time: 15 mins.
Higher temperature and pressure require shorter time
for sterilisation.
Pressure (psi)
• 15
• 20
• 20
Temperature
(°C)
• 121
• 126
• 134
Time (mins)
• 15
• 10
• 3
18. Types of autoclave
DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT
Also known as Gravity displacement unit.
This is because of the method of air removal in the sterilization
chamber.
POSITIVE PRESSURE DISPLACEMENT
It’s an improvement over downward displacement autoclave.
Steam is created in a second, separate chamber and held until the
proper amount to displace all of the air in the sterilization
chamber is accumulated.
The steam is then released into the sterilization chamber in a
pressurized blast, forcing the air out through the drain hole and
starting the sterilization process
18
19. NEGATIVE PRESSURE DISPLACEMENT
one of the most accurate types of unit available
Once the sterilization chamber door is closed, a vacuum pump removes
the air.
Steam is created in a second, separate chamber.
Once the air has been completely removed from the sterilization
chamber, the steam is then released into the sterilization chamber in a
pressurized blast much like that of a positive pressure displacement unit.
The negative pressure displacement unit is able to achieve a high
"Sterility Assurance Level" (SAL), but the system can be quite large and
costly.
19
20. TRIPLE VACUUM AUTOCLAVE
A triple vacuum autoclave is set up/function in a
similar fashion to a negative pressure displacement.
This is repeated three times, hence the name "triple
vacuum" autoclave. This type of autoclave is suitable
for all types of instruments and is very versatile
20
21. Classification of a autoclave
Classification Suitable for Processing Used by
N Type (Downward
Displacement)
Unwrapped solid
instruments for immediate
use.
S Type (Vacuum) Items specified by the
autoclave manufacturer.
N.B. Eschmann units
suitable for naked and
single wrapped solid and
hollow items.
Medical Surgeries
Podiatrist
Tattooist
Body Pierces
B Type (Vacuum) Unwrapped & wrapped
solid and hollow
instruments. Porous loads,
e.g drapes & gowns.
Dentists
Plastic surgeons
Day surgeries
21
22. 1. Ensure complete air removal for temperature
to reach 121°C.
2. Ensure loose packing in the chamber.
3. Tightly sealed materials may become
dangerously pressurized causing injury when
removed.
22
Considerations during autoclaving
USES:
Disposable syringes, Non disposable syringes,
Glassware, Metal instruments, surgical dressing,
Surgical instruments, Laboratory equipment, Culture
media, Pharmaceutical products.
23. 23
Advantage:-
Economical.
Good penetration.
Short cycle time.
Easily monitored
No special chemicals
or exhaust required.
Disadvantage:-
Moisture retention
Causes corrosion
Carbon steel gets
damaged
Dulling of unprotected
cutting edges.
Destruction of heat
sensitive materials.
24. Filtration helps to remove bacteria from heat labile such as sera and solutions of
sugars or antibiotics used for preparation of culture media.
24
Candle Filter
Sintered Glass Filters Membrane Filters
Asbestos Filter
25. RADIATION
1) Non-ionising radiation:
Uses longer wavelength and lower energy. And hence lose
the ability to penetrate substances, and can only be used for
sterilizing surfaces
Eg. infrared radiation is used for rapid mass sterilization of
prepacked items eg. Syringes, catheters.
UV radiation is used for disinfecting enclosed areas like
operation theaters, laboratories.
2) Ionising radiation:
Uses short wavelength, high-intensity radiation with high
penetrative power to destroy microorganisms.
This radiation can come in the form of gamma or X-rays
that react with DNA resulting in a damaged cell.
Since there is no appreciable increase in the temperature, it
is also known as COLD STERILIZATION.
Used for sterilizing plastics, swabs, metal foils etc. 25
26. Gamma radiation
The Nature of Gamma Radiation -A form of pure energy that is
generally characterized by its deep penetration and low dose rates,
Gamma Radiation effectively kills microorganisms throughout.
Benefits of Gamma Radiation include:
1. precise dosing
2. rapid processing
3. uniform dose distribution
4. system flexibility
5. dosimetric release–the immediate availability of product after
processing.
Penetrating Sterilization: Even with High-Density Products Gamma
Radiation is a penetrating sterilant.
