Radiation therapy involves using ionizing radiation to treat diseases. It is one method of medical radiology and examines using radiation to treat human diseases. The document discusses principles of radiation therapy including determining the optimal radiation dose with minimal damage to normal tissues. It describes external radiation methods, classification by radiation source placement, and goals of determining optimal dose while minimizing side effects. Radiation therapy consists of pre-radiation preparation and examination, the radiation period consisting of planned treatment sessions over weeks, and post-radiation evaluation and follow-up.
1. Hormone therapy is an important treatment for hormone receptor positive breast cancers, working by reducing estrogen levels or blocking estrogen receptors.
2. The document discusses various hormone therapy options for early and locally advanced breast cancer including surgical ovarian suppression, radiation ovarian suppression, medications like aromatase inhibitors, LHRH analogues, SERMs, and more.
3. Evidence shows that hormone therapy reduces the risk of recurrence and death from breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer.
Gliomas are the commonest tumor of brain arising from the supportive cells of the brain with diverse form and presentation the treatment of which is surgical and demands adjuvant therapy for most of circumstances.
Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive sources inside or near a tumor to deliver radiation therapy. It is a type of radiotherapy that allows for a high dose of localized radiation to be administered to the tumor area while sparing surrounding healthy tissues from radiation exposure. Brachytherapy treatments are typically short in duration compared to external beam radiotherapy but require specialized equipment and skilled medical professionals for administration.
Cancer staging classifies how far a cancer has spread and is an important factor in determining treatment. The TNM system stages most cancers based on tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M). A pathological stage is assigned after surgery. Staging helps doctors determine prognosis and the most appropriate treatment for a patient's individual cancer.
1) Around 60-70% of breast cancer patients have estrogen receptor positive tumors, making them candidates for hormonal therapy which has been shown to improve survival rates.
2) Tamoxifen is the standard adjuvant hormonal therapy and has been shown to reduce breast cancer recurrence rates by 24-43% and mortality by 14-23% depending on duration of therapy.
3) Aromatase inhibitors like letrozole and anastrazole are also used as adjuvant therapy and have been shown in trials to further reduce recurrence rates compared to tamoxifen alone.
The document discusses potential side effects of radiotherapy. Common acute side effects include reddening and soreness of the skin, discomfort and swelling of the breast area, and fatigue. After treatment, side effects can include firmer or shrunken breast tissue, swelling, and darker skin. Late side effects may include lymphedema, radiation pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs), and rarely radiation fibrosis (scarring of the lungs) or radiation-induced cancers which occur years later. Radiation pneumonitis specifically occurs in 1-6% of patients and risk increases with use of chemotherapy and a third radiation field. Studies found incidence of interstitial pneumonitis was 8.4 times higher in breast cancer patients than
This document discusses the initial investigations and workup for breast cancer patients. It describes performing bilateral diagnostic mammography, breast ultrasound, axillary ultrasound, and breast MRI to identify abnormalities in the breasts and lymph nodes. It also discusses obtaining pathology confirmation through procedures like fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or excisional biopsy. Finally, it outlines the staging workup including tests, imaging studies, and biopsies to assess disease extent and stage the cancer.
Radiation therapy involves using ionizing radiation to treat diseases. It is one method of medical radiology and examines using radiation to treat human diseases. The document discusses principles of radiation therapy including determining the optimal radiation dose with minimal damage to normal tissues. It describes external radiation methods, classification by radiation source placement, and goals of determining optimal dose while minimizing side effects. Radiation therapy consists of pre-radiation preparation and examination, the radiation period consisting of planned treatment sessions over weeks, and post-radiation evaluation and follow-up.
1. Hormone therapy is an important treatment for hormone receptor positive breast cancers, working by reducing estrogen levels or blocking estrogen receptors.
2. The document discusses various hormone therapy options for early and locally advanced breast cancer including surgical ovarian suppression, radiation ovarian suppression, medications like aromatase inhibitors, LHRH analogues, SERMs, and more.
3. Evidence shows that hormone therapy reduces the risk of recurrence and death from breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer.
Gliomas are the commonest tumor of brain arising from the supportive cells of the brain with diverse form and presentation the treatment of which is surgical and demands adjuvant therapy for most of circumstances.
Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive sources inside or near a tumor to deliver radiation therapy. It is a type of radiotherapy that allows for a high dose of localized radiation to be administered to the tumor area while sparing surrounding healthy tissues from radiation exposure. Brachytherapy treatments are typically short in duration compared to external beam radiotherapy but require specialized equipment and skilled medical professionals for administration.
Cancer staging classifies how far a cancer has spread and is an important factor in determining treatment. The TNM system stages most cancers based on tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M). A pathological stage is assigned after surgery. Staging helps doctors determine prognosis and the most appropriate treatment for a patient's individual cancer.
1) Around 60-70% of breast cancer patients have estrogen receptor positive tumors, making them candidates for hormonal therapy which has been shown to improve survival rates.
2) Tamoxifen is the standard adjuvant hormonal therapy and has been shown to reduce breast cancer recurrence rates by 24-43% and mortality by 14-23% depending on duration of therapy.
3) Aromatase inhibitors like letrozole and anastrazole are also used as adjuvant therapy and have been shown in trials to further reduce recurrence rates compared to tamoxifen alone.
