Ss book chapter2 beginning of civillization
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Neolithic Era and early agriculture. During this time, around 10,000 years ago, humans transitioned from hunter-gatherers to settled farmers as they learned to domesticate plants and animals. This Neolithic Agricultural Revolution enabled people to rely on farming as a stable food source and allowed communities to grow larger as populations increased. One of the earliest known farming villages from this period was Catalhoyuk in Turkey, where several thousand people lived in privately attached dwellings with evidence of shared religious practices.
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During the Paleolithic era, hunting, gathering, and basic technology were essential for human survival. Hunting provided tribes with meat and materials for tools and shelter. Gathering supplemented the diet with plants, fruits, and nuts. Tribes lived in basic huts and tents made from bones and hides, and traveled to follow animal herds. Gender roles also emerged, with men typically hunting and women gathering and caring for children. These basic survival behaviors and social structures laid the foundation for modern human nature.
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Key concept 1.2.1
Beginning around 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of agriculture and pastoralism in different regions of the world. Permanent villages emerged in response to climatic changes, and crops and animals were domesticated locally. Agricultural and pastoralist societies had significant impacts on the environment through their land and resource use. These new economic systems supported growing populations and led to the rise of complex societies, specialized labor, trade, social hierarchies, and patriarchal social structures.
Chapter 1 blog notes
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers but around 10,000 years ago began migrating and adapting to their environments. Some groups began farming and domesticating animals, leading to the Agricultural Revolution and the development of permanent settlements and villages. As agriculture techniques improved, villages grew in size and complexity with specialized workers, trade, and early forms of government. One such complex village was Catal Huyuk in Turkey, home to 8,000 people with varied occupations and cultural practices like wall murals and burying the dead under house floors.
Blog notes chapter 1
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers but began settling into permanent villages around 10,000 years ago as agriculture developed. Farming allowed for food surpluses which supported larger populations and more complex societies with specialized workers. One such early complex village was Catal Huyuk in Turkey, which had over 8,000 residents and evidence of agriculture, animal domestication, trade, and occupational specialization. The development of permanent settlements and agriculture marked a major transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles.
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5
History’s Biggest Fraud
FOR 2.5 MILLION YEARS HUMANS FED themselves by gathering plants and
hunting animals that lived and bred without their intervention. Homo erectus,
Homo ergaster and the Neanderthals plucked wild gs and hunted wild sheep
without deciding where g trees would take root, in which meadow a herd of
sheep should graze, or which billy goat would inseminate which nanny goat.
Homo sapiens spread from East Africa to the Middle East, to Europe and Asia, and
nally to Australia and America – but everywhere they went, Sapiens too
continued to live by gathering wild plants and hunting wild animals. Why do
anything else when your lifestyle feeds you amply and supports a rich world of
social structures, religious beliefs and political dynamics?
All this changed about 10,000 years ago, when Sapiens began to devote almost
all their time and e ort to manipulating the lives of a few animal and plant
species. From sunrise to sunset humans sowed seeds, watered plants, plucked
weeds from the ground and led sheep to prime pastures. This work, they thought,
would provide them with more fruit, grain and meat. It was a revolution in the
way humans lived – the Agricultural Revolution.
The transition to agriculture began around 9500–8500 BC in the hill country of
south-eastern Turkey, western Iran, and the Levant. It began slowly and in a
restricted geographical area. Wheat and goats were domesticated by
approximately 9000 BC; peas and lentils around 8000 BC; olive trees by 5000 BC;
horses by 4000 BC; and grapevines in 3500 BC. Some animals and plants, such as
camels and cashew nuts, were domesticated even later, but by 3500 BC the main
wave of domestication was over. Even today, with all our advanced technologies,
more than 90 per cent of the calories that feed humanity come from the handful of
plants that our ancestors domesticated between 9500 and 3500 BC – wheat, rice,
maize (called ‘corn’ in the US), potatoes, millet and barley. No noteworthy plant
or animal has been domesticated in the last 2,000 years. If our minds are those of
hunter-gatherers, our cuisine is that of ancient farmers.