Substantial Decrease in Organism Survival: Gamma Radiation kills
microorganisms by attacking the DNA molecule. 26
27. ULTRASONIC and SONIC CLEANING
More effective than manual cleaning.
Removes dried serum, whole blood, plaque, zinc phosphate
and polycarboxylate cements from instruments, metal
surfaces and dentures.
Minimizes handling of contaminated instruments.
During cleaning, totally submerge instruments in the
ultrasonic solution for 2 to 20 minutes .
Ultrasonic solution should be changed atleast once a day.
27
28. Flash sterilization
“Flash” steam sterilization was originally defined by Underwood
and Perkins as sterilization of an unwrapped object at 1320C for 3
minutes at 27-28 lbs. of pressure in a gravity displacement
sterilizer.
Currently, the time required for flash sterilization depends on the
type of sterilizer and the type of item (i.e., porous vs non-porous
items).
Uses:
- Flash sterilization is considered acceptable for processing cleaned
patient-care items that cannot be packaged, sterilized, and stored
before use.
- It also is used when there is insufficient time to sterilize an item by
the preferred package method.
28
29. BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS FOR DIFFERENT
STERILIZATION METHODS
METHOD OF
STERILIZATION
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Hot Air Oven Bacillus subtilis subsp. Niger
Clostridium tetani
Autoclave Bacillus stearothermophilus
Filtration Serratia marcescens,
Pseudomonas diminuta
Ionizing Radiation Bacillus pumilis 29
30. CHEMICAL AGENTS
LIQUIDS GASES
• Alcohols
• Aldehydes
• Phenols
• Halogens
• Heavy Metals
• Surface Active Agents
• Dyes
• Formaldehyde
• Ethylene Oxide
• Plasma
30
31. Protein coagulation
Disruption of the cell membrane
Removal of the free sulphydryl groups
Substrate competition
31
32. CLASSIFICATION
OF INSTRUMENTS
Critical
instruments
Semi-critical
Instruments
Non-critical
Instruments
32
Penetrate the soft tissue
Contact the bone
Enter into or contact the
blood stream
They should be
thoroughly cleaned and
heat sterilized if they are
to be reused.
Eg: Surgical instruments,
Scalers, Scissors
Surgical dental burs
Scalpel blades
Forceps
Bone grafts
Contact the mucous
membrane but will not
penetrate the soft
tissue
Eg : Mouth mirror,
impression trays,
handpieces, probe,
tweezers
Come into contact
with intact skin
Eg : X-Ray tubes, Light
handles, Counter tops
34. ALCOHOL
Mechanism of Action : Denaturation of Proteins
Isopropyl alcohol
70% ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol is active against the fungal
spores and used to treat cabinets and
incubator
Suitable for skin preparation before
venepuncture
Disadvantage : . Inflammable
. Mucous membrane irritant.
. Promotes rusting.
34
Used as a skin
disinfectant
35. 35
A)Formaldehyde (formalin)
In aqueous solution it acts as a bactericidal and sporicidal
Active against Gram -ve bacteria, spores, viruses (HB, HIV) & fungi
Aqueous soultion: Formalin(37% solution) - 10% formalin +
0.5% Na tetraborate used to clean metal instrument e.g.
Endoscope, dialysis equipment.
Gaseous form: Fumigation of wards/corridors/ICU’s
DISADVANTAGE: Have pungent odour & irritating effect on
skin & mucous membrane.
ALDEHYDES
36. High level disinfectant
Especially active against tubercle bacilli,f ungi
and viruses
Less toxic than formaldehyde
Can be safely used to treat corrugated rubber
anaesthetic tubes, face masks, metal instruments.
Exposure time: > 10hrs.
36
B.GLUTARALDEHYDE / CIDEX ( 2% alkaline NaHCO3)
37. PHENOLS:
Acts by cell membrane damage thus releasing cell contents and
causing lysis
Eg. Cresol ( LYSOL) ,chlorhexidine ( SAVLON),chloroxylenol
(DETTOL)
Phenol is commonly found in mouthwashes, scrub soaps and
surface disinfectants
Low efficiency disinfectant
Used for decontamination of the hospital environment, including
laboratory surfaces, and noncritical medical items.