The document discusses potential side effects of radiotherapy. Common acute side effects include reddening and soreness of the skin, discomfort and swelling of the breast area, and fatigue. After treatment, side effects can include firmer or shrunken breast tissue, swelling, and darker skin. Late side effects may include lymphedema, radiation pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs), and rarely radiation fibrosis (scarring of the lungs) or radiation-induced cancers which occur years later. Radiation pneumonitis specifically occurs in 1-6% of patients and risk increases with use of chemotherapy and a third radiation field. Studies found incidence of interstitial pneumonitis was 8.4 times higher in breast cancer patients than
This document discusses the initial investigations and workup for breast cancer patients. It describes performing bilateral diagnostic mammography, breast ultrasound, axillary ultrasound, and breast MRI to identify abnormalities in the breasts and lymph nodes. It also discusses obtaining pathology confirmation through procedures like fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or excisional biopsy. Finally, it outlines the staging workup including tests, imaging studies, and biopsies to assess disease extent and stage the cancer.
A multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology is required for optimal treatment of patients with rectal cancer
This document summarizes the management of high grade gliomas. It discusses the classification, molecular markers, diagnostic evaluation, treatment including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, prognostic factors and response assessment for these aggressive brain tumors. Key points include the distinction between glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma, the role of maximal safe resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation using temozolomide as the standard of care, and important prognostic markers like MGMT promoter methylation status. Pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse on imaging are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of colorectal cancer. It discusses that colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer globally. The document outlines the anatomy of the colon and risk factors for colorectal cancer such as pre-cancerous conditions, hereditary syndromes, diet, radiation exposure and surgeries. It also describes the pathology, clinical presentation, investigations and treatments for colorectal cancer. Staging systems including Duke's and TNM classification are summarized. The document concludes with an overview of how colorectal cancer spreads.
This document provides information on clinically examining the breast. It begins with the external and internal anatomy of the breast, including lobes, lobules and ducts. It describes the arterial and venous blood supply and lymphatic drainage sites. The summary discusses taking a history regarding lumps, pain, discharge, risk factors and more. The physical exam methods are outlined, including inspection for symmetry, masses and skin/nipple changes, and palpation techniques to feel the breasts and axillary lymph nodes. Self exam instructions are provided to help with early cancer detection. Other clinical findings like gynecomastia and Mondor's disease are also mentioned.
Hormone therapy is an important treatment for hormone receptor positive breast cancers. Tamoxifen for 5 years and aromatase inhibitors are effective adjuvant therapies. Trials have shown that aromatase inhibitors are superior to tamoxifen alone for postmenopausal women. Sequential therapy with tamoxifen followed by an aromatase inhibitor also improves outcomes compared to tamoxifen alone. Ongoing research continues to refine the optimal duration and sequencing of hormone therapies.
1. The document discusses the topic of radiotherapy, including its introduction, principles, types, external beam therapy equipment and techniques, risks and side effects.
2. Radiotherapy uses radiation to damage cancer cell DNA and destroy their ability to reproduce. The goal is to deliver an optimal dose to the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
3. There are three main types of radiotherapy: external beam therapy, brachytherapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy. External beam therapy uses radiation from a linear accelerator while brachytherapy implants radioactive sources directly into tissues.
This document discusses multiple myeloma, a plasma cell disorder. It begins with an overview of plasma cell disorders and defines multiple myeloma. It then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests including serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation, bone marrow examination, skeletal survey, staging, prognostic factors. It also discusses related conditions like monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering myeloma, non-secretory myeloma, solitary plasmacytoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma. It concludes with discussing criteria for diagnosing multiple myeloma and initial treatment approaches.
Landmark trials in breast Cancer surgery - NSABP 04,06,MILAN,EORTC 10853, ECO...Dr.Bhavin Vadodariya
1) The document summarizes key landmark trials in breast cancer surgery including the Halsted theory, Fisher theory, and results from NSABP B04, B06, and B17 trials which established breast conservation as a standard of care for early stage breast cancer.
2) It also discusses a trial evaluating cryoablation as a non-surgical option for small breast cancers and results showing 92% successful ablation with no residual disease after surgical resection.
3) Going forward, the document envisions more individualized and targeted breast cancer treatment based on genomic profiling of each tumor to identify markers and select the most appropriate targeted therapies or ablative procedures.
1. IMRT allows more conformal dose distributions compared to 3D-CRT but requires more knowledge of dose-volume effects on tumors and tissues.
2. The increased time needed to deliver fractionated IMRT doses may reduce its biological effectiveness due to tissue repair between fractions.
3. Techniques like VMAT, tomotherapy, flattening filter-free beams, direct aperture optimization, and reducing the number of segments can help shorten fraction delivery times for IMRT.
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Ionizing radiation interacts with atoms by removing electrons, leaving unstable molecules that break apart into free radicals. Radiation can cause direct or indirect damage to DNA through these free radicals. Radiation is classified by its linear energy transfer (LET), with high-LET radiation depositing energy densely along its path and more directly damaging DNA, while low-LET radiation interacts more randomly and indirectly through free radicals. Common types of ionizing radiation include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Radiation can damage DNA through base modifications, strand breaks, and chromosome aberrations such as translocations or deletions. Actively dividing cells are generally more radiosensitive than mature cells. Fractionated radiation
This document provides information about breast cancer trends and facts. It discusses:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Incidence rates have been rising but mortality rates have been declining since 1989 due to earlier detection and improved treatments.