Scholars once believed that agriculture spread from a single Middle Eastern
point of origin to the four corners of the world. Today, scholars agree that
agriculture sprang up in other parts of the world not by the action of Middle
Eastern farmers exporting their revolution but entirely independently. People in
Central America domesticated maize and beans without knowing anything about
wheat and pea cultivation in the Middle East. South Americans learned how to
raise potatoes and llamas, unaware of what was going on in either Mexico or the
Levant. Chinas rst revolutionaries domesticated rice, millet and pigs. North
America’s first gardeners were those who got tired of combing the undergrowth for
edib.
Unit 7: Jericho: Endurance in the Fertile Crescent
The document discusses the history of Jericho, the oldest continuously inhabited city. It attributes Jericho's 14,000 year survival to key environmental advantages, including abundant water from a natural spring, fertile soil, and strategic location. The Natufian people established the first settlement in Jericho around 14,000 years ago, taking advantage of the region's biological and geographical resources that also facilitated the development of agriculture. Jericho's reliable access to water and protective geographical features have enabled it to endure as a human settlement for millennia.
Economy of Bangladesh pdf.pdf
Early farmers also developed improved varieties of plants. For example, around 6000 B.C.E., a new variety of wheat
arose in South Asia and Egypt. It was stronger than previous cereal grains, its hulls were easier to remove, and it
could be made into bread.
As the Romans expanded their empire using warfare and coercion, they wrote manuals about the farming techniques
they observed in Africa and Asia, and adapted them to land in Europe.
In China, farmers also adapted tools and methods from nearby empires. Economy of Bangladesh A variety of rice from Vietnam ripened
quickly and allowed farmers to harvest several crops during a single growing season. This rice quickly became
popular throughout China.
The first migration and agricultural revolution
Early humans originated in Africa around 200,000 years ago and began migrating out of Africa in waves starting around 100,000 years ago, arriving first in the Middle East. The agricultural revolution, where humans shifted from hunter-gathering to farming, began occurring independently in different regions around 10,000 BCE, including the Fertile Crescent, China, New Guinea, and South America. Agriculture allowed for larger settlements and trading of surpluses, leading to the development of civilization and writing. Climate changes at the end of the last ice age may have influenced some groups to adopt agriculture. The rise of farming also significantly impacted the environment through deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.
S.s. unit 1_lesson_2[1]
This document summarizes the development of human civilization from early hunter-gatherer societies through the Neolithic Revolution and the rise of agriculture. It describes how early humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers and the technological and artistic advances made in the Paleolithic age. It then explains how the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of settled agricultural societies, villages, and civilizations as populations increased due to a stable food source provided by farming. Key developments discussed include the domestication of plants and animals, early farming methods like slash-and-burn, and Neolithic settlements like Catal Huyuk in Turkey.
1. Homo heidelbergensis is probably the ancestor of Neandertals. Tru.pdf
1. Homo heidelbergensis is probably the ancestor of Neandertals. True False
2. Island or insular dwarfing has been discussed in relation to Neandertals. True False
3. Neandertal bodies are generally A. stocky with short legs B. tall with long arms C. short but
with relatively long legs D. tall and lean
4. Neandertals improved and elaborated upon the tool-making techniques of their predecessors.
True False
5. Some Neandertal physical characteristics may have arisen as adaptations to a __ environment.
A. cold B. high altitude C. hot D. tropical
6. The Kebara skeleton is the first Neandertal fossil to preserve the __ bone, an indicator of __.
A. coccyx / hunting strategy B. patella / long distance running C. parietal / critical thinking D.
hyoid / speech
7. The Kow Swamp people A. date to 14,000 to 9,000 years ago B. are robust, displaying thick
bones C. exhibit archaic cranial traits such as heavy supraorbital tori D. all of these
8. The Lagar Velho child reveals possible admixture between African migrants and local
populations. True False
9. Upper Paleolithic humans probably did not have language. True False
10. What does Aurignacian refer to? A. a site in Western Spain that yielded ten skeletons B. a
tool assemblage associated with France’s earliest anatomically modern humans C. a tool
tradition associated with premodern humans in western Asia D. an archaeologist who uncovered
