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The document discusses the origins of dogs from wolves. Through selective breeding experiments over many generations, scientists were able to domesticate foxes in a way similar to how wolves became dogs. Genetic research confirms that dogs descended solely from wolves, as dogs and wolves share maternal mitochondrial DNA. While wolves have changed little over thousands of years, dogs developed into diverse breeds through human-guided evolution.

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'"ITO TAKOE COEiAKA -rax oe cotiaxa? - Kam.n;bIH OTBeTI1T rrO-CBoeMY. Aam e CKa3aJI: Coriaxa - :3TO "LfeTblpe nanst, ro­ XBOCT. - 'ITO xc, MomHO 11 TaK. Ho nopaxcaer aooti p aau e rOJIOB, .nan H XBOCTOB. A eCJIH K 3TOMy 06aBIITb ew;e 11 6oraTcTBo OKpaCOB 11 ocofienaoc'reit OBe eHHR... HH y rcarcoro ztpyrcro .n;OMaillHer o mH­ aor o HeT TaKoro paanooripaaaa epOPM, paaxrepon, CIJ,BeTOK , CKJIOHHOCTeH xaparcrepon. OTKYAa 3TO? HecKoJIbKO .n;eCRTKOB TbICR"Lf JIeT naaan npezrox co6a­ • - BOJIK - rrpHilleJI K KOCTPY nepnoosrmoro "LfeJIOBe­ xa , A MomeT 6bITb, BOBce H He rrpaxoznr,n, a rrpOCTO OXOTHHKI1 rrpHTaW;HJII1 BbIBO.n;OK rcponresnrsrx BOJI"LfaT, II KOMY-TO H3 HI1X rrOBe3JIO - He C'beJII1 cpaay. I1 6ecrro­ • OW;HbIH MaJIblill OCTaJICR mHTb - CHa"Lffuia B Ka"LfeCTBe Hr p YIllKI1 H B He3aBH.n;HoH pOJIH xcaaoro sanaca rrHW;H.
xro TAKOE C06AKA 3 Ho y BOJIKa 11 y qeJIOBeKa ecri, O,LHa 06r:o;aJI ocotiea­ HOCTb: 11 TOT, II zrpyroi! mIlBOTHble crarimae, COIJ;HaJIb­ nsre, ecrs Kam,n;bIll H3 HHX mHBeT B crae, cpeznr ce6e TO IIo,n;06HbIX. OH11 coooma ,n;06bIBaIOT rranry, oxpaHHIOT Tepp11TOpHIO H, qT06bI KOOp,n;HHHpOBaTb COBMeCTHble ,n;ellCTB11JI, 06r:o;aIOTCH C IIOMOr:o;bIO pa3B11TOll CHCTeMbI 3HaKOB: 3ByKOB, meCTOB H II03 . Moacer 6bITb H MaJIeHbKHll BOJIqOHOK craor BJIHTbCH B HOByIO - qeJIOBeqbIO - CTaIO. Hasepaoe, TaK 6bIBa­ JIO He paa, H BOJIqaTa OKa3bIBaJIHCb IIOJIe3HbIMH: OHH ,
4 C06AKH CJIhlIIIaJIlI II tIy.HJIII JIytIIIIe tIeJIOBeKa, BOptIaHHeM Mor­ JIll rrpezryrrpeznrrt, 0 rrpH6JIlImeHHlI spar-a, rrOMOraJIII aar-na'rt, .n;06hItIy. II, B03MomHO, Tex, KTO OTHOCIIJIC.H K tIeJIOBeKy .n;pymeJII06HO, He .n;lItIllJIC.H, He CTpeMllJIC.H y6emaTh, He rrpO.HBJI.HJI arpeccarr , - raicax C'he.n;aJIll He cpaay. Moacer 6hITh, OHH mllJIll ztorrr-o H napsr ra­ KllX «.n;06PhIX » BOJIKOB zraace .n;aBaJIH rrOTOMCTBO ­ poxczranacr, npyacemotiasre BOJItIaTa. TaK, BepO.HTHO, COBepIIIeHHO HeOC03HaHHO HatIaJIC.H OT6op, CeJIeK:O;II.H, na «xopomee . OTHOIIIeHlle K tIeJIO­
~TO TAKOE C06AKA 5 sexy, TO ecrr- navanocs O,n;OMaIIIHIfBaHIfe C06aKIf, IfJIIf, nOJIb3YJlCb 60JIee oqmU;IfaJIbHbIM TepMIfHOM, zto­ MeCTIfKaU;IfJl . TaK JIIf 6bIJIO? - KTO 3HaeT. A MomeT 6bITb, sce-raxa BOJIK care o,n;OMaIlIHIfJI ce­ 6J1? Moace r 6bITb, care sre CMeJIble, npyxcemofiasre If YMHble ztepxcanncs B6JIIf3If l.leJIOBeKa If nIfTaJIIfCb OC­ TaTKaMIf ,n;06bITOM na OXOTe xpynnon ,n;Ifl.lIf . 3aTeM CTa­ JIIf rrpncoezraaarsca K OXOTHIfKaM: nOMOraJIIf aar-aarr., EOJl,/( ( c.neea ) U a J/,RCKUfiCKUU J 1WJW M y m
6 COEiAKH OCTaHOBllTb 3BepH, KaK aTO liM CBOHCTBeHHO II B BOJFlb­ eH crae. 11 casn.re zrpyxcemofiasre BOJItIaTa, nsrpocnme B6JI1l311 JIIOp,eH, na-ranarnr CtIHTaTb nx tIJIeHaMli CBOeH CTaH. Mer-no 6bITb II TaK. 5!CHO O.n;HO, BOJIK H tIeJIOBeK MOr­ JIll HaHTli «06I.I.J;HH H3bIK». Henapora, llMeHHO BOJI"tIbli cran npmraxtarra II aocrra'rsmana OKa3aBIlIHXCH B .necy "tIeJIOBe"tIeCKliX nerem.nneii. Ho BOJIK JIll 6bIJI aTO? BbIJI JIll llMeHHO BOJIK rrpezr­ KOM cofiarcn? CeMeHCTBO .n;llKliX pop,CTBeHHHKOB na­ IlIeH cofiaxn, rrCOBbIX, aecsraa MHOrOtIllCJIeHHO - TyT II BOJIK, II IlIaKaJI, II KOHOT, II znrar-o, H rpanac-n.rii
"ITO TAKOE C06AKA 7 BOJIK, Iir-nenonsie cooatca, Ii JIIiCbI ••• - TaK Ii XOTIeT­ CJI noztofipar s ,ll;JIJI Kam,ll;On nopozrsr cotiax cnoero coficraeunor-o npemca. Ho IiCCJIe,ll;OBaHIiJI YTIeHbIX-reHeTIiKoB CKa3aJIIi co Bcen orrpene.nennocrr.io - npezncora C06aKIi 6bIJI TOJIbKO BOJIK. "llTO m, ,ll;OCTaTOTIHO Ii aroro. BOJIK Ii cenTIac mIiBeT B caxrsrx paansrx MeCTax. KaK CKa3aJI 6bI 6IiOJIOr, apean ero, TO ecrs 06JIaCTb pacnpocrpaaeana, OTIeHh IlIIipOK. A pam-me, 10-15 TbICJITI JIeT TOMy aaaazt BOJIKIi mIiJIIi nosciony. Onem, paansre - or-poxmsre Ii He6oJIhIlIIie, ce­ psre, xepnsre, psrxcae Ii no-rm 6eJIhle, reransre, CBeT­ rrsre, C pa3HbIM pIiCyHKOM oicpaca. Tome He TaK ym rrJIO­ XO. Ha coaztaane 60JIbIlIIiHCTBa rropozt paaaootipaaaoro MaTepIiaJIa see paBHO XBaTaeT. Ho BOT neaaziaxa. I'enernxn otinapyaca.na IiHTe­ pecnsre BeIlJ,Ii. ,1J;eJIO B TOM, qTO, OKa3bIBaeTCJI, rem,r,
8 C06AKH e,n;HHHU;bI HaCJIe,n;cTBeHHocTH, Haxo,n;.HTC.H He TOJIbKO B rrOJIOBbIX XpOMOCOMax X H Y, O,n;HY H3 KOTOpbIX mH­ BOTHble rrOJIY1IaIOT OT MaTepH, a zrpyr-yro - OT orna. ECTb eme rerrsr, xoropsre Haxo,n;.HTC.H BHe aztpa ­ BHyTpH KJIeTKH, H HX MomHO rrOJIY1IHTb TOJIbKO OT Ma­ repa. If HHKaKHMH CKpe~HBaHH.HMHHX He H3MeHHTb. TaK BOT, y ncex HCCJIe,n;OBaHHbIX nopozr cofiarc 6bIJIH otiaapyzcensr 06~He «MaTepHHCKHe,) rear,r. Ho cpe­ ,n;H BOJIKOB OHH 6bIJIH HaH,n;eHbI TOJIbKO y ozmoro H3 BH,n;OB aaaarcxorc BOJIKa. IIoJIy1IaeTC.H, qTO HMeHHO OH 6bIJI OCHOBHbIM npezncora ,n;OMarnHeH cotiaxn. ICo­ HeqHO, «IIepBo6bITHbIe » rrOJIy,n;HKHe cofiarcn, nepece­ JI.H.HCb BMeCTe C JIIO,n;bMH rro aceray MHpy, CKpe~HBa­ JIHCb H C a60pHreHHbIMH BOJIKaMH. Ho nee me xpyr npezncon cyacaerca. ICaK Bce-TaKH H3 BOJIKa no.ny-ra­ JIHCb BMCJIoyxMe II.HTHHCTble 6acceTbI, xcecrxomep­ CTHbIe apzterrs-repsepta, rcpoure-msre, HO OTBamHbIe HOpKM? MyTaU;MM, cnom-annsre H3MeHeHM.H reHOB? OHH pezncn, zta M casr ,n;HKMH IIpe,n;OK - BOJIK - aa Te me ,n;eC.HTb -rr.HTHa,n;u;aTb TbIC.H1I JIeT rrpaKTM1IeCKH He M3­ MeHMJIC.H - B npapozte nponecc SBOJIIOU;MM M,n;eT 01IeHb
sro TAKOE C06AKA 9 11 zrpyrae o.n;OMaIIIHeHHhle mHBOTHhle Tome Me,lJ;JIeHHO. sezn, zranexo yutnn OT CBOHX .n;HKHX npezncos. TaK qTO ace TaKH rrpOH30IIIJIO c naureii co6aKOM? OTBeT Ha STOT Borrpoc .n;aJIH cH6HpcKHe yqeHMe H .n;aJIhHHe C06aqhH po.n;CTBeHHHKH - JIHCHIJ;hI.
