This document discusses key concepts in statistical epidemiology including measures of disease frequency such as incidence rate and prevalence. It defines incidence rate as the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a time period, divided by the total population. Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases (new and existing) at a point in time, divided by the total population. Relative risk compares the risk of an event between exposed and unexposed groups, while attributable risk is the difference in risk between the two groups. Attributable fraction represents the proportion of disease cases among the exposed group that can be attributed to the exposure.
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- design of dosage regimenpavithra vinayak
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- TYPES OF IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSIONS: MEDICATIONS INCLUDED IN AN IV TO PO CONVERSION PROGRAM: SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSION: design of dosage regimen--clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Bayesian theory was developed to improve forecast accuracy by combining subjective prediction with improvement from newly collected data.
Bayesian probability is used to improve forecasting in medicine.
Bayesian theory provides a method to weigh the prior information (e.g. physical diagnosis) and new information (e.g. results from laboratory tests) to estimate a new probability for predicting the disease.
Bayesian theory in population pharmacokinetics--
1) INTRODUCTION TO BAYESIAN THEORY
2)BAYESIAN PROBABILITY TO DOSING OF DRUGS
3)APPLICATIONS AND USES OF BAYESIAN THEORY IN APPLIED PHARMACOKINETICS:
therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics-fifth pharm d notes
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- design of dosage regimenpavithra vinayak
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- TYPES OF IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSIONS: MEDICATIONS INCLUDED IN AN IV TO PO CONVERSION PROGRAM: SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSION: design of dosage regimen--clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Bayesian theory was developed to improve forecast accuracy by combining subjective prediction with improvement from newly collected data.
Bayesian probability is used to improve forecasting in medicine.
Bayesian theory provides a method to weigh the prior information (e.g. physical diagnosis) and new information (e.g. results from laboratory tests) to estimate a new probability for predicting the disease.
Bayesian theory in population pharmacokinetics--
1) INTRODUCTION TO BAYESIAN THEORY
2)BAYESIAN PROBABILITY TO DOSING OF DRUGS
3)APPLICATIONS AND USES OF BAYESIAN THEORY IN APPLIED PHARMACOKINETICS:
therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics-fifth pharm d notes
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens pavithra vinayak
Nomograms and tabulations in the design of dosage regimens --- NOMOGRAM IN UREMIC PATIENTS: NOMOGRAM FOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATININE CLEARANCE AND ELIMINATION RATE CONSTANT FOR FOUR DRUGS clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring ---fifth PharmD notes
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
THIS SLIDE GIVES AN INSIGHT TO THE DIFFERENT METHODS THAT COULD BE USED FOR THE DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASE.
RENAL FUNCTION OF THE PATIENT IS ASSESSED TO DETERMINE THE DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its application--
1)definition
2) APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
Design of dosage regimens:
a) Nomograms and Tabulations in designing dosage regimen,
b) Conversion from intravenous to oral dosing,
c) Determination of dose and dosing intervals,
d) Drug dosing in the elderly and pediatrics and obese patients.
Pharmacokinetics of Drug Interaction:
a) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions
b) Inhibition and Induction of Drug metabolism
c) Inhibition of Biliary Excretion.
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
a) Introduction
b) Individualization of drug dosage regimen (Variability – Genetic, Age and Weight, disease, Interacting drugs).
c) Indications for TDM. Protocol for TDM.
d) Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation in drug therapy.
e) TDM of drugs used in the following disease conditions: cardiovascular disease, Seizure disorders, Psychiatric conditions, and Organ transplantations
Dosage adjustment in Renal and Hepatic Disease.
a. Renal impairment
b. Pharmacokinetic considerations
c. General approach for dosage adjustment in renal disease.
d. Measurement of Glomerular Filtration rate and creatinine clearance.
e. Dosage adjustment for uremic patients.
f. Extracorporeal removal of drugs.
g. Effect of Hepatic disease on pharmacokinetics.
Population Pharmacokinetics.
a) Introduction to Bayesian Theory.
b) Adaptive method or Dosing with feedback.
c) Analysis of Population pharmacokinetic Data
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens pavithra vinayak
Nomograms and tabulations in the design of dosage regimens --- NOMOGRAM IN UREMIC PATIENTS: NOMOGRAM FOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATININE CLEARANCE AND ELIMINATION RATE CONSTANT FOR FOUR DRUGS clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring ---fifth PharmD notes
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
THIS SLIDE GIVES AN INSIGHT TO THE DIFFERENT METHODS THAT COULD BE USED FOR THE DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASE.
RENAL FUNCTION OF THE PATIENT IS ASSESSED TO DETERMINE THE DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its application--
1)definition
2) APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
Design of dosage regimens:
a) Nomograms and Tabulations in designing dosage regimen,
b) Conversion from intravenous to oral dosing,
c) Determination of dose and dosing intervals,
d) Drug dosing in the elderly and pediatrics and obese patients.
Pharmacokinetics of Drug Interaction:
a) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions
b) Inhibition and Induction of Drug metabolism
c) Inhibition of Biliary Excretion.
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
a) Introduction
b) Individualization of drug dosage regimen (Variability – Genetic, Age and Weight, disease, Interacting drugs).
c) Indications for TDM. Protocol for TDM.
d) Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation in drug therapy.
e) TDM of drugs used in the following disease conditions: cardiovascular disease, Seizure disorders, Psychiatric conditions, and Organ transplantations
Dosage adjustment in Renal and Hepatic Disease.
a. Renal impairment
b. Pharmacokinetic considerations
c. General approach for dosage adjustment in renal disease.
d. Measurement of Glomerular Filtration rate and creatinine clearance.
e. Dosage adjustment for uremic patients.
f. Extracorporeal removal of drugs.
g. Effect of Hepatic disease on pharmacokinetics.