a rich site in northern Belgium
11. What happened 10,000 years ago that created selective pressure on early humans? A.
Neanderals went extinct due to was with humans B. artwork began to influence mating patterns
C. oceans began to retreat as ice caps on mountains increased D. temperatures rose perturbing
the climate and animals that they used for prey
12. The earliest sewing needles are associated with A. Homo erectus B. Homo habilis C.
Neanderthals D. Homo sapiens
13. The complete replacement model requires a biological speciation event fro the origin of
modern humans. True False
14. What is the tool industry that is generally associated with Neandertals? A. Mousterian B.
Acheulean C. Oldowan D. Upper Paleolithic
15. During the Upper Paleolithic there was one tool industry that was used by all populations of
humans. True False
16. What type of evidence has confirmed that the Central Asian fossil from Teshik-Tash is
Nandertal? A. Paleostratigraphic data about dating B. genetic evidence from DNA C.
paleoanthropological evidence evidence from anatomy D. paleodemographic evidence of
population size
17. Hunting with spears was revolutionized by the __ invention of __. A. Neanderthal / the
atlatal B. Middle Paleolithic / blades C. Lower Paleolithic / stone points hafted onto wooden
shafts D. Upper Paleolithic / the spear-thrower
18. Where have Neandertal skeletal remains NOT been found? A. China B. Germany C. France
D. Iraq
19. The oldest known cave art consists of charcoal drawings of Neanderthals hunting mammoth
with bows and arrows. True False
20. Venus figurines A. are f.
Perspective on Civilization Lecture 2
The document provides an overview of the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages. During the Paleolithic age, humans were hunter-gatherers who relied on finding food in the wild and had temporary shelters. The Neolithic age saw the development of agriculture, where people grew crops and domesticated animals, leading to more permanent settlements and the emergence of early civilizations. Overall, the transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic represented major advances in how humans organized themselves and obtained their food.
Rise of Agriculture and Food Domestication
The document discusses the origins and rise of agriculture and food domestication. It describes how agriculture began as people transitioned from hunter-gatherer lifestyles during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, around 10,000 years ago. Various theories are presented for what motivated this transition, such as climate change, population pressure, or the desire for a more sedentary lifestyle. The document then discusses the origins of agriculture in different regions, including the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Americas. It provides details on early domestication of plants and animals in these areas beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.
Social studies lesson 2 review
Humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural societies during the Neolithic Revolution. This allowed populations to grow as people domesticated plants like grains and animals. They developed new tools for farming, hunting, and crafts. Settlements emerged as nomadic lifestyles were replaced by permanent villages supported by agriculture.
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- 2. I. How was the Neolithic Era Different from the Paleolithic Era A. About 10,000 years ago, humans learned to farm. B. Over time most hunter-gatherers stopped wandering in search of food. They settled in one place. C. The change from hunting to farming is called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution.
- 3. II. Natural Changes After the Last Ice Age A. Temperatures increased and rainfall patterns changed B. Glaciers began to shrink a. ocean levels rose b. land was covered by water in some places C. Some plants and animals died. Some moved to new places
- 4. III. Early Agriculture A. Human life changed dramatically when people learned to domesticate plants and animals. a. domesticate—to change the growth of plants or behavior of animals in ways that are useful for humans b. domesticated plants and animals provided reliable source of food c. over time these plants and animals produced more and better food than the wild versions d. farming led people to invent new tools B. Farming enabled people to settle in one place and develop specialized skills
- 5. C. Benefits of Farming a. food surplus b. smaller land needs c. change to build permanent homes d. new materials for clothing D. Costs of Farming a. time and energy for planting and herding b. uncertainty due to weather or disease c. danger of attack or theft
- 6. E. Effects of Farming a. People domesticate plants and animals and build settled communities b. tools and crops improve. People can grow more food and build up surplus c. populations grow larger d. with more people and enough food, not everyone must be involved in farming e. specialization develops, people become potters, weavers, toolmakers, healers, storytellers, etc
- 7. IV. Catalhoyuk A. Located in Turkey, one of the oldest known farming villages B. Home to a few thousand people C. Attached private dwelling with no large public buildings D. Evidence of shared religious rituals