37
38. HALOGENS :
A) Chlorine compounds:
Bleaching powder or hypochlorite solution
mostly used disinfectant for HIV infected
material.
in concentration of 0.05 or 0.5% used for
surface material and instruments disinfection
Should be prepared daily because of
instability of sodium hypochlorite solution
Active against bacteria, spores, fungi and
viruses (HB, HIV) 38
39. B) IODOPHORS & IODINE
Active against bacteria, spores & some
viruses & fungi
Suitable for skin preparation, mouthwash &
as a surgical scrub
(7.5% Povidone+iodine= Betadine)
39
40. SALTS
Salts of heavy metals have toxic effect on bacteria.
The salts of copper , silver and mercury are used as disinfectant.
SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
substances which alter energy relationships at
interfaces,producing a reduction of surface tension, are known as
surface active agents. E.g. quaternary compounds
40
41. ETHYLENE OXIDE
• Highly inflammable and in concentration more than 3% highly
explosive and hence not used for fumigation of rooms
• Mix with carbon dioxide or nitrogen to eliminate its explosive
tendency
• Effective against all types of micro-organism including
viruses and spores.
41
44. The four accepted methods of sterilization in dental offices
are:
Steam pressure sterilization (autoclave)
Chemical vapor pressure sterilization(chemiclave)
Dry heat sterilization(dryclave)
Ethylene oxide(ETOX) sterilization
44
45. It is performed in a steam autoclave. For light load of instruments
the time required at 121o C is 15 minutes at 15lbs of pressure. It
works on principle as that of pressure cooker.
Advantages: rapid and effective.
Disadvantages: items sensitive
Tends to rust carbon steel instruments and burs.
Sterilization of burs in autoclaves.
burs can be protected by keeping them submerged in small amounts
of 2% sodium nitrite solution.
Steam pressure sterilization(autoclave)
45
46. Performed in a chemiclave.
Operate at 131oC and 20lbs of pressure. they are similar to steam
sterilizer and have cycle of 30minutes.
• carbon steel and other corrosion sensitive instruments and pliers
are sterilized without rust or corrosion.
• items sensitive.
The 1938 patent of Dr. George Hollenback and the work of
hollenback and harvey in 1940s culminated in the development of
an unsaturated chemical vapor system , also called harvey
chemiclave.
Chemical vapor pressure sterilization
46
47. Advantages
1. Carbon steel and other
corrosion-sensitive
instruments are said to be
sterilized without rust.
2. Relatively quick turnaround
time for instruments.
3. Load comes out dry.
4. Sterilization is verifiable.
Disadvantages
1. Items sensitive to the
elevated temperature will be
damaged. Vapor odor is
offensive, requires aeration.
2. Heavy cloth wrappings of
surgical instruments may not
be penetrated to provide
sterilization.
47
48. Conventional dry heat ovens
Short cycle, high temperature dry heat oven.
They have heated chambers that allow air to circulate by gravity flow.
A rapid high temperature processing that uses forced draft oven(air circulates with a
fan or blower)
Operate at approximately 188oC-191oC
Dry heat sterilization
48
49. Advantages
1.Reasonable price
2. carbon steel instruments and
burs do not rust or corrode or lose
temper or cutting edges.
3. Rapid cycles possible at high
temperatures
Disadvantages
1.rubber and plastic materials
might damage.
2. heavy load of instruments
defeats sterilization.
3. Improper calibration may
damage instruments
49
50. Etox sterilization is the best method for sterilizing complex
instruments and delicate materials.
Advantages
Operates effectively at low temperatures
Gas is extremely penetrative
Can be used for sensitive equipment like handpieces.
Sterilization is verifiable
Disadvantages
Potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic.
Requires aeration chamber ,cycle time lasts hours
Usually only hospital based.
Ethylene oxide sterilization
50
51. OPERATORY ASEPSIS
In the dental operatory, operatory surfaces that are
repeatedly touched or soiled are best protected with
disposable covers(barriers)that can be discarded after
each treatment.
For dental unit trays, paper, plastic film or surgical pack
wraps (paper or towels) should cover the entire tray.
Clear plastic 15-gallon waste container bags fit many
chair backs , control units , and x-ray equipment.
Plastic restaurant silverware bags it suction handles and
air water syringe handles.