10 C06AK~ AKMeMHK ,Il;MHTpHll KOHCTaHTHHOBWI BeJUleB npo­ BeJI axcnepaxrea'r C .n;HKHMH Cepe6pHCTO-qepHbIMH JIH­ CaMH. B renenae HeCKOJIbKHX rrOKOJIeHHll .n;JI5I paasezre­ HH5I OCTaBJI5IJIH TeX H3 HHX, KTO HaH60JIee «JI05IJIbHO » OTHOCHJIC5I K qeJIOBeKy, TeX, KTO BbIKa3bIBaJI HaHMeHb­ II1yID arpeCCHBHOCTb. YqeHble 3a.n;aJIHCb ue.nsro rro.ny­ qHTb JIHCHll,y, KOTOpa5I rro OTHOII1eHHID K qeJIOBeKy Be­ JIa 6bI ce65I, KaK cofiaxa. To ecrt, peII1HJIH B YCJIOBH5IX sxcnepasrea-ra 3aHOBO npoirra rryrr, C03.n;aHH5I nonoro .n;OMaII1HerO mHBOTHoro - He rrpHpyqeHHOrO, a HMeHHO .n;OMaII1HerO - C Bpom.n;eHHbIM .n;06pOJKeJIaTeJIbHbIM OT­ HOII1eHHeM K qeJIOBeKy. SepepeKT orfiopa yCHJIHBaJIC5I C KaJK.n;bIM rrOKOJIeHH­ eM. Caxrsre «rrpo.n;BHHyTble » JIHCHqKH CTaJIH HCKaTh KOHTaKTa C JIID.n;hMH, ztaxce H C He3HaKOMhIMH, a 3Ha­ KOMbIM - PMOBaTbC5I, JIH3aTb JIHll,O, pyKH. II3MeHHJIaCb cnocofinoc-n, K pa3MHomeHHID - .n;H­ Ka5I JIHCHll,a ztaer rrOTOMCTBO O.n;HH paa B rozt, BeCHOll, a «HaII1H') - zma , H He TOJIhKO necnoii. I I crpamroe zreno. MeH5IThC5I CTaJIH HaII1H JIHCHqKH. B HeKOTophIX npocny.nca HHCTHHKT CTOpOJKa, KTO-TO CTaJI rrOJIaHBaTb, CKyJIHTh no-rm KaK cotiarca, JIHChI CTaJIH JIaCTHThC5I K JIID.n;5IM H BHJI5ITh XBOCTOM. ,Il;a H caxm XBOCThI Tome H3MeHHJIHCb - rr05IBHJIHCh XBOCTHKH, aar-ayrsre, KaK y JIaeK. IlO5IBHJIHCh H BH­ C5IqHe YII1H. IlO5IBHJIHCh H nonsre OKpaCbI - 6eJIble « 3Be3.n;OqKH » na rOJIOBe, 6eJIhle H fiypsre rr5ITHa aa 60­ rcaxv Ortcyna? IIccJIe.n;oBaHH5I rrOKa3aJIH, qTO B KpOBH H3MeHHJIOCh conepacaane ropMOHOB, a B M03ry rrOBhICHJIOCb coztep­ JKaHHe cepOTOHHHa, semecraa, TOpM035Iru;ero rrp05IBJIe­ HHe arpeCCHBHOCTH. STOT H3MeHHBII1HllC5I rOpMOHaJIb­ HhIll rpoa H npofiyzra,n, BKJIIDqHJI B .n;ellcTBHe rensr, scerna rrpHcyTcTBOBaBII1He B renosre JIHCHll,bI, HO «crras­ II1He» no CHX rrop. A eCJIH TaK, TO BbIXO.n;HT, qTO ace rropozrsr HaII1HX c06aK no CHX rrop «crra-r» B Kam.n;oM BOJIKe?
TAK LiTO)f(E TAKOE C06AKA? 8TO KaK nocraorperu. C Hayl.J:HOM, 61I0JIOrlll.J:eCKOM, apeuaa - rrOTOMOK BOJIKa. C TOl.J:Kll 3peHIIH TOl.J:Kll rrparcra-recxori - ztpyr II noraonrnax l.J:eJIOBeKa. C06a­ rca, careoe nepsoe onosraumennoe mllBoTHoe, CKB03b sexa corrposoacnana l.J:eJIOBeKa na ,n;OJIrOM rryrn OT ne­ nrepnoro xocrpa K cero,n:HHIIIHeMy ,n:HIO, MeHHHCb BMeCTe C HllM II OCTaBaHCb rrOJIe3HOM eMy scerna. qeJIOBeK pa3BllBaJICH. BOT yme BMeCTO rraJIlIII;bI OH IICnOJIb3yeT aa OXOTe JIyK II CTpeJIbI, 11 c06aKI1 no c.nezry noraoraror HaMTI1 nozrpaneanyro ,n:11l.J:b. BOT yxce nOHBII­ JII1Cb 11 zrpvrne npapyxeansre mI1BOTHbIe, II cofiaxa rro­ MoraeT naCTI1 I1X 11 aammnarr, OT XI1:ru;HI1KOB. Terreps na cofiarcyyxce He CMOTpHT KaK na ml1BOM peaepsnsm aarrac nnunr, reneps OHa rrOMo:ru;HIIK npn ,n:06bIBaHI1I1 rnmra. JIlO,n:1I paCCeJIHIOTCH no 3eMJIe, 11 c06aKII aanramaror ,n:OM 11 X03HeB OT JII06bIX nenpomensrx rOCTeM. OHI1 Ilouumep 6 cmoiuce ."
12 C06AK~ TaI.I.J;aT aaprsr, TeJIe.iKKII II npocro BOJIOKyIlIII. IIoRBJIR­ IOTCR nonsre Opy.n;IIR OXOThI II, ynsr, BOH:HhI, II ona-rs-ra­ KII c06aKII .n;eJIaIOT IIMeHHO TO, ~TO Hy.iKHO ~eJIOBeKY. Ho B Ka.m.n;OH: II3 HIIX TeKyT KarrJIII KpOBII ee rrpeztxa ­ BOJIKa, KOTOPhIH: KOr.n;a-TO rrOMOraJI HaIlIIIM npanrypasr B OXOTe. II CerO.n;HR B pafiore C06aK MbI BII.n;IIM xepro-r­ KII OXOTHIIqherO rrOBe.n;eHIIR BOJIKa, TOJIbKO paaarrrsre II aaxpeunennsre OT60pOM. BOJIKII MoryT rna-rs .n;lIqb MOJI~a, a MoryT C JIaeM, II y BOJIKOB pa3HbIX rrorrYJIRIJ;IIH: 3TII qepThI asrpaacensr rro- pa3HOMY. II BOT roa-me npecnezryror, rOHRT .n;lIqb rro cnezry, OT.n;aBaR rOJIOC, npaxer« rro xapaxrepy JIaR OXOT­
TAK ~TO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 13 HH:K MOIKeT onpene.nn-rs, KaKyIO H:MeHHO ,n;H:'!h npecrre­ zryer cotiarca. A 60p3hIe rOHHT 3BepH «no-apaveray: co­ BepIIIeHHO MOJI'!a. 3HaMeHIITaH CTOH:Ka JIeraBhIX, rcorzra c06aKa 3aCT@BaeT KaK H:3BaHHH:e rrepe,n; HaH:,n;eHHOH: ,n;H:'!hIO, - 8TO TO IKe oxens yCIIJIeHHaH II HaCJIe,n;CTBeHHO aaxpennenaaa -repro-nca OXOTHII'!hero rrOBe,n;eHIIH BOJI­ rca. TOJIbKO BOJIK ,n;epIKH:T CTOH:Ky JIH:IIIb rrapy cexynzr II aaTeM fipocaerca JIOBH:Tb ,n;06bI'!y, a nerasaa 6y,n;eT CTO­ HTh no rronxozra OXOTHH:Ka, rro ero CIIrHaJIy rrpo,n;BIIHeTCH arrepezr, acrryrner rrTIIU;y, HO npec.nezrona'rs ee He CTaHeT. A MaCTepCTBO B JIOBJIe MblIIIeH: II KpbIC, KOTOpbIM OTJIII­ '!aIOTCH MeJIKIIe nnraynepsr II repsepsrl Ero KOpHII B Ma­ nepe OXOTbI BOJIKa aa MeJIKH:X IKIIBOTHbIX - npsrrayrr, na ,n;06bNy, CXBaTIITb II ynepxcarr, nepemmraa JIarraMII II 3y6aMH:, - TaR «MhIIIIKYIOT» BOJIKII. IIpH: 3a,n;epJKaHIIII «3JIOyMbIIIIJIeHHIIKa», ozreroro B 3a:r.u;IITHbIH: KOCTIOM,
14 C06AK~ HJIH rrpa nrpe cooaxa TpeIIJIeT PYKaB. TaKHe rpenmonme .n;BHmeHHa npn XBaTKe, xaparcrepnoe BCTpaXHBaHHe .n;o­ 6blqH y BOJIKa CJIymaT TOMy, qT06bI CJIOMaTb rr03BOHOq­ HHK CXBaQeHHon: nexpyrrnoii .n;06bIQe. A cnocoti yKpOI.IJ;e­ HHa pas-sapenasrx 6bIKOB y MHorHX nopozt, pa60TaBIIIHX na neperoae cran, - CXBaTHTb 6bIKa sa sepxmoro ry6y H yztepacaaarr, TaK, noxa OH He YTHXOMHpHTca, - Tome .n;OCTaJICa HM rro HaCJIe.n;CTBy OT .n;HKHX rrpamypos - BOJI­ KH XBaTKaMH aa HOC H nepxmoro ry6y OCTaHaBJIHBaroT rcpyrmyro .n;HQb, noxa He noztocrreer sea CTaH. Tlozrron OTCTaBIlIHX mHBOTHbIX K crazry - OBQapKH npn 3TOM noxycsraaror «npoannaanreroca » aa aaznrae
TAK 'iTO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 15 nor-a, - OrrJITh-TaKH KopeHHTCJI B OXOTHHQbeM rronezie­ HHH BOJIKa. 11 ztaxce paoora P03hICKHhIX cofiax CTpOHT­ CJI na apoxcztennoa crroco6HOCTH scex npezrcraaareneii cexrencraa rrCOBhIX npecnezroaa'n, ,n;06bF-ry H OThICKH­ BaTh 'IJIeHOB caoeii CTaH rro aanaxosoxry cnezry. Bee STO cofiaxn rrOJIyQHJIH OT csoero rrpeznca, HO Te­ neps BMeCTO ozraoro BOJIKa C QeJIOBeKOM paooraer ne­ JIaJI KOMaH,n;a crre:O;HaJIHCTOB. 3TH co6aKH-crre:O;HaJIHCTbI 06pa3YIOT rropozrsr. IIo­ pozra - STO rpyrrrra mHBOTHhIX, HMeIOru;Hx o6ru;ee Cnapmuame - ?pe'leCK(LJl nacmuuusi cooaxa
16 COEiAK~ npoacxoxcneaae 1I ofiurae lIepThI, rrepenaroruaeca no HaCJIe,n;cTBy. II erne - OHa, STa rpynrra mliBOTHbIX, ,n;OJImHa 6bITb C03,n;aHa JIlO,n;bMlI. 8TO celllIac MbI ronopaxr rropozta», a JIlO,n;lI «,n;peBHRR na nporaxceaaa MHorliX CTOJIeTlill ne.na OT60p , He aany­ MbIBaRCb Ha,D; TeM, liTO onn BbIBO,n;RT KaKyIO -To nopozry c06aK lIJIlI ,n;pyrlIx m lIBOTH bIX . OT60p 6bIJI meCTKlIll, a LIaCTO »cecrororri. Henyxcm.rx y61IBaJIli. A eCJIlI 6bIJI nyxcea xerucponor-nii pa60THlIK, OCTaBJIRJIlI HOBbIll w;eHKa OT XOpOIIIO pafioraronmx po,n;lITeJIell - LIT06bI 1I w;eHOK BbIPOC TaKOll me rpyacenmc. KaK onpenemrn, ero B MaJIeHbKOM, lIaCTO B HOBopom,n;eHHOM, memce? Ilponie scero BbI6paTh noxoacero na po,n;lITeJIell-Tpyme­ HlIKOB. KaK onpenenart, CXO,n;CTBO? JIerLIe scero no TlI­ ny, no orcpacy. II eCJIlI MeCTHOCTb, rne lICnOJIh3YlOTCH IIemeptiupectcast opxuiien
TAK ~TO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 17 8TH c06aKH, He60JIbllIaH, TO rpopraapyerca nopozta, ozt­ aopozmaa He TOJIbKO no pa60qHM CBOllCTBaM, HO H no rnny, oxpacy H ,n;pyrHM BHellI11M rrpI13HaKaM. TaK c]:>opMHpOBaJI11Cb TaK naasmaerasre atiopnrennsre nopozrsr. ECTb eII.I,e 11 3aBo,n;CK11e nopozrsr - rrpozryrcr 60­ nee rroarmero BpeMeHH, OpraH1130BaHHoro cooaxonon­ CTBa. 8TO HJI11 aboparenm.re nopozrsr, OepHI.J;11aJIbHO npnaaaamae K11HOJIOr11QeCKHM11, c06aKoBo,n;QeCK11MH opraHH3a:IJ;11HMI1, I1JIH BHOBb coanamrsre. JIIO,n;HM caoacraeano CI1CTeMaTH3HpOBaTb cnoe OK­ pyxcemre, H norosry nopozrsr c06aK ,n;eJIHT na rpyrmsr. MOJKHO rro HCrrOJIb30BaH111O - OXOTHH'lb11, CJIyJKe6Hble 11 ztexopar-aarrsre. Ho ceii-rac MHOr11e nopozrsr npnofipe­ TalOT HOBwe crre~11aJIbHOCT11, HarrpHMep OXOTH11K11 rraopanopsr 11 6HrJIH pa60TalOT eII.I,e H KaK CJIyJKe6Hble c06aKH, H KpOMe roro c06aK rrpaKTHQeCKH ncex nopozt JIIO,n;H zrepacar B xasecrse KOMnaHbOHOB. IT08TOMY cell­ rpynnsr cxopee no 06II.I,HOCT11 'lac c06aK 06'he,n;I1HHIOT B ,n;peBH11X xopneii: zioroofipaamsre C06aKI1, rracryun.n C06aK11, TaKCbI, TepbepbI, fiopasrc H zrpyr-ae. Ilopon c06aK MHoro - 60JIee 400, HO nponecc ofipa­ 30BaH11H HOBbIX rropozt npo,n;OJIJKaeTCH 11 ceiraac. BOT, pyccxaa crerraaa 60p3aH CepOpM11pOBaJIaCb BO BTOPOll nOJIOB11He XX sexa KaK a60p11reHHaH rropozra, np11QeM OCHOBHbIM Kp11Tep11eM orfiopa 6bIJIa ,n;06bI'lJI11BOCTb npn OXOTe. ITo CJIyJKe6HoMy 3a,ZJ;aH111O B IJ;eHTpaJIbHOM nn­ TOMH11Ke Conercxoii APMHH BbIBO,n;HJIHCb 'lepHbIll Tepbep, MOCKOBCKaH CTOpOJKeBaH, MOCKOBCK11e ,n;or H Bo,n;OJIa3. ITo JI11QHOll 11HH~HaT11Be c06aKOBo,n;OB noa­ BHJI11Cb COBceM HOBbIe zrexopa'ranasre rropozrsr - rre'rep­ fiyprcrcaa opxnzrea H MOCKOBCK11ll ztpaxoa. 8TO TOJIbKO B POCC11H. A eII.I,e B MTaJI11H, CIIIA, Aprenrtrae... ITOPO,n;bI JKI1BYT csoeii JK113HblO - B03H11KaIOT, zre­ JIHTCH H 11C'le3aIOT H3-3a npenparnocren cy,n;b6bI H rro­ TepH 11HTepeCa K H11M. A ceaxac IOHECKO 06'hHBHJIa CYII.I,eCTByIOII.I,He nopozrsr ,n;OMallIHHX JKHBOTHbIX ,n;OC­ TOHHHeM QeJIOBe'leCTBa.
