Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Very useful for the beginners in the field of heat and the mass transfer field. It also gives the idea about the different modes of heat transfer and the measurement of energy transfer rate.
Very useful for the beginners in the field of heat and the mass transfer field. It also gives the idea about the different modes of heat transfer and the measurement of energy transfer rate.
What is HEAT?
Form of energy and measured in JOULES
Particles move about more and take up more room if heated – this is why things expand if heated
It is also why substances change from: solids liquids gases when heated
Transmission of heat. Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Applications, Workin...Aq Sa
Heat is the thermal energy that flows from an object at higher temperature to an object at lower temperature.
The transfer of heat energy from one object to the other is called transmission of heat. Heat energy transfers in three ways,
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Conduction
If one end of a metal rod is heated with a flame,
the other end will also get heated up after a while. The heat energy is transferred from one end of the rod to the other without the actual movement of particles (atoms or molecules) of the rod. Such a mode of transmission of heat is called conduction.
The transfer of heat through matter without the actual movement of particles from their position is called conduction.
Conduction occurs in solids, liquids and gases, but solids usually conduct heat better than liquids or gases.
In solids, the particles are held very close to each other. They vibrate constantly. When we heat one part of a solid, the particles gain heat energy and start vibrating faster. During their vibration they collide nearby particles and also cause them to vibrate fast. In this way, the particles of hot part of a solid transfer heat to those in the colder parts.
Good and Bad Conductors
Different materials conduct heat at different rates. Materials which allow heat to flow through them easily are called good conductors of heat. Solids such as metals are good conductors of heat.
Materials which do not allow heat to flow through them easily are called bad conductors of heat or heat insulators. Solids such as wood, glass, plastic, styrofoam, etc. are bad conductors of heat. All liquids (except mercury which is a liquid metal) and gases are also bad conductors of heat.
Why metals are better conductors than non-metals?
All solids (metals and non-metals) are made of tiny particles called molecules. But, some solids conduct heat better than others. Put a metal and a plastic spoon in hot water. Which one is a good conductor of heat, metal or plastic? When both spoons receive heat energy, the particles (atoms or molecules) at the hot end of each spoon vibrate fast and collide into neighbouring particles. These particles transfer heat energy to next neighboring particles.
Particles in metals are packed more closely together than non-metals. Metals can transmit heat energy more readily than non-metals (wood, plastic, etc.). The presence of free electrons also speeds up the transfer of heat in metals. When the metal spoon gets heated, the free electrons gain kinetic energy and move farther towards the colder parts of the metal spoon. They collide the atoms in the colder parts and transfer heat energy to them. In metals, heat energy is transferred from one place to another both by the vibrations of particles as well as by the movement of free electrons. That is why metals are good conductors of heat than non-metals(insulators).
Conduction in Liquids and Gases
The process of conduction in liquids and gases is very slow as compared to solids.
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes
Similar to heat modes conduction convection radiation (20)
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. MODES OFHEAT
HALEEMULLAH 1
Assignment
Name: Haleemullah
F/Name: Muhammad Shaiq
Roll No: D-19-EE-04
Subject: Heat And Mass
Transfer
Submitted: Mr Aamir Raza
2. MODES OFHEAT
HALEEMULLAH 2
HEAT TRANSFER.
So Heat is the form of energy which is associated with the motion
of molecules or atoms. The heat transfer takes place from the
high-temperature body to low-temperature body.
Example:
When we cook food. Initially, we provide heat and after preparing
food we are trying to extract heat to eat the cooked food. So what
we do for, we are keeping to an open environment or near to fan.
So the temperature of the air is less than the temperature of
cooked food, it (temp) starts emitting to surrounding and this
process goes on till both come in the normal temperature.
The extreme or moderate or low heated object leaves the heat at
the room temperature. Now further it has been categorized in the
3 types which are:
Modes of Heat Treatment:
There is a total of 3 Modes of Heat transfer which is:
1. Conduction
2. Convection and
3. Radiation
3. MODES OFHEAT
HALEEMULLAH 3
1. Conduction:
In Conduction, the heat or energy is transferred by a direct
contact like when any heated object you touch with your hand the
conduction process take place.
When we heat the Iron at one side the other side automatically
gets heated because the molecules present in it travels to another
side and heated that area too. So we can say Conduction is equal
to Direct contact
It is defined as the transfer of heat by means of molecular
agitation within a material without any motion of the material as a
whole.
4. MODES OFHEAT
HALEEMULLAH 4
Example:
a) Touching a stove and being burned.
b) Ice cooling down your hand.
c) Boiling water by thrusting a red-hot piece of iron into it.
d) You can warm your back muscles with a heating pad.
e) After a car is turned on, the engine becomes hot.
f) The heat from a hot liquid makes the cup itself hot.
g) Hot food will heat a stoneware or porcelain plate for a time.
2. Convection:
In convection, the heat or energy is transferred by mass motion of
fluid which might be air or water when heated fluid is caused to
move away from the source of heat-carrying energy with it.
Example:
a) When the heat is provided to water at the bottom the pot is
heated, the water particles move faster, and they also move
farther apart. So now the heated water becomes less dense
and we know the less-dense fluid will float on top of a more
dense one. Now, the heated water rises in the pot. The
surrounding cooler water flows into its place. This flow
creates circular motion, known as convection.
b) Boiling Water. Convection comes into play while boiling
water.
c) Air-Conditioner.
d) Radiator.
e) Refrigerator.
f) Hot Air Balloon
5. MODES OFHEAT
HALEEMULLAH 5
3. Radiation:
The Radiation is defined as Everybody emits radiation in the form of an
electromagnetic wave or rays or particles. In this process does not
require a medium to transfer the Thermal (Heat) energy.
Example:
a) In summer when you go in the field and for a time you stand
there you will feel heat up because of sun emits the heat and your
body skin receives. That is how the radiation process works.
b) Heat from a stove burner.
c) visible light from a candle.
d) alpha particles emitted from the radioactive decay of uranium.
e) microwaves from a microwave oven.
f) sound waves from your stereo.
………………………………………………………………………END…………………………………………………………………………………