- Risk factors include age, family history, dense breasts, obesity, hormone therapy use, alcohol consumption and lack of physical activity. Molecular subtypes have different survival rates and prevalence among racial groups.
- Screening guidelines and risk assessment tools can help determine screening recommendations for average and high-risk women. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight management may lower risk. Targeted therapies have improved survival for HER2
Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to treat cancer. It works by damaging DNA and inhibiting cell reproduction, leading to cell death. The main types are external beam radiotherapy delivered by a linear accelerator and brachytherapy using radioactive sources placed inside or near the tumor. Radiotherapy has curative roles in many cancers like head and neck, cervical, prostate and others. It causes both acute side effects like skin reactions and mucositis as well as late effects like xerostomia, fibrosis and nerve damage. Ongoing developments aim to improve targeting of radiation dose to tumors while reducing damage to surrounding normal tissues.
Bone is commonly affected by metastasis. Radiation therapy is effective for relieving bone pain from metastases. Shorter fractionation schedules like single 8 Gy fractions provide pain relief but have higher retreatment rates compared to longer schedules like 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Newer techniques like SBRT and hemibody irradiation also effectively palliate bone pain with acceptable toxicity. Bisphosphonates combined with radiation can further improve pain relief and increase bone density. Surgery to stabilize fractures is recommended for high risk or impending fractures to allow early mobility.
Radiation therapy patient treatment planning & post treatment care new/ Labia...Indian dental academy
The document discusses dental care considerations for patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. It outlines that a dental examination should be performed before treatment to address any dental issues and reduce risks during and after radiation. Extractions should be completed 10-21 days before starting radiation to allow for healing. During radiation, dental care can help prevent oral complications like mucositis and xerostomia. Long term effects on the oral cavity are also discussed. The document emphasizes the importance of dental treatment planning and care coordination between dentists and oncologists for radiation therapy patients.
- Place the patient in supine position with legs flexed.
- Place your hands on either side of the abdomen and ask the patient to cough.
- Feel for shifting dullness from one side of the abdomen to the other.
PERCUSSION: ascitis/large ovarian cyst
Hormonal therapy plays an important role in the treatment of breast cancer. Estrogen exposure is a major risk factor for breast cancer, so therapies aim to reduce estrogen levels or block its effects. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen act as antagonists in breast tissue. Aromatase inhibitors prevent aromatization of androgens to estrogens in postmenopausal women. LHRH agonists suppress ovarian function. Oophorectomy was one of the earliest hormonal therapies used but had significant morbidity. Modern therapies like tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and LHRH agonists are better tolerated and more effective, improving outcomes for breast cancer patients.
The document contains 24 numbered sections, each containing only a date of 2013/10/13 and a section label from I-1 to I-24. It appears to be a log or record of items from October 13, 2013 but provides no other context or descriptive information for the numbered sections.
A multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology is required for optimal treatment of patients with rectal cancer
This document summarizes the management of high grade gliomas. It discusses the classification, molecular markers, diagnostic evaluation, treatment including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, prognostic factors and response assessment for these aggressive brain tumors. Key points include the distinction between glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma, the role of maximal safe resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation using temozolomide as the standard of care, and important prognostic markers like MGMT promoter methylation status. Pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse on imaging are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of colorectal cancer. It discusses that colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer globally. The document outlines the anatomy of the colon and risk factors for colorectal cancer such as pre-cancerous conditions, hereditary syndromes, diet, radiation exposure and surgeries. It also describes the pathology, clinical presentation, investigations and treatments for colorectal cancer. Staging systems including Duke's and TNM classification are summarized. The document concludes with an overview of how colorectal cancer spreads.
This document provides information on clinically examining the breast. It begins with the external and internal anatomy of the breast, including lobes, lobules and ducts. It describes the arterial and venous blood supply and lymphatic drainage sites. The summary discusses taking a history regarding lumps, pain, discharge, risk factors and more. The physical exam methods are outlined, including inspection for symmetry, masses and skin/nipple changes, and palpation techniques to feel the breasts and axillary lymph nodes. Self exam instructions are provided to help with early cancer detection. Other clinical findings like gynecomastia and Mondor's disease are also mentioned.
Hormone therapy is an important treatment for hormone receptor positive breast cancers. Tamoxifen for 5 years and aromatase inhibitors are effective adjuvant therapies. Trials have shown that aromatase inhibitors are superior to tamoxifen alone for postmenopausal women. Sequential therapy with tamoxifen followed by an aromatase inhibitor also improves outcomes compared to tamoxifen alone. Ongoing research continues to refine the optimal duration and sequencing of hormone therapies.
1. The document discusses the topic of radiotherapy, including its introduction, principles, types, external beam therapy equipment and techniques, risks and side effects.
2. Radiotherapy uses radiation to damage cancer cell DNA and destroy their ability to reproduce. The goal is to deliver an optimal dose to the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
3. There are three main types of radiotherapy: external beam therapy, brachytherapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy. External beam therapy uses radiation from a linear accelerator while brachytherapy implants radioactive sources directly into tissues.
This document discusses multiple myeloma, a plasma cell disorder. It begins with an overview of plasma cell disorders and defines multiple myeloma. It then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests including serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation, bone marrow examination, skeletal survey, staging, prognostic factors. It also discusses related conditions like monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering myeloma, non-secretory myeloma, solitary plasmacytoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma. It concludes with discussing criteria for diagnosing multiple myeloma and initial treatment approaches.
