This document discusses several experiments on the transfer of bacteria from hands and other surfaces. It finds that washing hands with soap and water for 20 seconds or more significantly reduces bacterial growth compared to rinsing with water alone or not washing. It also examines the transfer of bacteria from gloves, aprons, hair, sneezes and other sources, as well as the importance of thoroughly washing cutting boards between uses. Proper handwashing technique is important to wash all areas of the hands.
The document discusses mutations, which are changes in the DNA base sequence. A mutation occurs when one base, like a C, is changed to another base like a G. Mutations can happen spontaneously during DNA duplication before cell division. Certain chemicals and radiation can increase the risk of mutations occurring. While mutations may cause small changes to a protein, they often do not have a significant effect, as the protein may still function similarly. A mutation that alters a protein's shape could change its catalytic activity if the protein is an enzyme.
This document discusses several experiments on the transfer of bacteria from hands and other surfaces. It finds that washing hands with soap and water for 20 seconds or more significantly reduces bacterial growth compared to rinsing with water alone or not washing. It also examines the transfer of bacteria from gloves, aprons, hair, sneezes and other sources, as well as the importance of thoroughly washing cutting boards between uses. Proper handwashing technique is important to wash all areas of the hands.
The document discusses mutations, which are changes in the DNA base sequence. A mutation occurs when one base, like a C, is changed to another base like a G. Mutations can happen spontaneously during DNA duplication before cell division. Certain chemicals and radiation can increase the risk of mutations occurring. While mutations may cause small changes to a protein, they often do not have a significant effect, as the protein may still function similarly. A mutation that alters a protein's shape could change its catalytic activity if the protein is an enzyme.
Child abuse can have long-lasting negative effects on children and society. There are several types of child abuse, including physical, emotional, neglect, sexual abuse, and bullying. Learning to recognize the signs and symptoms of abuse is the first step to helping abused children. Physical signs may include unexplained injuries, while behavioral signs could be excessive absence from school or stealing food. Parents may exhibit warning signs like misusing drugs or blaming the child. Recognizing and preventing child abuse benefits children and promotes overall well-being.
The document discusses a potential fourth stimulus package. It was prepared by Yousef Elshrek and likely analyzes or proposes a new economic stimulus plan to address the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In just a few sentences, the summary captures the key details that the document is about a fourth stimulus and was written by Yousef Elshrek.
This document provides information about alcohol, tobacco, and drug awareness for school staff. It defines substances and substance abuse, outlines signs of substance abuse including behavioral and physical signs for various substances. It describes school staff responsibilities including prevention, intervention, referral for treatment, and protocols. Signs of abuse are provided for specific substances like alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, stimulants, inhalants, hallucinogens, and narcotics. Referral processes and definitions are also outlined.
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19. It is a coronavirus that infects humans and other animals through the mouth or nose. Once inside the body, the virus's protein spikes attach to human cells and fuse with the cell membrane to release its RNA genome inside. The cell's machinery then produces more copies of the virus which are released to infect other cells until the immune system eliminates the infection. Coronaviruses get their name from the crown-like spikes on their envelopes that they use to enter and infect human and animal cells.
1. The document discusses different types of genetic mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, nonsense mutations, missense mutations, silent mutations, conservative mutations, and nonconservative mutations.
2. Mutations originate at the DNA level but their effects are seen at the protein level. Mutations can be classified based on their effects on DNA or proteins.
3. The main types of mutations are point mutations and frameshift mutations at the DNA level, and missense and nonsense mutations at the protein level.
The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine uses an adenovirus to deliver genetic material encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human cells. The body's immune system then produces antibodies against the spike protein to prevent future infection. Clinical trials showed the vaccine was 66% effective overall and 85% effective against severe disease with a single dose. It received emergency use authorization in the United States and European Union in early 2021.
Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine works by using mRNA to instruct the body to produce viral spike proteins, which train the immune system to recognize and fight the virus. The mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that fuse with cells, prompting them to make proteins that trigger an immune response. This involves B cells producing antibodies, T cells killing infected cells, and memory cells forming to recognize future infections. Clinical trials showed over 90% efficacy. Moderna partnered with NIH to develop the vaccine and has worked to scale up production.
The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was developed through a partnership between Pfizer and BioNTech. Clinical trials showed it to be over 90% effective in preventing COVID-19. The mRNA vaccine works by instructing cells to produce the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, training the immune system to recognize and attack the real virus. It requires two doses administered three weeks apart to provide full protection.
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids composed of nucleotides that contain a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose and bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. RNA has the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. DNA stores genetic information in the cell nucleus while RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying messages from DNA and joining amino acids.
