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




( Ecosystem)
1.




2.




3.
1.















    –

(Ecosystem components)




  -
            -
  -
  -
            -
(Producer     Autotroph)




(Phytoplankton)
(Consumer)




(Herbivore)
                           (Carnivore)

(Omnivore)
(Decomposers or
Saprotrops)



        (Fungi)
(Bacteria)
(Inorganic
substance)


             (Organic substance)
(Mutualism)


      (Protocooperation)
(Predation)
          (Predator)
                       (Prey)
           (Parasitism)
           (Parasite)
                              (Host)

(Competition)
(Food
relationship)
            (Food chain)




                       (Predator
chain)
(Saprophytic chain or Detritus
chain)
(Parasitic chain)



             →      →
Food Web









(Ecosystem function)
Energy
Flow




       -
       -
Ten
Percent
Law
(Nutrient cycle
in ecosystem)








    ( sulphates )       ( fungi )

                    (     SO2 )
          ( SO3 )
(Biodiversity)



















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ระบบนิเวศ