Landmark trials in breast Cancer surgery - NSABP 04,06,MILAN,EORTC 10853, ECO...Dr.Bhavin Vadodariya
1) The document summarizes key landmark trials in breast cancer surgery including the Halsted theory, Fisher theory, and results from NSABP B04, B06, and B17 trials which established breast conservation as a standard of care for early stage breast cancer.
2) It also discusses a trial evaluating cryoablation as a non-surgical option for small breast cancers and results showing 92% successful ablation with no residual disease after surgical resection.
3) Going forward, the document envisions more individualized and targeted breast cancer treatment based on genomic profiling of each tumor to identify markers and select the most appropriate targeted therapies or ablative procedures.
1. IMRT allows more conformal dose distributions compared to 3D-CRT but requires more knowledge of dose-volume effects on tumors and tissues.
2. The increased time needed to deliver fractionated IMRT doses may reduce its biological effectiveness due to tissue repair between fractions.
3. Techniques like VMAT, tomotherapy, flattening filter-free beams, direct aperture optimization, and reducing the number of segments can help shorten fraction delivery times for IMRT.
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Ionizing radiation interacts with atoms by removing electrons, leaving unstable molecules that break apart into free radicals. Radiation can cause direct or indirect damage to DNA through these free radicals. Radiation is classified by its linear energy transfer (LET), with high-LET radiation depositing energy densely along its path and more directly damaging DNA, while low-LET radiation interacts more randomly and indirectly through free radicals. Common types of ionizing radiation include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Radiation can damage DNA through base modifications, strand breaks, and chromosome aberrations such as translocations or deletions. Actively dividing cells are generally more radiosensitive than mature cells. Fractionated radiation
This document provides information about breast cancer trends and facts. It discusses:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Incidence rates have been rising but mortality rates have been declining since 1989 due to earlier detection and improved treatments.
- Risk factors include age, family history, dense breasts, obesity, hormone therapy use, alcohol consumption and lack of physical activity. Molecular subtypes have different survival rates and prevalence among racial groups.
- Screening guidelines and risk assessment tools can help determine screening recommendations for average and high-risk women. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight management may lower risk. Targeted therapies have improved survival for HER2
Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to treat cancer. It works by damaging DNA and inhibiting cell reproduction, leading to cell death. The main types are external beam radiotherapy delivered by a linear accelerator and brachytherapy using radioactive sources placed inside or near the tumor. Radiotherapy has curative roles in many cancers like head and neck, cervical, prostate and others. It causes both acute side effects like skin reactions and mucositis as well as late effects like xerostomia, fibrosis and nerve damage. Ongoing developments aim to improve targeting of radiation dose to tumors while reducing damage to surrounding normal tissues.
Bone is commonly affected by metastasis. Radiation therapy is effective for relieving bone pain from metastases. Shorter fractionation schedules like single 8 Gy fractions provide pain relief but have higher retreatment rates compared to longer schedules like 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Newer techniques like SBRT and hemibody irradiation also effectively palliate bone pain with acceptable toxicity. Bisphosphonates combined with radiation can further improve pain relief and increase bone density. Surgery to stabilize fractures is recommended for high risk or impending fractures to allow early mobility.
Radiation therapy patient treatment planning & post treatment care new/ Labia...Indian dental academy
The document discusses dental care considerations for patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. It outlines that a dental examination should be performed before treatment to address any dental issues and reduce risks during and after radiation. Extractions should be completed 10-21 days before starting radiation to allow for healing. During radiation, dental care can help prevent oral complications like mucositis and xerostomia. Long term effects on the oral cavity are also discussed. The document emphasizes the importance of dental treatment planning and care coordination between dentists and oncologists for radiation therapy patients.
- Place the patient in supine position with legs flexed.
- Place your hands on either side of the abdomen and ask the patient to cough.
- Feel for shifting dullness from one side of the abdomen to the other.
PERCUSSION: ascitis/large ovarian cyst
Hormonal therapy plays an important role in the treatment of breast cancer. Estrogen exposure is a major risk factor for breast cancer, so therapies aim to reduce estrogen levels or block its effects. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen act as antagonists in breast tissue. Aromatase inhibitors prevent aromatization of androgens to estrogens in postmenopausal women. LHRH agonists suppress ovarian function. Oophorectomy was one of the earliest hormonal therapies used but had significant morbidity. Modern therapies like tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and LHRH agonists are better tolerated and more effective, improving outcomes for breast cancer patients.
The document contains 24 numbered sections, each containing only a date of 2013/10/13 and a section label from I-1 to I-24. It appears to be a log or record of items from October 13, 2013 but provides no other context or descriptive information for the numbered sections.
The document discusses palliative care, which aims to relieve suffering and improve quality of life for patients with serious illnesses. It provides an overview of palliative care goals, processes, interventions, symptoms addressed, and tools used to assess patients' physical functioning and set functional goals. The document also outlines examples of physical therapy interventions for common issues like pain, dyspnea, and fatigue in cancer patients.
This document summarizes treatment for breast cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. It discusses different types of breast surgery including mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery, lymph node surgery, and breast reconstruction. It also covers common side effects of chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Physical therapy exercises for breast cancer recovery are proposed in four phases focusing on range of motion, strength, flexibility, and endurance.