The document summarizes the two-step process of protein synthesis: transcription and translation. During transcription, a gene's DNA sequence is copied into mRNA. An enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads its bases to build a complementary mRNA strand. This mRNA strand can then leave the nucleus. During translation, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match its base triplets and deliver the corresponding amino acids to form a protein chain. The ribosome joins the amino acids together until a full protein is synthesized.
Scientists designed the first COVID-19 vaccines by studying the coronavirus spike protein and making tweaks to stabilize its shape. They used cells to mass produce the spike protein and cryo-electron microscopes to verify its 3D structure matched the virus. Some vaccines contain the genetic instructions for the spike instead of the protein itself. With years of prior coronavirus research, scientists developed these first vaccines in record time to potentially protect billions from COVID-19.
This document provides information about how to read codon charts to determine the amino acids that correspond to mRNA sequences. It contains the following key points:
1) Codons are sequences of 3 nucleotides that code for specific amino acids. Codon charts show the relationship between mRNA codons and the amino acids they encode.
2) Examples are provided of using both rectangular and circular codon charts to determine the amino acids encoded by mRNA sequences.
3) Common mistakes like using the tRNA anticodon instead of the mRNA codon are discussed. The document emphasizes using the mRNA codon and going through the chart systematically.
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids composed of nucleotides that contain a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose and bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. RNA has the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. DNA stores genetic information in the cell nucleus while RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying messages from DNA and joining amino acids.
Proteins are essential components of our bodies that perform a wide variety of functions. They make up about 42% of our dry body weight and are the basic building blocks of tissues like skin, tendons, muscles and bones. Proteins exist in many forms and their three-dimensional structures allow them to interact with other molecules in unique ways to perform critical roles like building tissues, catalyzing chemical reactions, transporting molecules, and fighting infections. They are constantly being broken down and rebuilt using amino acids from our diets to maintain the body's systems.
The document discusses key concepts related to the periodic table including:
- Elements are substances composed of a single type of atom that cannot be broken down further.
- The periodic table arranges the elements in order of increasing atomic number and groups elements with similar properties together.
- It can be used to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an element based on its atomic number and weight.
- Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons located in the nucleus and electrons in electron clouds around the nucleus.
The carbohydrate fermentation test is used to determine whether a bacterium can utilize a certain carbohydrate or not.
It tests for the presence of acid and/gas produced from the fermentation of a single carbohydrate.
مكونات وتركيب الكيميائي للعضلة
تطلق كلمة اللحم علي العضلات بعد ذبح الحيوان، أساسا على الهيكل العضلي، والعضلات الناعمة، مضاف إليها الأنسجة الضامية، والأنسجة الدهنية
قدر عدد العضلات في جسم الحيوان بحوالي 600 عضلة
تمثل بين 35 % إلى 65 % من وزن الذبيحة
يختلف التركيب الكيميائي للعضلة من حيوان إلى أخر، ونوعية الغذاء المقدم إليه، وغيرها من العوامل الأخرى
ومن أهم الأمور معرفة مهمة وتكوين وتركيب كل عضلة، ووظيفتها إثناء الحياة، لمعرفة التفاعلات والتغيرات التي تحدث فيها بعد عملية ذبح الحيوان، وإثناء عملية التيبس الرمي، هذه التغيرات مرتبطة ارتباطا وثيقا إثناء تحول العضلات إلى لحم.
تدريج اللحوم
يمكن تدريج لحوم الأبقار تبعا للآتي:-
1. لحم البقر
يمكن إجراء التدريج هذا النوع من لحوم العجول إلى الفحول، وفقا للدرجات الآتية على حسب تكوين اللحم ومظهره وجودته:-
أ. الدرجة الأولى
لحم هذه الدرجة من حيوانات بقر صغيرة السن، لونه أحمر فاتح، ويتوزع فيه الدهن توزيعا جيدا، ولون العظم من جهة الصدر أحمر مسامي، وبه كمية كبيرة من الغضاريف، ولحم هذه الدرجة ذو قبول عالي، طعمه سائغ، ودرجة طراوته عالية.
ب. الدرجة المفضلة
يحتوي لحمها على نسبة عالية من الدهن، ونسبة التعرق الذهني فيه منفصلة، قليل التماسك، طعمه مفضل من قبل المستهلك.
Child abuse can have long-lasting negative effects on children and society. There are several types of child abuse, including physical, emotional, neglect, sexual abuse, and bullying. Learning to recognize the signs and symptoms of abuse is the first step to helping abused children. Physical signs may include unexplained injuries, while behavioral signs could be excessive absence from school or stealing food. Parents may exhibit warning signs like misusing drugs or blaming the child. Recognizing and preventing child abuse benefits children and promotes overall well-being.