~
JlA~K~ ECJIIT B3rmIHeM na CrrITCOK Cyrn;eCTBYIOrn;ITX nopozt C06aK, TO yBIT,n;ITM, KaK MHOrO cpezra HITX OXOTHITqbITX. A y.IK IT3 CTapbIX nopozt C ,n;peBHeM: ITCTOpITeM: «OXOTHIT­ KOB» - nozraunaroniee 60JIbIIlITHCTBO. 11 caxn.re npes­ HITe cpezrn HITX - cesepasre OCTpoyXITe C06aKIT JIaM:KIT. JIaM:KIT - C06aKIT yHITBepCaJIbHbIe, IT K CaMOM: pa3HOM: OXOTe OHIT, KaK IT ITX ,n;aJIeKITe npeztrcn, cnocofiasr no-r­ TIT 6e30 BCRKOM: ,n;peCCITpOBKIT. 11, KaK B CTapO,n;aBHITe aperaeaa, OHI1 COrrpOBO.IK,n;aIOT OXOTHI1KOB IT rrOMOraIOT 11M B OXOTHl1qbeM rrpOMbICJIe. Tlopozr JIaeK HeMaJIO - 3'1'0 11 pyccxo-eaponericxaa, IT 3arra,n;HOCn6ITpCKaR, IT xape.no-rpaucxaa, 11 BOCTOq ­ HOCI1611pCKaR JIaM:Kli. A erne eCTb IIlBe,n:CKITe, HOPBe­ .lKCKITe IT epI1HCKITe nopozrsr OXOTHI1qbI1X JIaeK. IIOqTI1 BCe cenepnsre napozrsr I1MeIOT CBOI1X JIaeK. 11 BCe JIaM:­ KIT BHeIIlHe rrOXO.IKIT. fOJIOBbI KJII1HOM, MOp,n;bI OCTpbIe, CTORqI1e TpeyrOJIbHbIe YIIlIT rrOCa.IKeHbI BbICOKO, .narrsr C06paHbI B KOMOK, XBOCTbI 3arHYTbI na CrrI1HY KOJIb­ II;OM I1JII1 cepnora, Ill epcre y JIaM:KI1 - KaK y BOJIKa: MRrKI1M: rvcron rrO,n;IIlepC'1'OK csepxy npnxpsrr npa­ MOM: .lKeCTKOBaTOM: 11 He,n:JIITHHOM: OC'1'bIO. IIO,n;IIlepCTOK rpeer-, a OCTeBOM: BOJIOC 0'1' BJIarIT IT serpa 3 aut 11maer • OKpaCbI Mory'1' 6bI'1'b casrsre paarrsre - xepasre, 6e­ rn.re, psrxcae, rrR'1'HI1CTble, cepsre. POCTOM OHIT Mory'r 6bITb 11 MeJIKI1MI1, 11 cpe,n;HITMI1, HO TOJIbKO He xpvrrasr­ MI1. BOJIbIIlITe C06aKI1 B .necy He HY.IKHbI - TepRIOT BbI­ HOCJII1BOCTb, IT xopxra 11M Hy.IKHO MHoro. A JIaM:KI1 ,n;OJI.lKHbI 6bITb HerrpI1XOTJIITBbIMI1. OHIT oxem, 3HeprITQHbI, rro,n;BI1.IKHbI 11 BbIHOCJIITBbI. 3'1'0 CMeJIble 11 OTBa.IKHbIe c06aKI1, OQeHb JIOBKITe 11 sepr­ KI1e. 11 QYTbe y HITX OTMeHHoe, a «QYTbeM» OXOTHITKIT­ JIaeQHI1KI1 BCe pa30M Ha3bIBaIOT: IT 060HRHITe, IT CJIyx, 11 3peHI1e. Kopove rosopa, 3'1'0 - pa60THI1II;bI, C06aKIT He TOJIbKO OXOTHI1KOB-JII06I1TeJIeM:, HO, B nepsyro oxepezn., OXOTHI1KOB-rrpOMbICJIOBI1KOB. 4 Sanaiinocutiupctcasc naiuca
20 C06AK~ OXOTHTCH C JIaHKaMH na rrTHIJ;y, na 6eJIKy, na c060­ JIH. JIaHKa mner ,n;06hIqy He TOJIhKO 060HHHHeM, oxeas Ba./KHhI CJIyx H apemre. 3a ,n;eCHTKH, a TO H COTHH MeT­ pOB CJIhIIIIHT JIaHKa IllOpOX asepsxa B rcponax nepeasen. R: nonoaparerrsnosry MecTy 6emHT, ,n;06hIqy BhICMaTpH­ saer H BhIHlOXHBaeT. A BOT rcorna yBH,n;HT ee, aa-maae-r 06JIaHBaTh, - OTClO,n;a H Ha3BaHHe «JIaHKa », - OXOT­ HHKa npnasraaer H BHHMaHHe asepsxa aa ceria OTBJIe­ rcaer. OTCTpeJIeHHylO ,n;06hlqy X03HHHY rronaer, He nos­ pezma nncypxn. Be3 JIaHKH B raiire OXOTHHKy ,n;eJIaTh neuero. BOJIhIlle 90 % 6eJIKH H C060JIH ,n;06hIBaeTcH C rrOMO:W;hlO JIaeK, nezn, ycrrex OXOTHHKa 3aBHCHT OT pa­ 60ThI ero nepnoii rrOMO:W;HHIJ;hI JIaHKH. Oxorosezrsr ro­ BOpHT, QTO OXOTHHK ztaxce CJIaHKoH-«TpOeQHHIJ;eH » zro­ 6hIBaeT rrYIIIHHHhI B 10-15 paa 60JIhIlle, QeM 6e3 c06aKH. A C rrepBOKJIaCCHOH JIaHKOH - B 50! pYCClw-e6poneUCILYIO U sanaintoctuiupciono naeic ucnos unpom OJl.fl oxomu na Me08eOJt
llAHK~ 21 ,IJ;oMa JIaHKa - CTopom, B JIecy - Ha,n;emHa.H rro­ Moru;HllIJ;a II BepHbIH ztpvr. CKOJIbKO paa, xceprnya m1l3HblO, cnacana JIaHKa cnoero X03.HllHa OT aanazre­ Hll.H paa-sapeaaoro Me,n;Be,n;.H. C JIaHKOH OXOT.HTC.H II na xpyrraor-o 3Bep.H - JIOC.H, xatiaaa II zraace Me,n;Be,n;.H. OHa B COCTO.HHllll OCTaHO­ BllTb 3Bep.H II aanepaca n, ero na MeCTe zto nonxozra OXOTHliKa . Tarcnx JIaeK Ha3bIBalOT 3BepOBbIMll, II IJ;e­ H.HTC.H onn OqeHb BbICOKO.