The document discusses physical therapy interventions for cancer patients after surgery, focusing on early mobilization, lung hygiene exercises, and specific rehabilitation programs for common cancer types like breast cancer, lung cancer, and gastrointestinal cancers. Post-surgery goals include preventing complications, improving range of motion, and managing symptoms like pain, breathlessness, and bone metastasis. Precautions and considerations for different surgeries are also outlined.
The document provides information about lymphedema including its causes, stages, treatments, and skin complications. It discusses conservative therapies like decongestive lymphatic therapy (DLT) which involves manual lymphatic drainage, compression therapy, skin care, and self drainage exercises. DLT is an effective treatment for lymphedema of various degrees by reducing lymphatic load and improving transport capacity. The document also covers bandaging techniques and compression garments.
The document discusses exercise for cancer patients across the cancer care trajectory. It covers goals of cancer rehabilitation including prevention, restoration, support, and palliation. It then discusses exercise for prevention, detection, coping with treatment, rehabilitation after treatment, survival, health promotion, and palliation. Specific benefits of exercise discussed include reducing cancer risk and recurrence, managing treatment side effects, and improving physical and psychological well-being.
This document discusses physical therapy approaches for cancer patients experiencing common symptoms like fatigue, pain, and breathing difficulties. It covers:
1. Definitions and screening tools for cancer-related fatigue and pain. Fatigue is graded on a scale and can interfere with daily activities. Pain is also assessed for intensity.
2. Non-pharmacological treatments for fatigue and pain including energy conservation, exercise, massage, heat/ice therapy, and electrotherapy. Exercise is recommended for patients during and after cancer treatment.
3. Cancer pain has multiple causes and classifications. The WHO pain ladder provides guidance on pain management strategies from non-opioid to opioid approaches. Physical therapy can help address pain through techniques like
This document discusses bone and soft-tissue tumors. It provides information on different types of bone tumors like osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma. It also discusses approaches to musculoskeletal tumors including history, imaging, biopsy, and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment options for bone cancers include resection, reconstruction, and prosthesis replacement. Limb salvage is preferred over amputation when possible. Follow-up care after treatment is also covered.
Radiation therapy can cause complications and side effects. Common early side effects include mucositis, dermatitis, and hair loss affecting areas receiving radiation. Late effects include xerostomia, osteoradionecrosis, brain necrosis, myelitis, fibrosis, and endocrine changes. Trismus, a limited opening of the mouth, is a complication for head and neck cancers. Physiotherapists can help with trismus management and pulmonary rehabilitation. Precautions and symptom management strategies are needed depending on the radiation site and timeline.
29. • Globally, cancer is one of the top ten leading causes of
death. 7.4 million people died of cancer in 2004 and, if
current trends continue, 83.2 million more will have
died by 2015.
• Among women, breast cancer is the most common
cause of cancer mortality - 16% of cancer deaths in
adult women.
• Early detection through mammography screening
and adequate follow-up of women with a positive
result could significantly reduce mortality from breast
cancer.
30. Less than a quarter of women had
breast cancer screening
31. 美國乳房篩檢指引
For the Early Detection of Breast Cancer
Yearly mammograms starting at age 40.
A clinical breast exam - about every 3 years for women in
their 20s and 30s, and every year for women 40 and older.
Women should know how their breasts normally feel and
report any breast changes promptly to their health care
providers.
Breast self-exam is an option for women starting in their 20s.
Screening MRI is recommended for women with an
approximately 20%-25% or greater lifetime risk of breast
cancer, including women with a strong family history of breast
or ovarian cancer and women who were treated for Hodgkin
disease.
American Cancer Society ASCO
32.
33. Fig. 1 Rate of mammographic breast cancer
screening in women over 40 years of age.
Breast Cancer Res Treat
34.
35. 篩
檢
使
乳
癌
死
亡
率
下
降
Change in breast cancer mortality from 1987 to 2008.
38. 台灣乳癌期別分布 (2006)
unknown Stage 0
VI
IIIc 5% 6% 9%
IIIb5%
3% Stage I
IIIa
27%
9%
II b
11%
II a
25%
Stage Stage unkno
II a II b IIIa IIIb IIIc VI
0 I wn
719 1974 1937 837 704 209 414 398 428
台灣癌症中心資料庫(Taiwan Cancer Database, TCDB)
62. 乳房保留手術
Breast Coserving Surgery
• 局部再發及存活率
局部再發率 10年存活率
5年(%) 10年(%) 第一期(%) 第二期(%)
8-10 10-18 83-87 57-77
63. 乳癌切除後乳房重建的比率
20%
60%
17%
3%
• In 2005, 212,920 new female breast cancers
57,778 / 212,920 = 27.14%27%
• M.D. Anderson cancer center: 45-50%
•Taiwan: 7% (KMUH: 45%)
64. 腋下淋巴結Suggestion
Who May Avoid ALND Who Should Have ALND
• T1 T2, N0 with: • Clinical T3
1. Only 1 or 2 involved SN • Clinical N1
2. Micrometastases • Neoadjuvant therapy
3. ITC • Mastectomy
4. US identified • APBI/Prone
radiotherapy
metastases but only 2
or less involved SLN
5.Old age
6. Favorable type
65. Technical considerations in SLNB
• Radiotracer No consensus regarding
how the procedure
• Blue dye injection should be performed.