51
52. Gigasept which contains succindialdehyde and
dimethoxytetrahydrofuran are used for disinfection of
plastic and rubber materials eg: dental chair
52
53. Asepsis of surgery theaters
Fumigation is done by two methods:
1. Electric boiler method- 500 ml of formaldehyde
(40%) added to distilled water in electric boiler.
When the water heats fumes are generated.
2. Potassium permanganate – heat is induced by
oxider action of potassium permanganate. 500ml
of formaldehyde is added to potassium
permanganate which reacts and generates fumes.
53
54. DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY
CDC(MMWR),dec19,2003vol.52
• Contamination of working area occurs from saliva.
• X-ray tube head, exposure selector and timer button are likely to get
contaminated by saliva.
• Precaution to be taken up :
1. Put on gloves.
2. Place the film packets and film holders in special tray.
3. Contaminated films(exposed films) to be placed in separate tray.
54
55. 4. Film holding device to be rinsed in running water to remove
saliva.
5. Metallic part to be autoclaved.
6. Plastic attachments to be kept in chlorhexidine solution.
7. Wipe the x-ray tube head, exposure selector, timer button and film
packets with detergents.
8. Tube can be wrapped in disposable plastics.
9. Film packets to be discarded in yellow bags.
55
56. BIOPSY SPECIMEN
CDC(MMWR),dec19,2003vol.52
• Biopsy collection & transportation can also be a source of
infection.
• It should be kept in sturdy containers with secure lid.
• Avoid contaminating the external surface of the container.
• Swab used for collecting micro-organisms should be
transferred slowly and carefully to the swab container.
56
57. • BIO-FILMS :
CDC(MMWR),dec19,2003vol.52
• Tubes connecting hand-pieces, air/water syringe &
ultrasonic scaler unit are harbor of wide range of
micro-organisms.
• They colonize and replicate on the inner surface of
tubings.
• They serve as reservoir for micro-organisms.
57
58. Following measures should be taken to prevent this :
A) Anti-retraction valves : (one way flow check valve). To prevent
transfer or aspiration of potentially infected material in the tubings.
B) Bacterial filter : Filters to be fitted in water lines of hand-pieces &
water syringes.
C) Chemical Disinfectants : Tubings are flushed with disinfectants like
sodium hypochlorite.
D) Aspirators : Cleaned and flushed after every patient for 20 – 30
secs.
To be flushed with disinfectant at the end of the day.
58
60. DENTAL CASTS
CDC(MMWR),dec19,2003vol.52
Spraying until wet or
Immersing in a 1:10
dilution of sodium
hypochlorite or an
iodophor then rinse
Casts to be disinfected
should be fully set (i.e.
stored for at least 24
hours)
60
ADA recommends use of
Chlorine compounds
Iodophors
Combination of synthetic
phenols
Glutaraldehyde.
61. • Sterilize instruments like articulators, wax knives, spatula, shade
guide, acrylic bur etc.
• Custom impression trays, base plates, occlusal rim and all other
prosthesis must be disinfected, after construction & before use in
patient.
• Articulators, casts, base plates to be disinfected by 1:10 chlorine
solution following each session or before returning to laboratory.
• Dentures washed & soaked in sodium hypochlorite for 5 mins before
delivery.
61
62. ROTARY INSTRUMENTS - BURS
Diamond and carbide burs:
After use they are placed in 0.2%
gluteraldehyde and sodium phenate (Eg.
Sporicidin) for at least 10 minutes,
cleaned with a bur brush or in an ultrasonic
bath.
Sterilize in an autoclave or dry heat
Steel burs:
May get damaged by autoclaving. Can be
sterilized by using a chemical vapor sterilizer or
glass bead sterilizer at 2300C for 20-30 seconds.
62
63. ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS
CDC(MMWR),dec19,2003vol.52
• Glass Bead or salt sterilizer is the best option, but they do not
sterilize the handle.
• Sterilization achieved in 10 seconds
• Dry heat is used, with instruments in closed metal or perforated
metal boxes.
• Sterilization achieved at 218oC for 15 seconds
• Gutta percha points are pre-sterilized.
• Contaminated points are sterilized by 5.25% sodium
hypochlorite.(1 min immersion).
• Then rinse with hydrogen peroxide & dry it. 63
64. • Silver cones sterilized by passing slowly over the flame for
3-4 times.