H eMeu,KUU eonup-uinuu (iceecxonii ) U nOMepaHCKUU (cnpaea ) iunuu OXOTHHQhH JIaHKH - 3TO .necrrsre, raeacasre co6a­ KIf. A BOT B rynnpe, TaM, r.n;e pa3BHTO OJIeHeBo.n;CTBO, CJIOmHJIHCh nacryun,a JIaHKH. ,IJ,o CHX nop HeHelI,KHH H en eu tcue OJleHeZOHHble tunuu»t
J1AHK~ 23 OJIeHerOHHbln: IIIII11:U: 1I0MoraeT lIaCT11 crana CeBepHbIX OJIeHen:, KOt.IyR 110 TyHp;pe BMeCTe C nacryxaran. Y OJIeHeBO,IJ;OB CaMOe nazreacaoe 11 P;OCTYIIHOe TpaHC­ 1I0pTHOe Cpep;CTBO - OJIeHbR yrrpaacxa. A BOT ,IJ;JIR ce­ BepHbIX HapOp;OB, )I{11Byrn;11X na notiepeacse CeBepHOrO JIep;OB11TOrO oxeaaa, B JIeCaX Cesepnoii AMep11K11 11 He pa3BOp;11BIII11X OJIeHen:, ynpaacxa e3p;OBbIX JIaeK 6bIJIa He TOJIbKO ep;11HCTBeHHbIM rpancnop-msrra cpep;CTBOM, HO 11 soofirne rrepBbIM rpanonoprosr qeJIOBeqeCTBa. 311­ MOn: C06aqb11 yrrp.H)I{K11, aarrpaacernrsre B CaHK11-Hap­ TbI, rrepeB0311JI11 JIIOp;eH 11 rpyasr, JIeTOM xce 3ap;OJIrO zro 11306peTeHll.H KOJIeCa C06aK11 lIepeHOC11JI11 rrOKJIa)I{y B rrp11TOpOQeHHbIX K Crr11He BbIOKax, T.HHyJIll Cp;eJIaH­ mae 113 )I{epp;en: BOJIOKyiliM. C06aKa 6bIJIa e,IJ;MHCTBeHHbIM p;OMaIIIHMM )I{11BOT­ HbIM MHorMX cesepasrx napoztos. Ha Cenepe 11 cen:qac
24 C06AK~ M anasujm U CU6 UpC K UU XaC KU ( na nepeonen nnane) I npono.nacaror paoora-n, .nae-n,a yrrpRJKKH. A BO MHorHX crpanax MHpa see norry.napaee CT a H OB R T CR copenaoaa­ HHR e3,n;OBhIX cofiarc H B T OM qHCJIe MHOrO,n;HeBHhle crrop­ THBHhle rOHKH na cotia-rs- HX ynpaxcrcax . BOJIhIIIHHCTBO e3,n;OBhIX nopon rrpOHCXO,n;HT C rep­ pHTOpHH aamea CTpaHhI. 3TO qyKoTcKHe H KaM"tJaTC­ KHe eanonsre JIaifKH, 6e­ JIOCHeJKHhle caxroezrsr (ca­
H K~ 25 .w e,n;aMH paasure Ha3bIBaJIH HeHI.I;eB), cH6HpCKHe xac­ KH C rOJIy6bIMH rJIa3aMH, sezryurae CBOIO HCTOpHIO OT rrp a xoc n , BbIBe3eHHOM H3 CH6HpH. A ecrs erne Mac­ CHBHbl e aJIHCKHHCKHe MaJIaMyTbI, rpeHJIaH,n;CKHe ea­ onsre JIaMKH. A BOT B TeX CTpaHaX Bananaoii Enpom,r, rne yxee B cpezraae sexa asipyfiannc» JIeCa rrozr nauraa H nacr­ 6Hru;a , He06xo,n;HMOCTb B yHHBepCaJIbHOM OXOTHWlbeM n p OCTOHap O,n;HOM C06aKe nporrana. Ho ocrpoyxne OXOT­ HIP-IbH c06aKH He HC"lle3JIH, OHH rrpOCTO CMeHHJIH crre­ D;HaJIbHOCTb . TaK rrOHB11JI11Cb secerrsre ummrsr, npo­ m en m n e ny'rr, OT ,n;OMaIllHHX cropoacea ,n;o HapH,n;HbIX OaJIOBHeM, 11 ocrpoyxne eaponeactcne OB"llapK11. woein« U 'lyKomcKue esiioeue ( l -si, 3-Jl, 4-Jl cneea ) naiucu •
60P3b1E, rOHLil1E, llErABblE B CeBepHhIX .necax 6e3 .lIaihnr - rrOMO~HIUIhI He 060H­ TIICh, erne ,n;peBHIIM OXOTHIIKaM OHII rrOMOraJIII ,n;06hI­ BaTh rrII~Y. A B IO.lKHhIX crenax? B rrYC'fhIHHX? TaM )];pyrIIe 3BepII - 6hICTpOHorIIe, - OHII BII)];RT OXOTHIIKa II3)];aJIeKa II MoryT 6ercTBoM cnacracs. KaK IIX ztor­ nart.? JIoWa,ZJ;eH sezn. o.n;OMaWHII.lIII «ncero. 5 ThICRq .ner Ha3a,ZJ;, a cofiaica II3)];aBHa PR)];OM C qe.lIOBeKOM. BOT 6hI TaKylO cofiaxy - rrOMO~HIIIJ;y, qT06hI aHTII.lIOrry, ra­ 3e.lIh II.lIII 3aHIIa MOr.lIa norna'n-, rroHMaTh II X03HIIHY rrpIIHecTII. 0'1' TaKoH .lIOBqeH c06aKII rpefiyrorca 60.lIh­ maa pe3BOCTh II BhIHOC.lIIIBOCTh B norone. :vI na tore, B 30He crerren II rrYCThIHh, C.lIO.IKII.lICH TIIrr c06aKII, aecs 0 6 .lI IIK KOTOpOH rOBopIIT 0 6hICTpOTe. "Y3KaH rO.lIOBa, .lIerKOe Y3Koe TY.lIOBII~e na )];.lIIIHHhIX norax, neo­ 6hIKHOBeHHO CII.lIhHhIe 3a,ZJ;­ HIIe HorII, ynpyraa cnnna, XopOWO pa3BIITaH r-pyzn, II CII.lIhHO rrO)];06paHH@H .lKIIBOT - TaK C.lIO.IKeHhI .lKIIBOTHhIe, cnocotiasre K 6hICTpOH cxasnce. Bce 8'1'0 eCTh y c06aK, KOTOphIX Ha3hIBalOT 60p­ 3hIMII. «BOP3hIH» 3HaqIIT 6hICTphIM. Bee B 8TIIX coria­ xax rrO)];qIIHeHO IJ;e.lIII: crpe­ MIITe.lIhHOCTh 6era He nos­ BO.lIReT TpaTIITh CII.lIhI na .lIaR, rr08TOMY 60p3hIe .lIOBHT MO.lIqa. "Y HIIX 0'1'.lIII"l{HOe CaJllOlCU
28 C06AKH 3peHJIe, norosry qTO OHJI ,lI;OJDKHhI rrpec.nenoaa-n, ,lI;06hI­ qy, KOTOpylO BJI,lI;.HT.A qYTheM OHJI rrOqTJI He rrOJIh3Y­ IOTC.H. ECJIJI 60p3a.H 6Y,ll;eT JICKaTh 3Bep.H rro cnezry, TO HaBepH.HKa nporrycr-ar MOMeHT, xorzra TOT 06paTJITC.H B 6erCTBO, JI nponrpaer rroromo, llJIJI soofinte ,lI;ame He YBJI,lI;JIT 3Bep.H. Jlmm, aerco'ropsre nopoztsr BOCTOqHhIX 60p3hIX rrOJIh3YIOTC.H qyTheM, HO B aTOM cnvxae JIX aa­ zraxa He ,lI;06hITh 3Bep.H, a ncrryr-ny'rs ero ,lI;JI.H JIOBqerO fieprcyra. Tlpapona-re.nera rrOqTJI ncex COBpeMeHHhIX nopozt 60p3hIX c06aR CqJITalOT CJIlOrrJI, 60p3ylO apafion. Ha nepasrx rropax fiopasre CJI ymJIJIJI qeJIOBeKy ,lI;JI.H ,lI;06hI­ BaHJI.H mmm. IIOPOH finarono.nyvae u.eJIhIX ceMeHCTB JI zraace nneraen 3aBllCeJIO OT ,lI;06hlqJIllBOCTJI 60p3hIX. TaKJIe C06aKJI BO ace apexiena :o;eHllJIJICh oxens BhICO­ KO. Korna-ro B Ka3aXCTaHe, 6hIBaJIO, OTKa3hIBaJIJICh OT rpeuxayl-lo u yunnem (na nepeiiuest nnane )
60P3b1E, rOH"IVlE, l1ErABblE 29 Aipeancxasi tiopsas. KaJIbIMa, BbIKyrra aa ztenymxy-nenec'ry, B nonycormo .nomazteri, HO 6paJIH xoponryro fiopayro cofiarcy - Ta3Y. Ho B 60p3bIX cotiaxax :o;eHHJIaCb He TOJIbKO ,n;06bI'I­ JIHBOCTb. CTpeMHTeJIbHOCTb H KpaCOTa CKa'IKH 60p30rr aa anepevr, ee CTpOMHOCTb H H3H~eCTBO rrpHBJIeKaJIH cepzma MHOI'HX OXOTHHKOB. II OXOTa C 60P3bIMH CTa­ HOBHTCH pa3BJIe'IeHHeM 3HaTH. Tlocrenenno 60p3bIe pacnpocrpaaanacs K cesepy. MHOI'O cotiax rrpHB03HJIH psrnapn H3 KpeCTOBbIX rroxo­ ,n;OB. Ho 60p3bIe - cooarcn OTKpbITbIX rrpOCTpaHCTB ­ crerreii H rrOJIeM. B Banannoit Espone ,n;JIH OXOT C 6op­ 3bIMH nonxozm.na JIHllIb 60JIbllIHe rrOMeCTbH aHI'JIHM­ CKHX JIOp,n;OB. Ho H B AHI'JIHH yxce ,n;aBHO HeT OXOTbI C 60p3bIMH. AHI'JIHMCKHe 60p3bIe - rpeaxavnzrsr H ynrme'rsr - CeM'IaC rpaaopm-sr C06a'IbHX 6eI'OB.
30 C06AK~ A BOT CTeIIH H JIeCOCTeIIH POCCHH IIO,D;OIIIJIH ,D;JIJI IICOBOH OXOTbI C 60P3bIMH KaK HeJIb3JI JIy"tJIIIe. ,IJ;o HaIIIHX speraen ,D;OIIIJIO HeCKOJIbKO IIOpO,D; 60P3bIX cofiarc, H ,D;JIJI Ka)K,D;OH IIOpO,D;bI ecrs CBOH HaM60JIee IIO,D;­ XO,D;JIIIJ;He OXOTHH"tJbH yrO,D;bJI. B Ka3aXCTaHe H 'I'yprcrae­ HHH He3aMeHHMbI 6bICTpOHorHe Ta3bI, B IIpe,D;rOpbJIX KHprH3CKoro TJIHb-lliaHJI - TaHraH, B Adn-aaacrane v­ a60pHreHHaJI adiranorcaa 60p3aJI. Ta3bI H TaHraHbI OT­ JIH"tJHO YMelOT paoora'n, H BMeCTe C 6epKyTOM. B CTeIIJIX IIpHKaCIIHJI H Cesepaoro KaBKa3a - xop­ TaJI H roxcnopyccrcaa CTeIIHaJIfiopasre, a BOT JIeCOCTeIIH POCCHH H3,D;aBHa 6bIJIH «U;apCTBOM » pyCCKOH IICOBOH 60p30H. Pyccrcaa IICOBaJI 60p3aJI CTaJIa nanreii HaU;HOHaJIbHOH IIOpO,D;OH H nanreii rOp,D;OCTblO. 8TO O,D;Ha H3 KpaCHBeH­ IIIHX cotiarc B MHpe H 6e3yCJIOBHO CaMaJI 3JIeraHTHaJI H3
60P3blE, rOHLfYlE, llErABblE 31 scex 60p3bIX. ITo CYlJIY:3TY PYCCKYlX rrCOBbIX He cnyra­ eun, HI1 C KeM. OHYl rcpynnsre, rrO'ITYl xsanparrrsre. Illepcn, y 60p3bIX Ha3bIBaeTCJI CTapbIM PYCCKI1M CJIOBOM « rrCOBYlHa » - OTCIO,n;a I1 Ha3BaHYle rropo,n;bI « rrCOBaJI » , r .e. ozreraa lIIepCTbIO, He rJIa.n;KOlIIepCTHaJI. II urepcrt, y HI1X JIerKaJI, BOJIHI1CTaJI I1JII1 B xpvrnrox 3aBI1TKe. OK­ pacsr rrO'ITI1 JII06ble, HO scerna O'IeHb napazrasie. rOJIOBa y 60P30M ,n;JIYlHHaJI I1 Y3KaJI. MaJIeHbKI1e BbI ­ COKO nocaxcennsre YUII13aJIOmeHbI aaaazr, I'pvzn, rrryoo­ KaJI.A BOT JII1HI1JI sepxa COBeplIIeHHO Heo6bI'IHaJI ­ nsrrnyra zryroii. 06bI'IHO :3TO O'IeHb cnoxoiinaa cofiarca I1 ,n;BI1raeTCJI JIerKOM rpaO;I103HOrr psrcuoa. Ho CTOYlT err yBYl,n;eTb 3Be­ pJI, KaK OHa npeotipaxcaercn, peaxo B036ym,n;aeTCJI Yl or ­ POMHbIMYl CKa'IKaMYl «JIeTYlT» B norone I1CKJIIO'IIiTeJIbHO 6bICTPbIM rcapsepoxr. Aipzanctcue 60p3bte 6 nOZOHe sa oo6bl'teu