• Preoperative scintigraphic imaging
• Intraoperative gamma probe localization
70. Table 2. Definition of risk categories for patients
with operated breast cancer
Annals of Oncology
Volume 18 | No. 7 | July 2007
71. Table 3. Choice of treatment modalities
2007
Annals of Oncology
Volume 18 | No. 7 | July 2007
72. LUMINAL SUBTYPES
• Expression Patterns • Clinical Features
– luminal A and luminal B. – the most common
– luminal ck 8/18, ER, LIV1 subtype, 67% of the
and CCND1 tumors.
– Fewer than 20% of – Afr. Ame. women less
tumors have mutations likely to develop luminal
in TP53 A tumors (36%) than any
other group of patients
– Luminal A has higher
(51% to 59%).
expression of ER-related
genes and lower – luminal B tumors tend to
expression of be higher grade
proliferative genes
73. LUMINAL SUBTYPES
• Treatment Response
and Outcome
– luminal B worse
prognosis
– luminal A tumors
adequately treated with
endocrine therapy
– luminal B tumors may
benefit from
chemotherapy added to
endocrine therapy.
Sorlie T 2001 PNAS
74. HER2 SUBTYPE
• Expression Patterns
– The HER2-array subtype -the larger
group of ER–negative (low expression of
ER and related genes) tumors.
– overexpression of other genes in the
ERBB2 amplicon such as GRB7.4
– 40% to 80% of TP53 mutations
– more likely to be grade 3 (P Z .0002)
75. HER2 SUBTYPE
• Clinical Features
– no association with age or race and known risk
factors.
– more likely to be high grade and poorly
differentiated,
– more than two-fold more likely to involve axillary
lymph nodes than luminal A tumors.
• Treatment Response and Outcome
– poor prognosis with sensitivity to anthracycline
and taxane–based neoadj. chemotherapy
77. BASAL-LIKE BREAST CANCER
• Expression Patterns
– Mimicked basal epithelial cells of other parts of
the body and normal breast myoepithelial cells
– strong expression of basal ck 5, 6, and 17 and
proliferation related genes.
– lack of expression of ER, related gene & HER2
– low expression of BRCA1,
– more TP53 mutations & grade III
78. BASAL-LIKE BREAST CANCER
• Clinical Features • Treatment Response and
Outcome
– most BRCA1 mutations
– poor prognosis - poor therapy
– 20% of the tumors options or inherent
– among premenopausal aggressiveness ?
AA women (39%), – sensitive to anthracycline and
taxane–based neoadjuvant
postmenopausal AA
– epidermal growth factor
(14%) or non–AAwomen
receptor–driven
of any age (16%)
n engl j med 363;20
79.
80.
81. Table 2. Thresholdsa for treatment modalities
2009
Annals of Oncology
Volume 20 | No. 8 | August 2009
82. Table 3. Chemoendocrine therapy in patients with ER-
positive, HER2-negative disease 2009
Annals of Oncology
Volume 20 | No. 8 | August 2009
83. Table 2. Surrogate definitions of intrinsic
subtypes of breast cancer 2011
20
Annals of Oncology
Volume 22 | No. 8 | August 2011
84. Table 3. Systemic treatment recommendations
for subtypes 2011
Annals of Oncology
Volume 22 | No. 8 | August 2011
87. Sex hormones - an important role in
breast cancer
• Bil. oophorectomy - remission of breast ca. in
premenopausal women G. Beatson Lancet 1896
• 60% of pre. and 75% of postmenopausal
patients - estrogen-dependent carcinomas.
• the levels of endogenous sex hormones strongly
associated with breast cancer risk in
postmenopausal women
• anti-estrogenic agents
– an effective treatment for early breast cancer
– to reduce the incidence of contralateral breast cancer
– to reduce the primary occurrence of breast cancer
88. About 5 yrs of tamoxifen vs not in ER+ (or ER-unknown) disease: 15-year
probabilities of recurrence and of breast cancer mortality
10 386 women: 20% ER-unknown, 30% node-positive. Error bars are 1SE.
89. Aromatase & Aromatase inhibitors
• Aromatase
inhibitors (AIs)
– first-line
treatment of
early &
advanced
breast cancer.
90. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex,
Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial
after completion of 5 years’ adjuvant
treatment for breast cancer
94. • (ER+/PR+/HER2−/cytokeratin
8/18+)
• 47 CT, 48 HT
• The clinical response rate
66% for CT and 48% for HT
(P=0.075).
• patients with high Ki67 had a
better response with CT (67
versus 42%; P=0.075)..