• Can also be sterilized in hot salt sterilizer.
• Files to be handled with tweezer.
• Glass slab is sterilized by swabbing the surface with
tincture of thiomersal, followed by swabbing with alcohol.
• Cement spatula is sterilized by flamming 3 or 4 times over
bunsen flame.
64
66. IMPLANTS
Pre sterilized with Gamma radiation
In case the implants needs to be re-sterilized conventional
sterilization techniques are not satisfactory
Steam sterilization should not be used as it results in contamination
of surfaces with organic substances
Dry heat sterilization also leaves organic and inorganic surface
residue
Radio frequency glow discharge technique (RFGDT) or Plasma
cleaning is used.
In this, material to be cleaned is bombarded by high energetic ions
formed in gas plasma in a vacuum chamber.
Removes both organic and inorganic contaminants.
66
67. Sterilization in periodontal clinic
All diagnostic instruments are sterilized by washing in korsolex and
sterilized.
Periodontal instruments
SHARP
e.g. knives,
scissors,
Files
Tissue holding forceps
BLUNT
Mouth mirrors,
tweezers,
artery forceps,
suture holding forceps
Periosteal elevator
67
68. Sharp instruments are ideally sterilized by :
conventional hot air oven
by not sterilized:
Boiling
Autoclave
2% glutaraldehyde
Blunt instruments are sterilized by
Autoclave
68
69. Sutures
Sutures are pre sterilized by gamma radiation
Sutures are re- sterilized by two recommed methods are
1. Soak for a full 10 minutes completely immersed in
povidone iodine 10% solution, then rinse in sterile
saline/water.
2. Ethylene Oxide – gas sterilisation.
Sterilising/disinfecting by other methods (autoclaving,
boiling, alcohol-soaking) are not recommended.
Glutaraldehyde has been taken off the market since May
2002. It was never intended to be a suture soaking solution
due to its high toxicity and the inability to ensure that all the
solution is rinsed off before use
69
70. ULTRASONIC SCALERS
CDC(MMWR),dec19,2003vol.52
Soak inserts in a container containing 70% isopropyl alcohol for
removal of organic debris.
Rinse cleaned inserts thoroughly in warm water to remove all
chemicals. As a final rinse, replace the insert into the scaler
handpiece and operate the scaler for 10 seconds at the maximum water
flow setting to flush out any retained chemicals
Dry inserts completely with air syringe
Package in proper wrap, bags, pouches, trays, or cassettes. Add spore
tests and chemical indicators.
Ethylene Oxide is the preferred method of choice
Dry heat and chemical vapor methods of sterilization are considered
ineffective methods with risk of damage to materials as per American
Dental association Supplement to J.A.D.A. 8/92.
70
71. Effect of sterilization on
instruments
Sterilization Type of instrument
Stainless steel Carbon steel
Saturated steam at 250°F Amorphous substance
formed near cutting edge;
no dulling.
Dulling and oxidation of
cutting surfaces
Formalin-alcohol vapor at
270°F
Cracking of wire edge; no
dulling.
Some oxidation of
surfaces; no dulling.
Dry heat at 320°F Chipping of wire edge; no
dulling.
No visual change.
Dry heat at 340°F Chipping of wire edge; no
dulling.
No visual change
Effects of Sterilization on Periodontal
Instruments Roger B. Parkes,* and Robert A.
Kolstadf Accepted for publication 31 August
1981 71
72. Recent advances in sterilization and
disinfection
Various new methods of sterilization are under investigation and
development.
Peroxide vapor sterilization - an aqueous hydrogen peroxide
solution boils in a heated vaporizer and then flows as a vapor into
a sterilization chamber containing a load of instruments at low
pressure and low temperature
Ultraviolet light - exposes the contaminants with a lethal dose of
energy in the form of light. The UV light will alter the DNA of
the pathogens. Not effective against RNA viruses like HIV.
72
73. Plasma Sterilization
Plasma is basically ionized gas. When you apply an
electric field to a gas, it gets ionized into electrons and
ions.
Plasma is usually comprised of UV photons, ions,
electrons and neutrals.
A plasma is a quasi-neutral collection capable of
collective behavior
Their combined photolytic, chemical and electric
action efficiently kills most micro-organisms.