The document discusses a potential fourth stimulus package. It was prepared by Yousef Elshrek and likely analyzes or proposes a new economic stimulus plan to address the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In just a few sentences, the summary captures the key details that the document is about a fourth stimulus and was written by Yousef Elshrek.
This document provides information about alcohol, tobacco, and drug awareness for school staff. It defines substances and substance abuse, outlines signs of substance abuse including behavioral and physical signs for various substances. It describes school staff responsibilities including prevention, intervention, referral for treatment, and protocols. Signs of abuse are provided for specific substances like alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, stimulants, inhalants, hallucinogens, and narcotics. Referral processes and definitions are also outlined.
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19. It is a coronavirus that infects humans and other animals through the mouth or nose. Once inside the body, the virus's protein spikes attach to human cells and fuse with the cell membrane to release its RNA genome inside. The cell's machinery then produces more copies of the virus which are released to infect other cells until the immune system eliminates the infection. Coronaviruses get their name from the crown-like spikes on their envelopes that they use to enter and infect human and animal cells.
1. The document discusses different types of genetic mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, nonsense mutations, missense mutations, silent mutations, conservative mutations, and nonconservative mutations.
2. Mutations originate at the DNA level but their effects are seen at the protein level. Mutations can be classified based on their effects on DNA or proteins.
3. The main types of mutations are point mutations and frameshift mutations at the DNA level, and missense and nonsense mutations at the protein level.
The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine uses an adenovirus to deliver genetic material encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human cells. The body's immune system then produces antibodies against the spike protein to prevent future infection. Clinical trials showed the vaccine was 66% effective overall and 85% effective against severe disease with a single dose. It received emergency use authorization in the United States and European Union in early 2021.
Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine works by using mRNA to instruct the body to produce viral spike proteins, which train the immune system to recognize and fight the virus. The mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that fuse with cells, prompting them to make proteins that trigger an immune response. This involves B cells producing antibodies, T cells killing infected cells, and memory cells forming to recognize future infections. Clinical trials showed over 90% efficacy. Moderna partnered with NIH to develop the vaccine and has worked to scale up production.
The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was developed through a partnership between Pfizer and BioNTech. Clinical trials showed it to be over 90% effective in preventing COVID-19. The mRNA vaccine works by instructing cells to produce the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, training the immune system to recognize and attack the real virus. It requires two doses administered three weeks apart to provide full protection.
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids composed of nucleotides that contain a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose and bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. RNA has the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. DNA stores genetic information in the cell nucleus while RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying messages from DNA and joining amino acids.
The document summarizes the two-step process of protein synthesis: transcription and translation. During transcription, a gene's DNA sequence is copied into mRNA. An enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads its bases to build a complementary mRNA strand. This mRNA strand can then leave the nucleus. During translation, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match its base triplets and deliver the corresponding amino acids to form a protein chain. The ribosome joins the amino acids together until a full protein is synthesized.
Scientists designed the first COVID-19 vaccines by studying the coronavirus spike protein and making tweaks to stabilize its shape. They used cells to mass produce the spike protein and cryo-electron microscopes to verify its 3D structure matched the virus. Some vaccines contain the genetic instructions for the spike instead of the protein itself. With years of prior coronavirus research, scientists developed these first vaccines in record time to potentially protect billions from COVID-19.
This document provides information about how to read codon charts to determine the amino acids that correspond to mRNA sequences. It contains the following key points:
1) Codons are sequences of 3 nucleotides that code for specific amino acids. Codon charts show the relationship between mRNA codons and the amino acids they encode.
2) Examples are provided of using both rectangular and circular codon charts to determine the amino acids encoded by mRNA sequences.
3) Common mistakes like using the tRNA anticodon instead of the mRNA codon are discussed. The document emphasizes using the mRNA codon and going through the chart systematically.
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids composed of nucleotides that contain a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose and bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. RNA has the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. DNA stores genetic information in the cell nucleus while RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying messages from DNA and joining amino acids.
Proteins are essential components of our bodies that perform a wide variety of functions. They make up about 42% of our dry body weight and are the basic building blocks of tissues like skin, tendons, muscles and bones. Proteins exist in many forms and their three-dimensional structures allow them to interact with other molecules in unique ways to perform critical roles like building tissues, catalyzing chemical reactions, transporting molecules, and fighting infections. They are constantly being broken down and rebuilt using amino acids from our diets to maintain the body's systems.
The document discusses key concepts related to the periodic table including:
- Elements are substances composed of a single type of atom that cannot be broken down further.
- The periodic table arranges the elements in order of increasing atomic number and groups elements with similar properties together.
- It can be used to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an element based on its atomic number and weight.
- Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons located in the nucleus and electrons in electron clouds around the nucleus.
The carbohydrate fermentation test is used to determine whether a bacterium can utilize a certain carbohydrate or not.