32 C05AKH Mnor-ne CqHTaIOT, qTO pyCCKa.H IICOBa.H 60p3a.H ­ CaMa.H 6bICTpa.H cofi axa B Mllpe. Ho 3TO He TaK. CJIaBy pyCCKOll IICOBOll AOCTaBHJIll ee KpaCOTa, KpaCOT a ee cxa-ncn, JIOBKOCTb H MaCTepCTBO IIpH OXOTe. B crapnny B POCCHH na 60JIbIIIHX OXOTax A JI.H roro, qTo6bI nsrrnarr, anepeit H3 .neca na OTKpbIToe MeCTO, B IIOM0I.I.J;b 60P3bIM llCIIOJIb30BaJIH rOHqHX cotiax . Ho OXOTa C rOHqllMll ncerna c v m e c r n o s ana II caraa IIO ce6e. I'on-me cofiaxn CqHTaIOTC.H OAHHMH H3 ApeBHellIIIHX. Er.u;e HaIIIHM npanrypaxr OHH IIOMOraJIH Ao6bIBaTb IIH­ nry. Ho IIOA06HO OXOTe C 60P3bIMH B CTeIIH, IICOBa.H Pu ccicue ncoeue tiopsue npecneinpom. Jl Uc u4Y
60P3blE, rOHli~E, nErABblE 33 OXOTa C rOH'IllMll B .necax Enponsr CTaJIa paaanexeanew JIIo,n;eH 6JIaropo,n;Horo npoacxoxcneaaa. Ton-rae cotiarcn no cpaaaeamo C 60P3bIMll Me,n;JIll­ TeJIbHbI, OHll 3BepH He JIOBRT, a rOHRT, npecnezryror no aanaxonosry cnezry C nosrra aenpepsmasne JIaeM. I1x yrozn.a - JIeca, ronxne peznco Bll,n;RT npecnezryereoro 3BepH, II08TOMY epenne y HllX xyxce, 'IeM y 60p3bIX, 3aTO 060HRHlle 3aMe'IaTeJIbHO ocrpoe. CKJIOHHOCTb rnars 3BepH ecrs no-rm y scex Co6aK ­ KaK ,n;llKllX, TaK II ,n;OMaIIIHllX. Ilopoii cooaxa a noramca ­ BaIOT npn 8TOM. Ho paaaana Mem,n;y HllMllll HaCTOHIII;llMll
34 C06AK~ rOH~llMll B TOM, ~TO 06bI~HbIe, He roavne cofiarc« rrpec­ .nezryror 3BepH TOJIbKO no CBeJKllM CJIe,n;aM II JIalOT OT B036yJK,n;eHllH JIllIIIb npa anne ,n;06bI~ll. ECJIll llM He yzraerca nOHMaTb ee B nepasre MllHYTbI, TO norOHIO 6po­ caror. ReT y HllX cavroro rJIaBHOrO Ka~eCTBa rOH~eH CO­ 6aKll - HaCTOH~llBOCTllll yrropcrna B npecneztoaannn. rOH~aH cofiaxa Ha~llHaeT JIaHTb, KaK TOJIbKO B03b­ MeT CJIe,n;. OHa rorrar 3BepH ,n;o Tex nop, noxa llJIll He B03bMeT ero ll3MOpOM, llJIll He BbIrOHllT nozt 60p3bIX
60P3blE, rOHLil-1E, nErABblE 35 l1JIl1 na OXOTHl1Ka, l1JIl1 He c06beTCH co crrezta, l1JIl1 no­ xa caraa He norepaer Cl1JIbI or YCTaJIOCTl1. Ha OXOTe B rOHlleH u;eHl1TCH xyrse, HaCTOH'Il1BOCTb, YMeHl1e pacnyrsraa-n, CJIe,n;bI aaeperi, 11, KOHellHO, 1'0­ JIOC. rOJIOC rOH'IeH OXOTHI1KY rOBOpl1T MHoroe. I1MeHHo no TeM6py rOJIOca, no TOMy, KaK ona JIaeT, OXOTHI1K orr­ peztenaer, xaxoro 3BepH nO,ll;HHJIa 11 npecnezryer cofiaxa. ITo ro.nocy OH 3HaeT, 'ITO npoacxozrar - C611JIaCb JIl1 CO­ fiaxa co c.nena 11 pacnvrsraaer asepnasre yJIOBKl1, rOHl1T JIl1 rro c.nezry l1JIl1 yxce yBl1,n;eJIa 3BepH. Oc06eHHO HPKl1H rOH 6bIBaeT rro BOJIKy. rOJIOC 11 sraaepa noztaxa rOJIOca PYCC1CM neeasteotocan
36 C06AKlt1 y KaJK,n;oii rOH"lleii CBOR, II My3hIKa rona ,n;JIR c-rpacrnoro OXOTHIIKa, noacanyii, BaJKHee, "lleM ,n;o6hI"lla. B XVIII- XIX nercax B POCCIIII CYII.J;eCTBOBaJIO He Me­ nee ,n;eCRTKa nopozt rOH"llIIX, HO eII.J;e C KOHIJ;a XIX nerca MHorIIe 3aBo,n;"llIIKll BeJIII pafio-ry no BhIBe,n;eHIIIO e,n;IIHO­ ro TIIIIa pyccrcoii rOH"lleii. Ceirsac B POCCIIII zrse npeaoc­ xoznrsre nopozrsr rOH"llIIX cotiax - pyccrcaa II pyccrcaa rrer-aa roa-nre. OXOTHII"llhII yrozn.a COKpaII.J;aIOTCR, COKpaII.J;aeTCR II IIOrOJIOBhe rOH"llIIX, HO JII06IITeJIII coxpanaror MHorIIe IIOpO,n;bI KaK IIaMRTh 0 IIpoIIIJIOM, aezn, co6aKII - ::lTO xac'rs aanreii IICTOpIIII. Korzta-ro, cnyuras JIaM rOH"lleii Co6aKII, Ham IIpe,n;OK, noopyxcearrsrii IIaJIIIIJ;eii, KOIIbeM , 3aTeM II JIyKOM co CTpeJIaMII IIJIII C cersro, nepecexan zto­ pory npecnezryeraosry 3BepIO. Korna-ro IIO Bceii Espone BCJIe,n; aa CTaRMII rOH"llIIX CKaKaJIII KOpOJIII II eIIIICKonhI, rcasanepsr II ,n;aMbI, aezn, IICOBaR OXOTa6hIJIa IIpIIBIIJIerII­ eii JIIO,n;eii 6JIarOpo,n;Horo COCJIOBIIR. KaK IIfuV1RTh 0 IIpOIII­ JIOM, OCTaJIOCh 60JIee 70 nopozt rOH"llIIX cooax, II B cnIICKe CTpaH-po,n;OHa"llaJIbHIIIJ; IIOpO,n; - BCR Espona. BJWOzayHO
BUZJt b u 6accem (cnpaea ) Hexoropsre rOH1.IfIe cofiarcn aaxonrrr ce6e HOBbIe nporpeccna. KOPOTKOHorfIe 6 acceTbI norr y.napasr KaK co6aKfI-KOMrraHbOHbI. KapJIfIKOBbl e rOH1.IfIe 6fIrJIfI fI C­ rrOJIb3 YIOTC.H rrO JIfI:O;fIeH fI TaMomeHHbIMfI CJIym6aMfI MHorfIX CTpaH MfIpa .n;JI.H oonapyaeeaas 3arrpeIJJ;eHHbIX K nponoay npozryrcron. A JIY1.IIIIfIM «HOCOM') MfIpa C1.IfI­ TaeTC.H a H r JI fI M CK fI H 6JIa.n;raYH.n; • Bnanraynn - He HaCTO.HIJJ;a.H rOH1.Ia.H, a rOH1.Ia.H rro KpOB.HHOMy c.nezry, TO ecrr, .n;JI.H noncxa rronpamcoa. OH paooraer MOJI1.Ia, crcopee KaK fIIJJ;eMKa, HO HaCTOM­ 1.IfIB, KaK nozina aaaa rOH1.Ia.H cofiarca. EIJJ;e HeCKOJIbKO PYCCIWJl ZOH l£a R
illOmJlanOCKUU U UpJlanOCKUU (na nepeiinem nna u cemmepu CTOJIenrH naaan OH HCITOJIh30BaJIC.H ,n;JI.H P03hICKa npec­ TyrrHHKoB H yrcpazreanor-o CKOTa, aezn, OH MOJIWT H,n;TH ITO cnezry ,n;aBHOCThlO B HeCKOJIhKO ,n;HeH. COBpeMeHHhIH pexopzi 6JIa,n;rayH,n;a - B CIIIA npopafiorxa c.nena nan­ HOCThlO 105 TIaCOB, yBeHTIaBIIIa.HC.H rrOHMKOH sopa, ­ KOHeTIHO, 3TO He B ropozte, a B CeJlhCKOH MeCTHOCTH . AHZJlUUCKUU cemmep
TaKca OT rOH'IHX npOH30IIIJIH erne HeCKOJIbKO rpynn OXOT­ HH'IbHX c06aK - 8TO KOpOTKOHOrHe TaKCbI, npncrro­ C06JIeHHbIe ,n:JIJI JIOBJIH asepeii B HOpaX, H .neraasre. Bopasre, rOH'IHe H TaKCbI CJIymHJIH H CJIymaT ,n:JIJI OXO­ TbI naanepeii, a .neraasre cotiarcn - ,n:JIJI OXOTbI aa rrTHII;Y. Korzta-ro nTHII; 6bIJIO MHoro H HX JIOBHJIH CeTJIMH. C06aKH Haxo,n:HJIH 3aTaHBIIIHXCJI rrepene.noa H rcyporra­ TOK, H TyT-TO HX scex H HaKpbIBaJIH 60JIbiliOH ce-n.io. Pozuma TaKHX «rrTH'IbHX» c06aK - I1cnaHHJI, n08TOMY HX H Ha3bIBaJIH 8rraHbOJIaMH HJIH CrraHHeJIJIMH, a B POC­ CHH - «IIIrraHKaMH » • Ho .ny-nne scero ,n:JIJI TaKOH OXOTbI nozrxozrana coria­ KH, xoropsre He TOJIbKO He rryrana 3aTaHBIIIYIOCJI nTH­ II;y, HO ew;e H JIOJRHJIHCb nepezr HaH,n:eHHbIMH rrTHII;aMH H He IIIeBeJIHJIHCb, naace eCJIH HX HaKpbIBaJIH BMeCTe C rrTHII;eH - '1To6bI ceTb He aanyrsmar's. OTCIO,n:a H Ha3­ BaHHe «JIeraBaJI », OT CJIOBa «JIer », «JIe'lb » • AHaJIOrH'I­ Hoe aHrJIHHCKOe Ha3BaHHe - «setter». TaK B03HHKJIa HOBaJI rpynna c06aK. C pa3BHTHeM pyJReHHOH OXOTbI BMeCTO yKJIMKH ,n:06HJIHCb Toro, '1T06bI cotiaxa CTOJIJIa nepezt HaH,n:eHHOH nTHII;eH. 8TH BbICOKOHorHe ce'rrepsr HCKaJIH ,n:H'Ib rro aanaxy, KOTOpbIH ,n:OHOCHTCJI no B03­ zryxy OT caMOH rrTHII;bI, TO ec'rs BepXHHM '1yTbeM, H 06­ CJIe,n:OBaJIH OXOTHH'IbH yrozn.a aa 6bICTpOM ranorre. TaK B03HHKJIH 3HaMeHHTble anrJIHHCKHe neraasre ­ nrJIHHCKHH, HpJIaH,n:cKHH H IIIOTJIaH,n:cKHH cer-repsr, r JIa,n:KOIIIepCTHble noinrrepsr.
40 C05AK~ A B KOHTIIHeHTaJIhHOll Banazmoa Espone - CBOIf nopozrsr rrer-anr,rx cotiarc, TaK naasmaesrsre KOHTIfH eH­ ram.asre .neraasre, If3 K OT Op b I X ocotiermo xoponm He­ MeIJ;KIfe .neransre: mecTKoIIIepcTHbIll zrparxaap, rJIa.,LJ; ­ KOIIIepcTHbIll KYPIJ;Xaap. E CTb erne If )l;JIIfHHOIIIepCTHRH pa3HOBIf)l;HOCTb - JIaHrxaap. HeMIJ;bI - aapon, If3BecTHbIll c n o e ii nparc-mv­ HOCTblO, rrOTOMY If .neraasre If X MOrJIIf pafio'rart, B ca­ MhIX pa3HhIX yrozn.ax, CaMIf )l;IfTJh IfCKaJIIf, CRMIf If nozt­ 6IfTylO OXOTHIfKY IIO)l;aBaJIIf. A aHrJIIfllCKIfe OXOTHIfKIf nee YBeJIIfTJIfBaJIIf CKO­ POCTh noncxa CBOIfX JIeraBbIX, a 3HaTJIfT If If X asapr­ HOCTh. Ii QTo6bI TeMrr epaMeHTHhle cofiaxn He npnnsr­ [JOUHm ep
60P3b1E, rOH~HE, J1ErABbIE 41 Jleeaeue Kypu,xaap u iJpamxaap KaJIM cpsmar sca co CTOMKM M aa paHeHOM ,n;MqbIO ro­ HHTbCH, aHrJIMqaHe CTaJIM fipa n, na OXOTy C JIeraBOM ern;e ozray cofiarcy, qTo6bI IIo,n;cTpeJIeHHyIO IITMU;y HaM.­ TM M IIpMHeCTM. TaKMX cofiax Ha3bIBaJIM perpnsepa­ MM, qTO 3HaqMT «BHOBb naxozra-n, M noztanarr. ,n;Mqb».