74. Ozone
Ozone sterilization is the newest low-temperature
sterilization method recently introduced in the US and is
suitable for many heat sensitive and moisture sensitive or
moisture stable medical devices
Ozone sterilization is compatible with stainless steel
instruments.
Ozone Parameters • The cycle time is approximately 4.5
hours, at a temperature of 850F – 940F.
74
75. Newer Disinfectants
Persistent antimicrobial-drug coating that can be applied to inanimate and
animate objects containing silver (Surfacine)
A high-level disinfectant with reduced exposure time (ortho-
phthalaldehyde)
An antimicrobial drug that can be applied to animate and inanimate objects
(superoxidized water)
77. BASIC CONCEPT OF INFECTION CONTROL
Prevent spread of infection from the Clinician to
the patient
Prevent the spread of infection from the Patient
to the Clinician
Prevent the spread of infection from one patient
to another
77
Patient
Operator
Other
personnel
67
78. For routine dental examination procedures, hand washing is achieved
by using either a plain or antimicrobial soap and water.
The purpose of surgical hand antisepsis is to eliminate transient flora
and reduce resident flora to prevent introduction of organisms in the
operative wound, if gloves become punctured or torn.
At the beginning of a routine treatment period, watches and jewelry
must be removed and hands must be washed with a suitable cleanser.
Hands must be lathered for at least 10 seconds, rubbing all surfaces and
rinsed.
Clean brushes can be used to scrub under and around the nails.
Must be repeated at least once to remove all soil.
78
82. Hegde et al in their study stated that the bar soap under
the "in use" condition is a reservoir of microorganisms
and washing hands with such a soap may lead to
spread of infection. (Microbial contamination of "in
use" bar soaps in dental clinics. Indian J Dent Res
2006;17:70-3)
82
67
85. Masks
Types:
1. Surgical masks (required to have
fluid-resistant properties).
1. Procedure/isolation masks
Made up from a melt blown placed between non-woven fabric
Layers of a Mask
1. an outer layer
2. a microfiber middle layer - filter large wearer-generated particles
3. a soft, absorbent inner layer - absorbs moisture.
Available in 2 sizes: regular and petite.
85
86. N95 PARTICULATE RESPIRATOR
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) introduced a rating system which
identifies the abilities of respirators to remove the
most difficult particles to filter, referred to as the
most penetrating particle size (MPPS), which is
0.3µm in size.
The “N” means “Not resistant to oil”.
N95: captures at least 95% of particles at MPPS.
N99: captures 99% of particles at MPPS.
N100: captures 99.97% of particles at MPPS.
86
87. When should I wear an N95
respirator?
N95 particulate respirator 87
88. Eye wear
CAUSES OF EYE DAMAGE:
1. Aerosols and spatter may transmit infection
2. Sharp debris projected from mouth while using air turbine
handpiece, ultrasonic scaler may cause eye injury.
3. Injuries to eyes of patients caused by sharp instruments
especially in supine position
88
89. Over garments
Gown type Situation and Rationale
Cotton/linen, reusable or disposable, long-
sleeved isolation gowns
Use if contamination of uniform or clothing is
likely or anticipated
Fluid resistant isolation gown or plastic apron
over isolation gown
Use if contamination of uniform or clothing
from significant volumes of blood or body fluids
is likely or anticipated (fluids may wick through
non-fluid resistant reusable or disposable
isolation gowns)
Fluid impervious gowns e.g., Gortex® Use if extended contact or large volume
exposure (e.g., large volume blood loss during
resuscitation of MVA victim or surgical assist)
89
90. Footwear
Most hospitals have their own policies regarding footwear.
Footwear with open heels and/or holes across the top can
increase the risk of harm to the person wearing them due to
more direct exposure to blood/body fluids or of sharps being
dropped for examples.
90
91. OCCUPATIONALLY ACQUIRED INFECTIONS
HIV : 0.3%
Hepatitis C : 1.8%
Hepatitis B (HBeAg +ve) : 30%
Occupational exposures that may result in HIV, HBV,
or HCV transmission include needlestick and other
sharps injuries; direct inoculation of virus into
cutaneous scratches, skin lesions, abrasions, or burns;
and inoculation of virus onto mucosal surfaces of the
eyes, nose, or mouth through accidental splashes
All health care professionals should be immunized
against Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Varicella, MMR, DPT,
Rubeola, Meningitis, Polio, Influenza, Tetanus,
Diptheria, Rubella.