It tests for the presence of acid and/gas produced from the fermentation of a single carbohydrate.
مكونات وتركيب الكيميائي للعضلة
تطلق كلمة اللحم علي العضلات بعد ذبح الحيوان، أساسا على الهيكل العضلي، والعضلات الناعمة، مضاف إليها الأنسجة الضامية، والأنسجة الدهنية
قدر عدد العضلات في جسم الحيوان بحوالي 600 عضلة
تمثل بين 35 % إلى 65 % من وزن الذبيحة
يختلف التركيب الكيميائي للعضلة من حيوان إلى أخر، ونوعية الغذاء المقدم إليه، وغيرها من العوامل الأخرى
ومن أهم الأمور معرفة مهمة وتكوين وتركيب كل عضلة، ووظيفتها إثناء الحياة، لمعرفة التفاعلات والتغيرات التي تحدث فيها بعد عملية ذبح الحيوان، وإثناء عملية التيبس الرمي، هذه التغيرات مرتبطة ارتباطا وثيقا إثناء تحول العضلات إلى لحم.
تدريج اللحوم
يمكن تدريج لحوم الأبقار تبعا للآتي:-
1. لحم البقر
يمكن إجراء التدريج هذا النوع من لحوم العجول إلى الفحول، وفقا للدرجات الآتية على حسب تكوين اللحم ومظهره وجودته:-
أ. الدرجة الأولى
لحم هذه الدرجة من حيوانات بقر صغيرة السن، لونه أحمر فاتح، ويتوزع فيه الدهن توزيعا جيدا، ولون العظم من جهة الصدر أحمر مسامي، وبه كمية كبيرة من الغضاريف، ولحم هذه الدرجة ذو قبول عالي، طعمه سائغ، ودرجة طراوته عالية.
ب. الدرجة المفضلة
يحتوي لحمها على نسبة عالية من الدهن، ونسبة التعرق الذهني فيه منفصلة، قليل التماسك، طعمه مفضل من قبل المستهلك.
2. الفرق بين حجم وحصة الغذاء
•حجم Portionالغذاء:- هو كمٌة
من المواد الغذائٌة الموجودة فعال
فً طبق الغذاء.
•حصة Servingهً الكمٌة
المحددة من الغذاء تم تحدٌدها عن
طرٌق الكوب أو الملعقة أو كرة
التنس وغٌرها .
•مثال :- حصة من الحلٌب هً
042 مل ، ولكن قد ٌكون حجم
الغذاء الموجود فعال فً الطبق
نصف كمٌة الحصة.
6. الرضزاواث
•وصف طبق مه الجشر المطبوخ = وصف حجم
كزة التىس = 52 سعزا حزاريا .
•طبقان مه السباود= حجم كزتي التىس = 52
سعزا حزاريا = حصت واحدة مه الرضزاواث
الورقيت
•كوب مه القزوبيظ =حصت واحدة = 52 سعزا حزاريا.
• 3/2 كوب مه الفاصوليا الرضزاء = حصت واحدة = 52 سعزا
حزاريا.
كوب مه الكوست مطبوذت أو طاسجت = حصت واحدة = 52سعزا حزاريا. •¾
7. النشوٌات
نصف كوب من المكرونة أو الرز أو الكسكسً = حصة من المواد
النشوٌة = 07 سعرا حرارٌا = 51 جراما.
األلبان ومنتجاتها
ثلثٌن كوب من الجبنة الطرٌة = 4 قطع من النرد = 011 سعرا
حرارٌا = حصة واحدة األلبان ومنتجاتها
54 إلى 06 جم جبنة الصلبة المنخفضة الدهن = عدد 3 - 4 أحجام
النرد = حصة واحدة= 011 سعرا حرارٌا
8. •3/1 كوب من جبنة الرٌكوتا منخفضة الدهن = 011
سعرا حرارٌا = حصة واحدة من المنتجات األلبان
•3/2كوب زبادي منخفض
الدهن = 011 سعرا حرارٌا
= حصة واحدة
•كوب حلٌب منخفض الدهن = 011 سعرا
حرارٌا = حصة واحدة
9. اللحوم والبٌض
05 جراما من لحم الدجاج أو الهمورجا أو بٌضة الدجاج أو نصف
كوب من الفاصولٌا المطبوخة = حجم علبة لعب الورق = 011
سعرا حرارٌا = حصة واحدة
10. الدهون
•ملعقتان من المٌونٌز = عدد 2 من حجم النرد = 54 سعرا
حرارٌا = حصة واحدة من الدهون.
•أربعة لوزات = 54 سعرا حرارٌا = حصة واحدة
•ملعقة شاي زٌت = 54 سعرا حرارٌا