42 COEiAK~ LJepuuii natipaoop pempueep PeTpIIBep p;OJIjKeH 6hIJI: • HaXOp;IIThC.H y nor OXOTHIIKa, • 6hITh rrOCJIyIIIeH, IIOH.HTJIIIB, • IIMeTh xopornee qyThe, • IICKaTh panenyro IIJIII yfirrryro P;IIqh, HO na zrpyr-ax IITIIU; He OTBJIeKaThC.H, • IIMeTh xopornee apenne, qTo6hI BIIp;eTh, xyzta yrra­ JIa IITIIu;a, • OXOTHO IIP;TII aa HeH B XOJIOp;Hyro BOP;y II B r-ycrsre 3apOCJIII, • IIMeTh XOpOIIIIIH POCT II p;OCTaTOqHYro CIIJIy, • He M.HTh P;IIqII, qTo6hI IIpIIHeCTII P;06hIl.J:Y 6e3 IIOB­ pejKp;eHIIH. Kopone rOBOp.H, Tpe6oBaRII.H rrOqTII KaK K 30JIyIIIKe ­ yMeTh p;eJIaTh ace, TYT «Tpe6oBaJIIiCh l.J:YThe cer-repa IIJIII CIIaHIIeJI.H, yM II 30pKOCTh KOJIJIII, JIro60Bh K nozre BOP;O­ JIa3a, IIOH.HTJIIiBOCTh II JIro60Bh K IIOHOCKe IIyp;eJI.H ». Ho perpnaepsr 6hIJIli see jKe MaJIOqIICJIeHHhI. «3Be3p;HhIH xac » IIX HacTyIIIIJI co BTOPOH rrOJIOBIIHhI
60P3b1E, rOH"IHE, llErABblE 43 XX nexa. Tlororay qTO cpezm rneCT11 nopozt peTp11BepOB ecrr. 11 .nafipanop-pe-rpmsep, rcoroporo IIlI1pOKaH rry6JI11­ xa xame Ha3bIBaeT rrpOCTO «.naopanop». YH11KaJIbHble xepr-sr xaparcrepa ST11X cotiax OKa3aJI11Cb BOCTpe6oBaHbI COBceM aa zrpyror« rronpmne, 11 nama «30JIyIIIKa» CTaJIa npanneccoii. JIa6pa.n;op - JIyqlIIaH B M11pe cofiaxa-rto­ aoznaps, OTJI11qHbIM: rrOMOIIJ,H11K 11HBaJI11.n;OB, cotiaxa-re­ panear. Oxem, xoponro 3apeKOMeH.n;OBaJI OH ceoa 11 KaK cnacarern., na rr011CKe M11H I1 HapKOT11KOB. JIatipaiiop - .ny'lWa.R. 6 uupe cotiatca-noeooup« ;0
44 C06AK~ Ho H3 OXOTHWlhHX rrTH"LIhHX cotiarc He TOJIhKO per­ pasepsr rrOJIy"LIHJIH ztpyr-ae crreD;HaJIhHOCTH. ,IJ;JIH rrOHC­ tea MHH H HapKOTHKOB HCrrOJIh3YlOT H CrraHHeJIeH. Crra­ HHeJIH, rrpeznca JIeraBhIX, TOJKe He CTOHJIH na MeCTe. 8TH KOpOTKoHorHe, He60JIhIIIHe C06a"LIKH C ,n;JIHHHhIMH BHCH"LIHMH yIIIaMH O"LIeHh nony.napasa H KaK OXOTHH­ KH. IICrrOJIh3YlOTCH OHH TaM, r,n;e Tpy,n;HO patiorart, BhI­ COKOHorHM JIeraBhIM - B BhICOKOH TpaBe, B ryc'rsrx KOJIIO"LIHX xycrapnnxax, na OXOTe rro nononnanarourea ,n;H"LIH. CrraHHeJIH OTJIH"LIHO pa36HpalOTCH B CJIe,n;ax rrTHD;, pa60TalOT 6e3 CTOHKH H rro,n;HHMaIOT nTHD;yna KphIJIO pe3KHM nphIJKKOM co B3JIaHBaHHeM. Flopozt CrraHHeJIeH HeMaJIO. O"LIeHh xopour pyCCKHH cnaa aem., rrpercpacnaa pa60"LIaH cofiarca, rrOTOMOK 3aBe3eHHhIX B PoeCHIO CrraHHeJIeH pa3HhIX nopozt. A BOT MHorHe ztpvrne, crapsre nopozrsr CrraHHeJIeH CTaJIH norrvnapasmn cotiaaaxra-rcorerraasorraxra - 3TO PyCCKUU cna u uen s
60P3b1E, rOHliHE, J1ErABbIE 45 l1: l1:HTeJIJIl1:reH THellllIl1:ll anrJIl1:ll CKl1:ll rcoxep-cn a­ Hl1: eJIb l1: aMepl1:KaHCKl1:ll xoxep-cnanaens, KOTOpO­ ro Tpy,n;HO rrpe,n;CTaBl1:Tb ce6e rne-ro KpOMe KaK n a naprcere BbICTaBO'IHOrO panra, l1: ztpyr-ae yace ,n;aB ­ HO 'Il1:CTO nercoparnnasre rrOpO,n;bI CrraHl1:eJIell • Bce 3 T l1: C06aKl1: .nainca, rOH'Il1:e, fiopaste , JIeraBble, CrraHl1:eJIl1: - l1: CerO,n;H.H COnpOBOJR,n;aIOT OXOTHl1:KOB -JII06l1:TeJIell . A inepUKan CKUU «otcep-cnanuen» K CrrOpTl1:BHOll OXOTe MOJR­ HO OTHOCl1:TbC.H rro- pa3HOMY. Ho HeJIb3.H 3a6bIBaTb, 'ITO 'IeJIOBe'IeCTBO 06R3aHO 3Tl1:M C06aKaM O'IeHb MHOrl1:M. Bezu., noraoraa ,n;06bIBaTb mmry, 3Tl1: C06aKl1: rrOMOraJIl1: BbIJRl1:Tb aauraxr npezncara, a 3Ha'Il1:T MbI C BaMl1: B rca­ KOll -TO crenemr 06R3aHbI llM JRl1:3HblO. 8TO npercpac­ m.re C06aKl1: , resmepanearmae, aaaprnsre , xpacnasre, rrpezranusre l1: 'IeJIOBeKY-X03.Hl1:HY , II cnoeii OXOTHl1:'Ibell crpacra. OHl1:, KaK II ,n;l1:Kl1:e Bll,n;bI JRl1:BOTHbIX, ,n;OCTO.H­ nne 'IeJIOBe'IeCTBa. AnZJlUUCKUe tcotcep-cnauu eiui
Aor~ OXOTa II 3eMJIe,n;eJIlle - BOT npenaemune 3aHHTllH qeJIOBeKa, OXOTHllK II CTOpO)K - BOT casrsre rrepnsre rrpO~eCCllll C06aKll. 3aTeM y qeJIOBeKa rrOHBllJIaCb HOBaH nporpeccna - nac'ryx , II noracurs nacrvxa a CTaJIa HOBOll: CJIy)K60ll: C06aKll. Pa60Ta npn crane cna-rana 6bIJIa npononxcenaera pa60TbI CTOpO)Ka. CO­ 6aKa npezrynpeaczrana 0 rrpll6JIll)KeHllll xnnraoro 3Be­ pa He TOJIbKO K neniepe llJIll CTOH61l~y, HO II K crany, a TO II nsrranacs oror-aarr, 3BepH. Ilepnsnan ,n;OMaIII­ HllMll )KllBOTHbIMll 6bIJIll OBIJ;bI II K03bI. 8'1'0 )KllBOT­ nsre crazrasre. Ho II nacryx c.nezra-r aa TeM, qT06bI OHll zrepxcanacs BMeCTe, a OT61lBIIIllXCH 0'1' crazra B03Bpa­ rnaer aaaazt. 11 BOT yxce xarcne-ro C06aKll, rrOH.RB, qTO rpetiyer 0'1' )KllBOTHbIX qeJIOBeK-BO)KaK, caran 3arOHHIOT OT61lBIIIy­ lOCH OBIJ;y B orapy. ,IJ;JIH a'rnx c06aK OBIJ;bI yxce He ,n;06bI­ qa, onn BXO,n;HT B CTaIO «JIIO,n;1l-c06aKll-0BIJ;bI», TOJIbKO panr y anx caMbIH H1l3Kllll:, II C06aKll He TOJIbKO aarrm­ ~aIOT ax, HO 1l1lMeIOT npaso KOMaH,n;OBaTb llMll. HeKO­ ropsre C06aKll OTHOC.RTC.R K «CBOllM» )KllBOTHbIM rro­ M.Rrqe: He nanaztator, He rryraro'r, a JIllilib CJIerKa norcy­ CbIBaIOT aa aannne aorn - rrOCJIyIIIaHllH ,n;06llBaIOTCH, HO He xanexar. BOT TaKllX-TO c06aK II nepacann ,n;JI.R pa­ 60TbI CO cranora, 0'1' unx II OCTaBJI.RJIll ~eHHT. ,IJ;JIH aanrar sr 0'1' Xll~HllKOB HY)KHbI 6bIJIll orpoxr­ HbIe, Moryqlle, 6eCCTpaIIIHbIe II 3JI06HbIe C06aKll. Onn crreztana aa IJ;eJIOCTbIO II 6e30rracHocTbIO CBOllX nozro­ nes asrx. 8'1'0 6bIJIll nacryursn oxpaansre C06aKll. Csrn­ TaeTC.R, qTO poztona qaJIbHllKaMll aToll: rpyrrm.r CTaJIll rracrynn,n C06aKll T1l6eTa - Moryqlle T1l6eTCKlle no­ I'll. Iloaroray nx MHOrOqllCJIeHHbIX IIOTOMKOB, pacce­ JIllBIIIllXCH rro nceray MllPY, Ha3bIBaIOT ztoroofipaama­ Mll cofiaxars a, llJIll ,n;oraMll. 11 zro cnx rrop ouem, noxoxcae naztpennnx c06aK II CXO)Klle Me)K,n;y C060H cyponsre II aenpnxor rmasre ncsr T u6em CKUU iioz
Cpedneasuamctcois oesap« no cunau odonems BOJlIW
or~ 49 corrpoaoacnaror OBelIbH orapsr B Hpane, na cese­ pe HH,n;HH H IIaKHcTaHa, B A<t>raHHCTaHe H B CTpaHaX Cpezraeji A3HH. Eaxcnaa crpana CBOIO nopony TaKHX C06aK Ha3bIBaeT rrO-CBOeMY. CO­ 6aK pO,n;OM H3 6bIBllIHX Cpe,n;Hea3HaTCKHX pee­ rry6JIHK CCCP rrpHHJITO Ha3bIBaTb cpezmeaanar­ CK11M11 OBlIapKaMH. XOTJI BCe xame 11 -raure HX Terrepb HMeHyIOT TypKMeHcKHMH aJIa6aJIMH, no ­ TOMy lITO JIylIllIHe ariopnrennsre OBlIapKH COX­ paHHJIHCb HMeHHO B TypKMeHHH. 8TH Heo6bIK­ HOBeHHO BbIHOCJIHBbIe C06aKH BMeCTe C orapoii JIerKO COBepllIaIOT rrepexozrsr B ,n;eCJITKH KHJIO­ MeTpOB, JIerKO rrepeHOCJIT H xcapy, 11 XOJIO,n;. OHH KpyrJIOcyTolIHO mHByT npn orapax , oxem. npn­ BJI3bIBaIOTCJI K CBOHM nonorrexm.ne H OXpaHJIIOT HX OT BOJIKOB. Heo6xo,n;11MOCTb rrpOTHBOCTOJITb BOJIKaM orrpe­ ,n;eJI11JIa BHellIHOCTb scex ,n;or006pa3HbIX C06aK, H Cpe,n;Hea311aTCKOrr OBlIapKH Tome. 8TO rcpyrrasre c06aKH. Crannapr aaziaer TOJIbKO HllmHIOIO rpa­ H11US pOCTa. Bepxnero rrpezte.na HeT. "Iacro 3TO 70-75 CM B XOJIKe. XOTJI, rOBOpJIT, lITO B orapax BCTpelIaIOTCJI H c06aKH pOCTOM B XOJIKe OKOJIO 1 xrerpa. 8TO HaCTOJIru;He rHraHTbI. Illepcrr. y 3THX c06aK He,n;JIHHHaJI, HO rpyfiaa, K TeJIy rrpaneraer OlIeHb rrJIOTHO, npaxpsraaer rycTorr noznnep­ CTOK. TaKaJI nrepcrr, - OTJIHlIHaJI aamnra OT rra­ .narnero COJIHu;a H OT cryzrenoro aerpa. rOJIOBa MaCCHBHaJI C Tyrrorr Mop,n;orr. Y IlIH 11 XBOCT KOpOTKO otipeaaasr. TIa6a­ HbI ClIHTaIOT, lITO B 60IO BOJIKH XBaTaIOT c06aK aa caxrsre lIyBCTBll­ TeJIbHbIe MeCTa - YIlIH H XBOCT ­ H norosry 06pe3aIOT 11X ru;eHJITaM eru;e npn poxcnenaa. C06aKH 3TH KamyTCJI aeropon­ JIHBbIMH, ztaxce Me,n;JIHTeJIbHbIMll