91
67
92. Post exposure prophylaxis-HIV
Wound care:
Clean wounds with soap and water
Flush mucous membrane with water.
No evidence of benefit for: – application of antiseptics or
disinfectants
– squeezing puncture sites
Chemoprophylaxis
Initiating occupational 4 week regimen of PEP
(zidovudine+ lamivudine+nevirapine)as soon as
possible, ideally within 2 hours of exposure.
HIV- antibody testing should be performed for atleast 6
months post exposure
92
67
93. HIV Infection Control
(OSHA regulations)
• Measures at the time of Surgery :
• Proper hand washing.
• Surgical attire for operation theater.
• Cover the operation table with waterproof &
disposable sheet.
• Patient to be posted at the end of the operation list.
• Staff with laceration or abrasion on their hands are
excluded from the theatre.
93
94. • Number of staff member to be kept minimum.
• Separate members outside the operation theater for fetching the
drugs, equipments etc.
• Disposable foot covers, caps, mask, plastic gowns and protective
eye wear.
• Wearing of double gloves.
• Face mask or cap, if contaminated with splatter of blood, should
be replaced immediately.
• Scissors & diathermy should be used instead of blade or
scalpels.
94
95. • Sharp instruments not to be handed directly, but to be
delivered via kidney tray.
• Patient allowed to recover in operation theater instead of
recovery room and directly transferred to ward.
• In case of spillage of blood or body fluid, it should be
moped up using gloves and old linen/paper towel or news
paper.
• Sent for incineration in plastic bag.
• Area to be covered with 1% sodium Hypochlorite.
• Floor is wiped with soap and water followed by 1% sodium
hypochlorite.
95
96. • Gloves removed at last after removing mask, cap and
gowns.
• All sharp instruments kept in puncture proof plastic
container.
• Proper labeling done & sent for incineration.
• Needles to be capped before shredding.
• Non sharp waste kept in large plastic bag, labeled and
sent for incineration.
• Reusable instruments autoclaved.
• Then washed with soap and water.
• Re-autoclaved.
96
97. • Non-autoclavable instruments immersed in 2%
glutaraldehyde solution for 1 hour.
• Then cleaned with warm water and detergents.
• Again soaked in glutaraldehyde for 3 hours.
• Suction bottle should contain 30 ml of 2%
glutaraldehyde or 60 ml of 1% sodium hypochlorite.
• It is carefully emptied out, rinsed and autoclaved after
surgery.
• Ventilator tubes rinsed in running tap water and
immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde for 2 hours.
97
98. • Laboratory specimen placed in 10 % formalin jar,
with tight leak proof cork.
• It is kept in a bag and tightly closed and sealed, before
transportation to laboratory.
• Operating table, floor and walls to be thoroughly
cleaned with 1% sodium hypochlorite.
• Equipments or surfaces that cannot be easily
disinfected are covered with aluminium foil or
disposable plastic covers during surgery.
98
99. • Measures for Health Care workers (OSHA regulations)
A proper staff education and training.
Vaccination of all employees.
• Universal precautions to be observed.
• Proper hand washing.
• Careful handling of sharp objects & instruments.
• Proper sterilization, disinfection or disposal of
instruments after use.
• Use of gloves, mask, gowns etc.
99
100. PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING
AND CLEANING INSTRUMENTS AFTER
TREATMENT
The safest and most efficient instrument cleaning procedures
involve ultrasonic cleaning of used instruments kept in a
perforated basket or cassette throughout the cleaning
procedure.
Used instruments are commonly placed in an anti microbial
solution as this softens and loosens debris.
Next, move the instruments or basket of instruments into an
ultrasonic cleaning device, rinse them, and then carefully
inspect the instruments for debris.
instruments likely to rust , dip into a rust inhibitor solution.
Drain & dry instruments with absorbent towel.
100
103. Effect of sterilization on
instruments
Sterilization Type of instrument
Stainless steel Carbon steel
Saturated steam at 250°F Amorphous substance
formed near cutting edge;
no dulling.
Dulling and oxidation of
cutting surfaces
Formalin-alcohol vapor at
270°F
Cracking of wire edge; no
dulling.