Annals of Oncology 0: 1–6, 2012
96. Bedard, P. L. & Cardoso, F. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8, 272–279 (2011); published online 1 March
2011; doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.19
早期乳癌病人
誰可以不需要接受化學治療
臨床病理因素
新的分子診斷標記
97. 早期乳癌術後輔助化學藥物治療指引
Preferred adjuvant regimens Other adjuvant regimens
•TAC • CAF/FAC
• CEF/FEC
•Dose-dense AC paclitaxel (q2w)• AC docetaxel (q3w)
•AC paclitaxel (qw) • AC paclitaxel (q3w)
•TC • EC
•AC • ATC (q2w)
• FEC docetaxel (q3w)
Preferred adjuvant regimens for HER2-positive BC
•AC paclitaxel + trastuzumab
•TCH
Other adjuvant regimens for HER2-positive BC
•Docetaxel + trastuzumab FEC
•Chemotherapy trastuzumab
•AC docetaxel + trastuzumab
Neoadjuvant
•Paclitaxel + trastuzumab CEF + trastuzumab
T = docetaxel; A = doxorubicin Adapted from NCCN Clinical
C = cyclophosphamide; F = 5-FU Practice Guidelines, V.1.2009
E = epirubicin; TCH = docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab
98. 轉移性乳癌的化學藥物治療指引
Preferred single agents
Preferred first-line agents for
•Doxorubicin HER2-positive MBC: trastuzumab with
•Epirubicin • Paclitaxel ± carboplatin
•Liposomal doxorubicin • Docetaxel
•Paclitaxel • Vinorelbine
•Docetaxel • Capecitabine
•Nab-paclitaxel
Preferred agents for HER2-positive
•Capecitabine MBC after prior trastuzumab
•Gemcitabine • Lapatinib + capecitabine
•Vinorelbine • Trastuzumab + first-line agents
• Trastuzumab + capecitabine
Preferred combinations • Trastuzumab + lapatinib
• CAF/FAC AT
Preferred agents with bevacizumab
• FEC CMF • Paclitaxel
• AC XT
Other combinations
• EC GT
• Ixabepilone + capecitabine
C = cyclophosphamide; A = doxorubicin; F = 5-FU; T = docetaxel or paclitaxel
E = epirubicin; M = methotrexate; X = capecitabine; G = gemcitabine Adapted from NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines, V.1.2010
99. 早期乳癌病人
誰可以不需要接受化學治療
• Challenging -
population-wide
benefits v.s. accurate
individual risk–benefit
assessments
• In trials, breast cancer
regarded as a single
disease entity –
– anatomical extent of
disease at diagnosis
– attendant risk of
relapse
Bedard, P. L Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8, 272–279 (2011)
101. 早期乳癌病人
誰可以不需要接受化學治療
• 第三代化學治療 含紫杉醇
類藥物 taxane
− 比第二代化療效果好
− 可以再降低復發風險17%
The 2005–2006 EBCTCG overview
• 新一代的化學治療可以增
加4–5%的乳癌存活率.
Bedard, P. L Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8, 272–279 (2011)
www.thelancet.com Vol 379 February 4, 2012
102. Figure 1 |
Difference in 5-year
DFS rates between
ER+ and
ER-negative pts
receiving adjuvant
chemotherapy in
three CALGB trials.
接受輔助性化療後,
賀爾蒙受體陽性與
陰性乳癌五年復發
率分別為23%與7%
103.
104.
105.
106. Figure 2 | The chemosensitivity of a breast
tumor depends on many factors.
113. Postmenopausal ER+ ABC
Option 1
First treatment Tamoxifen
第一線治療
Second treatment Faslodex AI
第二線治療
Third treatment AI Faslodex Exemestane
第三線治療
Fourth treatment Exemestane Exemestane Faslodex
第四線治療
114. Postmenopausal ER+ ABC
Option 2
First Treatment Anastrozole
第一線治療
Second Treatment Tamoxifen Fulvestrant
第二線治療
Third Treatment Fulvestrant Exemestane Tamoxifen
第三線治療 or
Progestin
115. Efficacy
Prior treatment
Total AI alone AI + tamoxifen
(n=77) (n=21) (n=56)
PR 10 (13)* 5 (24)* 5 (9)*
SD 6 months 15 (19) 6 (29) 9 (16)
CB rate 32% 52% 25%
* median duration of 10 months (range 2-20 months)
Median TTP : 3 months
Median survival: 21 months
– 1-year survival rate: 70.4% (95% CI 60.5–82.0)
Ingle JN et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 88 (Suppl 1): S38, abs 409
116. Conclusions
• Novel mode of action – non-cross resistant with other endocrine therapies法洛
德有不同的作用機轉,與其他抗賀爾蒙藥物無交叉抗性
• At least as effective as anastrozole in postmenopausal women with tamoxifen-
resistant advanced breast cancer (RCT)法洛德至少與阿美達定有同
樣療效
• Well tolerated – low numbers of withdrawals due to adverse events副作用少
• Encouraging activity in patients with ABC who have progressed following a non-
steroidal AI (Phase 2)在非固醇類芳香酶抑制劑使用無效後使用,仍有療效
• Large-scale RCTs to fully determine the role of fulvestrant post non-steroidal Ais
待大型隨機研究證實
120. TARGETED THERAPY IN BREAST CANCER
Early breast cancer
Standards
Clinically challenging situations
Neoadjuvant setting: New developments
Metastatic breast cancer
New therapy options
HER2-negative disease
HER2-positive disease: beyond trastuzumab
02.01.2013 120
121. Treatment concepts in early BC: Today
ER and/or PR ER PR
and HER2
positive and HER2 positive
HER2 negative negative
Low risk High risk
pN0, G1 pN0, G3
if ≥ pT1b, pN0
pN0, G2 + molecular assay pN0 + molecular assay
low risk: high risk
• uPA/PAI-1 - uPA/PAI-1
• if available/guideline - if available/guideline
supported: Oncotype supported: Oncotype
DX® ; Mammaprint® DX® , Mammaprint®
pN+
Tamoxifen / AI Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Chemotherapy
+ Tamoxifen / AI + Trastuzumab
± Tamoxifen / AI
Harbeck et al, 2010
02.01.2013 121
122. The HER2-testing algorithm
Patient tumour sample
IHC ISH
0 1+ 2+ 3+ - +