50 C06AK~ II o-rens CrrOKOHHhIMll. Ho OHll 06JIa.n;a1OT B3phIBHhIM xapaxrepoxr, oxeas l.J:yTKll II CrrOC06HhI K MOJIHlleHOC­ HOMy 6pOCKy. Heztaposr nx llCrrOJIh3YlOT enie II .n;JIR OXOThI na Ka6aHOB, a B He CTOJIh .n;aJIeKOM rrpOIllJIOM ­ .n;JIR OXOThI na 6apCOB II zraace TllrpOB. A eczm rrpllHRTh BO BHllMaHlle nx orpovrayro qnI3lll.J:ecKylO CllJIY, TO CTaHeT rrOHRTHO, no-reray cpezm .ny-mmx oxpaansrx c06aK BO acex pecrrytinnrcax 6hIBillero COBeTCKoro Co­ 103a BaM 06R3aTeJIhHO Ha30ByT cpenneaaaarcrcyro OB­ xaprcy, llJIll TypKMeHcKoro aJIa6aR. Ilepnoe naanaane 60JIee npnasrrnoe, nropoe - 60­ nee npanam.aoe. Bem, C TOl.J:Kll apenna npoacxoxcne­ HllR nopozr ecperraeaaaa'r r - COBceM He «OBl.J:apKa». ,IJ;eJIO B TOM,l.J:TO B Poccna ncex c06aK, pafiorannrax npn «oauax », Ha3hIBaJIll onvaprcasnr . BOT npn COCTaB­ JIeHllll cTaH,n;apTa Ha rropo,n;y II Ha3BaJIll ee «oBl.J:ap­ KOH». Ho CeHl.J:aC nacrvun,n nopozrsr paarpamoraaaror na nac'rynrsnx oxpamrsrx coriax - STO Moryl.J:lle II CBO­ enpaaasre rrOTOMKll Tll6eTCKllx ztoron, II co6CTBeHHO OBl.J:apOK - 6hICTpOHorllx, JIerKO ynpaanaerasrx rro­ TOMKOB OCTpOyXllX cesepasrx c06aK. Ho KaBKa3CKllX OBl.J:apOK on-rapxaxra Ha3bIBalOT rro ­ rrpe.iKHeMy, XOTR STll cotiarcn - pO,n;HR cpezmeaaaar ­ CKllM OBl.J:apKaM, II zraace OTJIlll.J:llTh xoporrcornepcrno­ ro «rcaaxaana . OT «aaaara . non CllJIY TOJIhKO cnenna­ JIllCTy . Ho ,n;JIllHHOIllepcTHylO KaBKa3cKYlO omraprcy He crryraenrs Hll CKeM. OrpOMHhIe, Moryl.J:lle, ae.mr-raasre , STll cofiaxn BhI3hIBalOT yaaacenne C nepnoro B3rJIR.n;a. MaCCllBHaR rOJIOBa C He60JIhIllllMll 06pe3aHHhIMll ymaxra rranosraaaer Me.n;Be.iKhlO. A no-rm l.J:TO JIhBll ­ HaR rpasa npnnaer erne 60JIhille MOII.J;ll STOH cotiarce. XBOCThI y KaBKa3CKllX OBl.J:apOK He 06pe3a1OT. CaMll cofiaxn 60JIee rrozmaacasre, 60JIee arerannsre II B3PhIB­ asre, qeM cpemreaanarcxae. OrpOMHaR epll3llqeCKaR ca.na, 3JIo6HOCTh, qyTKOCTh, ornat-a, - aa STll xanecr­ na KaBKa3CKYlO oaxaprcy Ha3hIBalOT nopoii JIyl.J:IlleH KapayJIhHOH c06aKOH Mllpa. 0 fiecc'rpanntn KaBKa3C­
AOrl1 51 KI1X OBQapOK B 60ph6e C XI1m;HI1KaMI1 CJIara1OT, - HeT, He JIereH,[J;hI, - npaazransre paCCKa3hI, rcoropsre tea­ iKyTCR JIereH,[J;aMI1. CaMhIM 3HaMeHMThIM M3 scex «KaBKa3u;eB » 6hIJI cepsrfi Torryur. Kpaca aen-rrec, 6JII1CTaBlllMM: na rpY311HCKI1X BhICTaBKax B npezmoea­ nsre rO,[J;hI, 6hIJI K TOMy xce TpYiKeHI1KOM M pe,[J;KOCT­ HhIM 60llIIOM, rr06e,[J;I1BIllI1M, oxparraa pO,[J;HY1O orapy, 60JIee CTa BOJIKOB. IIoTOMKI1 TM6eTCKI1X ztoroa iKMByT 11 pa60Ta1OT He TOJIhKO B A31111. BMeCTe C rrJIeMeHaMI1 KOQeBHI1­ KOB, C opnax a aaaoeaareneii OHM rrpO,[J;BI1HyJIMCh na Cp eOliea3uam/ -88-llaP Ka
52 C06AKH aanazr, CTaB nacrynrs asra C06aKaMlI rOpHbIX paHOHOB BOCTO"LlHOH II Bananaoii Enponsr II OTJIII"LlHbIMII CTO­ pOmaMII. nopoztaxra, OHII 06pa30­ CKpeII.:J;IIBaHCb C MeCTHbIMII BaJIII r-narncomepcr max MOJIOCCOB, TO ec'rs C06aK 1I3 rpe-recrcon MOJIOCCIIII, xoropsre, conposoacnaa PIIMC­ KlIe JIerIIOHbI, rrpOHIIKJIII BO BCe CTpaHbI Eaporrsr II OC­ TaJIlICb TaM nancerna. Ho II MOJIOCCOB rrOBCIO,n;y crepe­ II.:J;IIBaJIlI C MeCTHbIMII cofiarcavnr pa3JIII"LlHbIX rropozr, '-­-- - - ­-­ KaBKa3CIWfl oeuapna
Aor~ 53 11 1I0TOMKI1 I1X yxce CI1JIbHO pa3JII1'IaJIl1Cb 11 110 BHeW­ HOCTI1, 11 110 xapaxrepara. Ho 06r.u;I1M OCTaJII1Cb onpe­ p;eJIeHHaJI He3aBHCHMOCTb xapatcrepon, CIiOKOMHbIM, «Cpep;HHM » TeMlIepaMeHT, 6p;HTeJIbHOCTb, IIJIOTHOe CJIOmeHHe, MaCCHBHble rOJIOBbI C 'I'YIIOM MOpP;OM H He­ 60JIbWHMH BHCJIqHMH vtnaxra. B Enpone cnaxana HX 11CIIOJIb30BaJIH na OXOTaX na Ka6aHOB, na Mep;Bep;eH, aa P;11KHX 6bIKOB B xa-recr-se TpaBHJIbHbIX c06aK, 3aTeM KaK CTOpOmeBbIX.
/ 54 C05AK~ TaKOBbI H aHrJIHllCKHe M a CTHepbI. C ell"LIaC ST O rcpyrr­ nsre, M0:W;HbIe, O"LIeHb ypaBHOBeJlIeHHbIe C06aKH ­ H,D;eaJIbHbIe H THIIH"LIHellJlIHe IIpe,D;CTaBHTeJIH r-pyrrrrsr MOJIOCCOB. Ho XOTR 110 BOJIe KOHaH ,D;ollJIa 3HaMeHH­ TaR cofiarca, na cepa I'enpn Bacxep­ 1I0KYJlIaBJlIaRCR BHJIR, 6bIJIa KaK paa 1I0MeCblO MaCTHepa, casra MaCTH­ <pbI MaJIO H3BeCTHbI JlIHpOKOll lIy6JIHKe. A BOT 06 HX 3eMJIRKe, aHrJIHllCKOM 6yJIb,D;Ore , Hero «MepTBOll XBaTKe ,) CJIbIJlIaJI KaJK,D;bIll. XBaTKa y aHrJIHllCKOro 6 YJIb,D;Ora ,D;ellCTBHTeJIbHO «MepTBaR '). ,D;eJIO B TOM, t.ITO STHX c06aK HCIIOJIb30BaJIH ,D;JIR JKeCTOKOll 3a6aBbI - ,D;JIR TpaBJIH 6bIKOB. OHa He TOJIbKO ,D;aJIa Ha3BaHHe 1I0pO,D;e: «6yJIb ') - «,D;or », TO ecrr, (,6bIt.IbR cofiaxa », HO H Ollpe,D;eJIHJIa He06bIKHoBeHHylO BHeJlIHOCTb 1I0pO,D;bI. 3TO c06aKH oxem, CHJIbHbIe, JlIH- Anz.nUUCKUU nacmiup
AorH 55 poaorpyzrsre M rrpM3eMMCThIe, netiom.nrae - TaKMM 6hIJIO nerve rrpOCK01.£MTh Mem,n;y porasra rrpMrOTOBMB­ IIIerOCJI K araxe 6hIKa. rOJIOBa MaCCMBHaJl B CKJIa,n;Kax. HMmHJIJI 1.£eJIIOCTh BhI,n;aeTCJI anepezr, - TaK 6hIJIO yztotiace ynepacaaa'rs 6hIKa aa HOC M caMoMy ,n;bIIIIaTh rrpa 8TOM. Ho 6hI1.£hM TpaBJIM ,n;aBHhIM-,n;aBHO aanperne­ HbI, M npas y COBpeMeHHOrO 6YJIh,n;Ora 01.£eHh cnotcoii­ HhIll M ,n;pymeJII06HhIll. Ho 8TO XOTh M MMpOJII06MBaJl, HO 01.£eHh peIIIMTeJIhHaJl, OTBamHaJl M ynopnaa C06aKa, C1.£MTalOI..IJ;aJlCJI OJIM:u;eTBOpeHMe MCTMHHO 6pMTaHCKOrO xaparcrepa M Ha:U;MOHaJIhHOll C06aKOll AHrJIMM. HeMe:U;KMe porneanepsr TOme MMeJIM ,n;eJIO C 6hIKa­ MM, HO, B OTJIM1.£Ue OT aHrJIUllCKOro 6yJIh,n;ora, y HMX 1.£eCTHOe Tpy,n;OBoe rrpOIIIJIOe. AnZJLUllCKue 6yJl-bOOZU
56 C05AK~ HeMeIJ;KMll ropozt POTBallJIb, JIemaW;Mll B npezrrops­ RX Ansn, 6bIJI 3HaMeHMT CBOMMM RpMapKaMM xpyrmo­ ro poraror-o CKOTa. II cronaer-rsre Ty,n;a ryp'rsr CKOTa rrOCTORHHO corrponoacziann nnornsre xopenacr sre xep­ HO-KOplI1.IHeBble cotiarcn, KOTOpbIX CTaJIli Ha3bIBaTb po-raefi.neparaa. IIx Tpy,n; 6bIJI HeJIerKHM - ,n;HeM aa neperone oan CJIe,n;MJIM aa nopazncore B crane, nonro­ HRJIM orcraaurax mMBOTHbIX, CJIY1.IaJIOCb M YCMMPRTb pa36yIIIeBaBIIIlIXCR 6bIKOB. A rro H01.IaM OXpaHRJIM crane OT ztnynor-ax M xerueponor-ax pa36ollHlIKOB. IIocJIe RpMapKM - npyraa aafiora. Tlponan CKOT, ryp- Pomeeanepu