Some oxidation of
surfaces; no dulling.
Dry heat at 320°F Chipping of wire edge; no
dulling.
No visual change.
Dry heat at 340°F Chipping of wire edge; no
dulling.
No visual change
Effects of Sterilization on Periodontal
Instruments Roger B. Parkes,* and Robert A.
Kolstadf Accepted for publication 31 August
1981 103
104. • Divided into two categories :
A) Bio-hazardous materials.
B) Non-bio-hazardous materials.
A) Bio-hazardous materials consist of waste materials :
– 1. Soaked with blood or other body secretions.
– 2. Capable of causing infectious disease.
– 3. Having a poisonous effect.
– 4. Human tissue removed during surgery.
– 5. Teeth and associated tissues.
– 6. Gloves.
104
Waste management
106. Waste Management
Categories of bio-medical waste in india
Options Waste category
Category 1 Human anatomical
waste(tissues
,organs,body parts)
Category 2 Animal waste
Category 3 Microbiology and
biotechnology waste
Category 4 Waste sharps
(needles,syringe,sca
lpels…)
Category 5 Discarded medicine
and cytotoxic drugs
106
67
107. Waste Management
Category 6 Solid waste(items contaminated
with blood and fluid including
cotton dressing….)
Category 7 Solid waste (waste generated
from disposable items )
Category 8 Liquid waste(waste generated
from laboratory and washing
cleaning …)
Category 9 Incineration ash
Category 10 Chemicals used in production of
biological, chemical used in
disinfection
107
67
108. COLOUR CODES
COLOUR TYPE OF
CONTAINER
WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT
OPTIONS
YELLOW PLASTIC BAGS Human and animal
wastes, Microbial
and
Biological wastes
and soiled
Wastes, eg. human
tissues, body
parts, organs,
lab cultures,
specimens,
items
contaminated
with blood
Incineration,
deep burial
RED DISINFECTED
CONTAINER/PLAS
TIC BAGS
Microbiological and
Biological wastes,
Soiled wastes,
Solid waste,
eg.
Disposable
items like
catheters, IV
Autoclave,
microwave,
chemical burial
108
109. COLOUR CODE TYPE OF
CONTAINER
WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT
OPTIONS
BLUE/WHITE
TRANSPARENT
PLASTIC
BAG,PUNCTURE
PROOF
CONTAINER
Waste sharps
and solid waste,
eg. .Sharps,
needles ,
scalpels,
disposable
items like
catheter, IV set
etc
Autoclave/
Microwave
/
Chemical
Treatment
Destructio
n
BLACK PLASTIC BAG Discarded
medicines,
incinerated
ashes,
chemicals used
for disinfection
etc.
DISPOSAL IN
SECURED LAND
FILLS
109
110. CONCLUSION
A steady increase in the serious transmissible diseases over the
last few decades have created a global concern and impacted the
treatment mode of all health care practitioners.
Emphasis has now expanded to assuring and demonstrating to
patients that they are well protected from risks of infectious
disease.
The dental health care provider has to follow high standards of
infection control for the safety of the patients and the dental
health care workers
110
67
111. References
Texbook of microbiology by Prof. CP Baveja.(3rd edition)
Operative dentistry chp- infection control by
Studervant.(4th edition)
Essentials of preventive and community dentistry Soben
peter (3rd edition)
Textbook of clinical periodontology, Newman, Takei,
Carranza, 11th edition.
WHO glossary
Article on Sterilization of Suture material by Ingrid Cox
dated 2004 17(50) from Community Eye Health Journal.
Article on effects of sterilisation on periodontal instruments
by Roger B. Parkes and Robert A. Kolstadf Accepted for
publication 31 August 1981 Journ Periodont
Article on recent advances in sterilization by William
A.Rutala and David Weber( Emerging Inectious Diseases
111
112. Sterilization and disinfection of dental instruments by ADA
Disinfection & sterilization of dental instruments TB MED
266, 1995
CDC, guidelines for disinfection & sterilization in health
care facilities 2008.
Infection prevention and control, college of respiratory
therapists Ontario, june 2011
New CDC guidelines for selected infection control
procedures, chris miller.
CDC guidelines for infection control in dental health care
settings, Dec19, 2003/vol.52.
Sterilization of ultrasonic inserts
112