Population Pharmacokinetics.
a) Introduction to Bayesian Theory.
b) Adaptive method or Dosing with feedback.
c) Analysis of Population pharmacokinetic Data
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#EPIDEMIOLOGY,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
Morbidity (from Latin morbidus: sick, unhealthy) refers to having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population.
Any departure, subjective or objective from a state of physiological well being.
Morbidity also refers to medical problems caused by a treatment.
It is usually represented or estimated using prevalence or incidence.
Morbidity has been defined as any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In practice, morbidity encompasses disease, injury, and disability.
Periodontal disease is a widely prevalent disease worldwide which often gets unnoticed or it often ignored due to its slowly progressive nature. It is of concern since it can cause irrepairable damage to tooth supporting structures if not early diagnosed or treated.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
Statistical epidemiology
1. STATISTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology study of disease condition in population
Epidemiology is the science that studies the patterns ,causes,and effects of health and disease
conditions in defined the populations.it is the cornerstone of public health and informs policy
decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for
preventive healthcare.
Fertility rate- study related to the birth
Mortality rate – study related to the death
Morbidity rate- study related to the disease condition.
OBJECTIVES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
To determine the rates of disease by person, place and time - Absolute risk ( incidence,
prevalence)
To identify the risk factors for the disease - Relative risk (or odds ratio)
To develop approaches for disease prevention - Attributable risk / fraction
MEASUREMENTS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology is about identifying associations between exposures and outcomes.
To identify any association, exposures and outcomes must first be measured in a
quantitative manner.
“measures of disease frequency.”
“measures of association or effect.”
“measures of potential impact.”
2. MORBIDITYRATE:
The health workers are interested in assessing the health status of the
communities through morbidity.morbidity relates to types and varieties of
diseasesone faces orexperiences affecting the day-to –day activities.data for
the study of morbidity of a community are available from registration
through hospitals
INCIDENCE RATE:
Incidence rate relates to the total number of new casesofspecific disease in
during year with mid year population.
Incidence is defined as a number of new cases of a disease occurring in a specified time
period divided by the number of individuals at risk of developing the disease during the
same time
Incidence is most relevant clinically
Total number of new cases of a specific disease during year
Incidence rate = × K
Mid year population
K is constant value,
The value of k may be taken as 100,10000 or 100000.base the numerator value we choose the
value of K
Example:
- 10,000 people without heart disease
- Follow population for 5 years
- 3,000 people smoke
- 410 of smokers develop heart disease
- 350 of non-smokers develop heart disease
3. - No loss to follow-up or change in smoking status over time
PREVALENCE
Prevalence rate relatedto the total number of cases,(i,e)new orold excisting
at a point of time with totalpopulation.
o Prevalence is defines as a total number of affected individuals in a population at a
specified time period divided by the number of individuals in the population at the
time
Total number of cases,newor
old existing at a point of time
Prevalence = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– × K
total Population at a point of time
o That is, prevalence is equal to the probability of disease:
Mid year prevalence:
Arithmetic mean of the population on 1 jan and the population on 31 december of a
year.it is used to calculate annual rates.
TYPES OF PREVALENCE
1.POINT PREVALENCE
It is relates to prevalence with respect to a specific point in time.
Point prevalence is the proportion of a population that has the condition at a specific
point in time.
Eg . Did you have an asthma attack on Monday?
4. 2.PERIOD PREVALENCE
Related to prevalence over a defined period of time.
Period prevalence is the proportion of a population that has the condition at some time
during a given period (e.g., 12 month prevalence), and includes people who already have
the condition at the start of the study period as well as those who acquire it during that
period.
Eg . Did you have an asthma attack in january?
3.LIFE TIME PREVALENCE
Lifetime prevalence (LTP) is the proportion of a population that at some point in their
life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced the condition
Eg . Have you ever had an asthma attack
RELATIVE RISK OR RISK RATIO (RR)
In statistics and epidemiology, relative risk or risk ratio (RR) is the ratio of the probability of an
event occurring (for example, developing a disease, being injured) in an exposed group to the
probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed group.
Categorical data in medical/health/nutrition investigations are frequently used to calculate
the risk of disease who are exposed to a specific character and not exposed to a specific
character.the basic requirement of this syudy is 2 × 2 table giving number of diseased
cases in those exposed and in those unexposed.
Consider the first group as exposed and second group as exposed and second group as
unexposed.if n11 & n 12 get the disease in the respective groups.
Risk of the disease in the exposed group = n11 / n 1
risk of the disease in the unexpected group = n12 / n2
5. n11 / n 1
relative risk =
n12 / n 2
Relative Risk interpretation
Ratios > 1.0 indicate rate is higher among exposed than unexposed (indicates positive
association)
Ratios = 1.0 indicate no association
Ratios < 1.0 indicate rate is lower among exposed than unexposed( indicates negative
association)
ATTRIBUTABLE RISK (AR)
In epidemiology ,the attributable risk is the difference in the rate of condition between the
risk in exposed subjects and unexposed subjects is called attributable risk
This can also be understood as risk difference.
Attributable risk is mostly calculated in cohort studies,where individuals are assembled
on exposure status and followed over a period of time.
Attributable risk gives more valid information to the health managers than the relative
risk. This happens particularly when the disease is rare but occurs several times more
frequently if a particular antecedent is present.
Attributable risk is better index of the public health importance of the risk factor in terms
of the impact its reduction can make on the overall incidence of disease.
Calculation of AR = risk(incidence) in exposed – risk(incidence) in non-
exposedwhich provides the risk difference
6. ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTION (AF)
AF is the proportion of disease incidence that can be attributed to a specific exposure
(among those who were exposed)
AR divided by incidence in the exposed X 100%