Retest with Eligible for Eligible for
ISH trastuzumab trastuzumab
- +
Eligible for
trastuzumab
• If primary ISH testing is used, patients whose tumours overexpress HER2 (i.e. IHC 3+) may not be
identified due to the HER2:FISH ratio being <2.0 (e.g. chromosome 17 polysomic cases, Hofmann et
al 2007)
• ISH-detection mechanism can be fluorescent, chromogenic or silver Hanna & Kwok 2006
ISH, in situ hybridisation
123. Longterm overall survival advantage with adjuvant trastuzumab: ITT
analysis of studies with longer follow-up (update SABCS 09)
median follow-up,
years
No Crossover
HERA CTx H 1 year 2
HERA CTx H 1 year Crossover
4
NSABP B-31 /
3
N9831 AC TH H
BCIRG 006 AC TH H 5
BCIRG 006 TCH 5
0 1 2
Favouring Advantage without
trastuzumab trastuzumab
HR
Perez et al 2007; Smith et al 2007;
EBC, early breast cancer; ITT, intent to treat Gianni et al 2009; Slamon et al 2009
124. Targeted therapies in HER2+ breast cancer: Trastuzumab,
Lapatinib, T-DM1, and Pertuzumab
Antibody: Trastuzumab
Cytotoxic:
IV HER2 DM1
Stable Emtansine
linker:
MCC
P P
P P
P HER3
Lapatinib Ligand activated
Trastuzumab P
T-DM1
II
Nucleus Pertuzumab
Spector NL, Blackwell KL. J Clin Oncol 2009;
Nelson MH, et al. Ann Pharmacother 2006; Lewis Phillips GD, et al. Cancer Res 2008
125. Neo-ALTTO: pCR - Rates
In breast In Breast and lymph nodes
Baselga et al, S3-3, SABCS 2010; Lancet 2011
126. EARLY BREAST CANCER –
TARGETED THERAPY
• Robust data (n>13,000) support the use of one-year adjuvant
trastuzumab as standard-of-care in eBC
– Concurrent with taxane therapy seems favourable
– Small HER2 positive tumors also derive substantial benefit
– Older patients derive equal benefit as younger patients
– Cardiac dysfunction rate remains low with longer follow-up
• Neoadjuvant trastuzumab significantly increases pCR as a
surrogate for outcome
– standard treatment option in HER2-positive eBC and LABC
– second anti-HER2 agent further improves pCR
• Current studies further investigating dual HER2 blockade
02.01.2013 Targeted therapy| Prof. Harbeck 126
127. Targeted therapy| Prof. Harbeck
NEW THERAPEUTICS IN HER2-POSITIVE MBC
HER2 dimerisation Pertuzumab
inhibitor Monoclonal antibody, inhibits HER2 dimerization
HER2 ADC T-DM1
Trastuzumab-based ADC, delivers cytotoxic DM1 to HER2 positive tumor cells
PI3K inhibitors eg GDC0941
small molecule, selective binding to PI3K isoforms: inhibits PI3K/ Akt pathway
Lapatinib
Tyrosine kinase reversible inhibitor of EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinases
inhibitors
eg Afatinib (BIBW 2992), Neratinib
Irreversible Hemmung mehrerer HER Tyrosinkinasen
mTOR iInhibitors eg Everolimus
small molecule, inhibits mTOR signal transduction pathway
HSP 90 inhibitors eg Tanespimycin
Antineoplastic antibiotic, inhibits HSP 90
VEGF receptor eg Bevacizumab
inhibitors monoclonal antibody, inhibits VEGF
ADC, antibody-drug conjugate; T-DM1, trastuzumab DM1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; mTOR, mammalian
target of rapamycin; HSP, heat-shock protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
127 02.01.2013
128. Metastatic Breast Cancer:
TARGETED THERAPY
• Recent major clinically relevant advances
• Biopsy of first metastasis if clinically feasible
• HER2-positive disease:
– Start targeted therapy as early as possible
– Selected ER+ patients: AI + trastuzumab / lapatinib
– Trastuzumab+pertuzumab (+docetaxel): new 1stline standard
– T-DM1: potential new 2ndline standard
– Lapatinib + capecitabine: oral therapy
– Trastuzumab beyond progression
– Lapatinib + trastuzumab
02.01.2013 Targeted therapy| Prof. Harbeck 128
129. Metastatic Breast Cancer:
TARGETED THERAPY
• HER2-negative disease:
– Everolimus + Exemestane: after progression on AI
– Bevacizumab: first-line option with paclitaxel / capecitabine
• Many open clinical questions (in HER2-positive disease) remain:
– predictive markers
– optimal sequence
– drug availability
– …
• Participation in clinical trials of greatest importance
02.01.2013 Targeted therapy| Prof. Harbeck 129
130. • The “one size fits all” model should no longer be used in MBC
• therapy should be tailored to individual patients according to
patient and tumor characteristics, as well as molecular subtypes
and targets.
• Hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, targeted anti-ErbB2 therapy,
antiangiogenic therapy, anti-DNA repair therapy, and many
others
131. N.S. El Saghir et al. / Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology xxx (2011)
132. Fig. 2. Overall management of metastatic breast cancer (MBC).
133. Triple negative breast cancer
• Systemic treatment options –
– Cytotoxic chemotherapy with poor Overall survival
• targeted approaches –
– agents with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitory properties
• iniparib (BSI-201), olaparib (AZD2281), veliparib (ABT-888),
• antiangiogenic agents –
– bevacizumab and sunitinib
• EGFR blockers –
– cetuximab and erlotinib.