Aor~ 57 T OB I1J; II K II - CK OT OB O,n; b I «rrpa3,n;HOBaJIII » OKOH'laHIIe C,n;eJIKI1. Ho BblpyqKY Kam,n;bIM CKJIa,n;bIBaJI B CrreIJ,II­ aJIbHbIM KOIIIeJIb na OllIeMHIIKe CBOerO pOTBeMJIepa. 11 rrO,n;rYJIRBllIIIM X03RIIH 3HaJI - TyT ,n;eHbrii 6y,n;yT B 6e30rraCHOCTI1. MRCHI1KII POTBaMJIR pa3B0311JIII He­ 60JIbllIIIe rpyasr aa aanpaxcenrrsrx B He60JIbIIIIIe no­ B03KII pOTBeMJIepaX, - IIX ztaxce CTaJIII Ha3bIBaTb «MRCHI1IJ,KI1MI1 C06aKaMII» . POTBeMJIep 6bIJI Ha,n;emHbIM OXpaHHI1KOM, HO rrepezr nporpeccora OKa3aJICR 6e33aI1J;I1TeH. Espona pa3BI1Ba ­
58 C06AK~ naCb -- CKOPO OHa BCR 6blna orryrana cer sro JKene3HbIX nopor'. OKa ­ aanocs, 'LITO CKOT ropaa­ no asrrozmee nepeB0311Tb no JKene3HOll zropore . II Tor,n;a por-aeii.nepsr no ­ TepRnl1 patiory. K KOHIJ;y XIX nerca l1X ocrananacs nO'LITl1 e,n;l1Hl1IJ;bI. Ho BOT B O,n;l1H npex ­ pacn sra (,n;nR HbIHeIlI­ H eu euicuii tioxcep Hl1X nro611Tenell pOTBell­ .nepon) aexep 1901 rona B nopTOBOM TpaKTl1pe raM6ypra cny'LIl1naCb ,n;paKa MeJK,n;y no,n;BbIIIl1BIlIl1Ml1 MaTpOCaMl1. IIPOXO,n;l1BIlIl1ll Ml1MO nOnl1IJ;ellCKl1ll C co6aKoll BMeIlIaflCR, 11, xorna rrsanaa KOMnaHl1R, 06'be,n;l1Hl1BIlIl1Cb, fipocunact, na He­ ro, B zterro ncryrrana cooaxa. C 6yRHaMl1 por-seanep - ­ a 'LIl1TaTenb yxce KOHe'LIHO JKe zrorananca, 'LITO C rrorm­ IJ;ellCKl1M 6bIfl l1MeHHO pornennep, -- pacrrpana.nca aa C'LIl1TaHble Ml1HYTbI. I1CTOpl1R ::ITa no.nv-rana urapoxyro or.nacxy. Por aeit.ncp BOCCTaHaBnl1BaeT CBOro rrorryrrap ­ HOCTb, HO reneps yxce KaK cnyJKe6HaR cotiarca. A BCKO­ pe 11 nOnl1IJ;l1R npl1CBal1BaeT rropo,n;e cTaTyc ~nonl1­ IJ;ellCKOll C06aKl1 ». C Tex rrop y pornerinepon scerzra 6bIfll1 11 paoora, 11 CBOl1 nro611Tenl1, -- nro6HTenl1 na­ ,n;eJKHbIX paoounx cooax. Poraenzrepsr -- MaCCl1BHble, mapoxcrensre, neroporcmasre C06aKl1 C MaCCHBHbIMl1 ro.nouaraa.Oxpac y Hl1X 'LIepHo-no,n;rraJIbIll, TO ecrs xep­ HbIH C pJKaBO-KpaCHbIMl1 OTMeTl1HaMl1 na ro.none, aa rpyna H na .nanax, CaM l1X BHeIlIH:H:H Bl1,n; rOBOpl1T 0 na ­ ,n;eJKHOCTl1 11 OCHOBaTeJIbHOCTl1. A BOT HeMeIJ;Kl1ll tioxcep, XOTR ero npeznca TOJKe 6bIfll1 CKOTOrOHaMl1 11 TpaBl1nbHbIMl1 C06aKaMl1, OTnl1 ­ 'LIaeTCR cnOpTl1BHbIM CnOJKeHl1eM 11 cpe,n;Hl1M pOCTOM. Cell'LIaC ::ITO 'LIl1CTO rnofiarenscrcaa rropozra, HO xorzta-
AorH 59 TO 6bIJIa npnanannoii CJIYJKe6HOrr 11 zraxce rrOJIHI.I:err­ CKorr cofiaxoii. Ho H3-3a caoen c s o e o tip a a n o n rOJIOBbI, KOTOp ylO MHOI'He C'fI1TaJIH YPO~JIHBOrr, fiorccep BbI3bI­ BaJI MHOI'O crropos. A eJIo B TOM, 'f'ro OT ozmoro H3 CBO­ HX npezixon, aHI'JIHrrCKOI'O 6 y JIb,n;OI'a, 60Kcep norry­ 'fI1JI asnepa vryro MOP~y 11 asrztarorrrytoca arrepezr HHJKHlOlO 'feJIIOCTb. Ho B I.I:eJIOM KOpOTKOIIIepCTHble pbIJKHe 11 TI1I'pOBble (pbIJKHe B TeMHylO rrOJIOCO'fKy) Xapatcm epnue npu31WKU HeMeu,KOZO tknccepa - 630 epHymM Mopoa U 6bloa lOUJ, aJU:R HllJ/(HRR «eiuocm»
60 C06AKH fiorcccpr.r OLJeHh rapMOHHLJHhl H KpaCHBhI. 3Ta ypaaao­ semeaaaa , cpezmero pOCTa cotiaxa. T'pyzmo npezrc'ra­ BHTh cotiarcy, 60JIee y,n;06HyIO ,n;JI.H cczrepacaaaa B ro­ pO,n:CKHX yCJIOBH.HX.
AorH 61 A BOT HeMe:O;KHe ,ll;OrH scerna OTJUI1.J:aJIHCb 8JIeraHT­ HOM rrpe,ll;CTaBHTeJIbHOM BHelliHOCTblO. «ArrOJIJIOH cpe­ ,ll;H C06aK » - 8TO 0 HHX. Ha3BaHHe HX OT anrJIHMCKOrO CJIOBa «dog» - cotiarca. Flpczncn ,n;orOB - 8TO rrOMeCH anrJIHMCKHX MacTHCpoB H orpOMHbIX HpJIaH,ll;CKHX 60p­ 3bIX-BOJIKo,n;aBOB. Ern;e BO nperserra Cpe,ll;HeBeKOBbJI aa rcpynnr.rii pOCT, CIIJIy II ornary IIX BbICOKO IIeHIIJIH en­ poneiicrcne rpeoztam.t. Casrsre rcpynrrsre H JIy1.J:IIIHe H3 HIIX 6bIJIII «KOMHaTHbIMII') c06aKaMII. "YKpaIIIeHHbIe 30JIOTbIMH oIIIeMHHKaMH, OHH mHJIH BO zrsopnax B rro­ KOJIX napcrnyronrax ocof II CJIymIIJIH HM aerrozncyn­ HbIMH TeJIOXpaHHTeJIJIMH. COBpeMeHHbIe ztorn no-rrpeacaeray O,ll;HH H3 casn,rx tcpyrrasrx c06aK B MHpe, POCT HX ,ll;OXO,ll;HT no 90 CM B XOJIKe. MYCKYJIHCTbIe, CTpoMHbIe, aTJIeTH1.J:HbIe. I I OKpaCbI y HHX 01.J:eHb KpaCHBbIe - r JIJIH:o;eBO -rep­ nsre, MpaMopHbIe, TO ecrt, 6eJIbIe C 1.J:epHbIMII rrJITHa­ MH, rOJIy6bIe, rraneasre H TIIrpOBbIe. IIpaKTH1.J:ecKH ace xpyrrasre ,ll;or006pa3HbIe c06aKH OTJIH1.J:HbIe oxpaHHHKH. Ho eCTb cpenn HHX H HCKJIIO­ 1.J:eHIIJI - cofiarcn , C03,ll;aHHbIe ,ll;JIJI noraonm JIIO,ll;JIM. Caxrsre 113BeCTHble 113 HllX cenfiepnapsr. C06aKll 113 MOHaCTbIpJI na nepenarre BOJIbIIIOM Cen-Bep aap B Illucauapcrcax Am.nax, rcorna-ro e,ll;IlHCTBeHHoH nopore Mem,ll;y IITaJIIIeM II Illnerinapaeii. B Te1.J:eHlle CTOJIeTllH orposrasre cofiaxn corrpoaoacnann MOHaXOB B ofixonax ropa srx Tporr ,ll;JIJI noncrca aaraepaaromnx nyraaxon. CHa1.J:aJIa cotiarcn JIllIIIb noreorana rrp0611­ BaTb TporrllHKll B rJIy60KoM cnery, HO 3aTeM MOHaXll rrOHJIJIll, 1.J:TO cofiarcn C nx He06bI1.J:aMHbIM 1.J:YTbeM MO­ rYT 6bITb JIY1.J:IIIllMll crraCaTeJIJIMH, 1.J:eM JIIO,ll;II. B MO­ nacrsrpe 6bIJI C03,n;aH rrarorannrc, II Kam,ll;bIl1: ,ll;eHb MOHaXll rrOCbIJIaJIll HeCKOJIbKO c06aK na caMOCTOJITeJIb­ HbIH ofixozt. ECJIll aaxozrana aasrepaaromero rryrnn­ rca, TO ozma 113 c06aK TyT me aoaspanranacs B MOHac­ TbIPb aa noraomsro, OCTaJIbHbIe rrsrranncr. oror-pers naitztennoro. Cenoepnapsr cnac.nn HeCKOJIbKO TbICJI1.J:
62 C06AK~ ~eJIOBe~eCKHx mH3Heil. CaMbIM 3HaMeHHTbIM H3 BCeX 6bIJIBappn (1800 -1814), cnacumii 60JIee 40 qeJIO­ BeK. B 2000 rozry B Il.lnemtapn.a, CqHTaIOII.J;ell cenriep­ napa caoeit Ha:O;HoHaJIbHOll cofiarcoii, IIIHpOKO OTMe­ ~aJIOCb 200-JIeTHe co .n;H.H poacnerraa Bappn. Bappn H zrpyr-ae cenfiepnapr,r, pafiorannrne B ro­ pax, 6bIJIH KOpOTKOIllepCTHbIMH coriaxasra. Ho ecr-s Cenrie uap p
,lJ,OrH 63 H ,ll;JIHHHOIIIepCTHhle centiepnapsi. I10JIYl:J:eHhI OHH 6hI ­ JIH OT CKpern;HBaHHeM C HhlOepayH,ll;JIeH,ll;aMH. MCTOPl:IH m.rorpayaztnennoa HHTepeCHa. Cl:J:l:ITaeTCH, l:J:TO na OCTpOB Hsrotpaynztneazt, JIemarn;HH y fieper-on Kaaazn,r, OHH rrorramr euie ThICHl:J:Y JIeT Ha3a,LJ; BMeCTe C BHKHHraMH . I10TOMKH 3THX cotiarc HCrrOJIh30BaJIHCh 3HMOH KaK eazroasre C06aKl:I, rro 3HaKOMhIM MapIIIpy­
64 C06AK~ TaM napr sr C rpyaore OHll B03llJIlI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO. JIeToM nestor-ana psrtiaxar« BbITHrllBaTb ceTII. OHII OT­ JIIIl..IHble rrJIOBIJ;bI. Ha .nanax y nux zraace nepenomcn Mem.n;y narn.navra - na BCIO .n;JIIIHY rtanstta. I1x ztaace rrOHal..IaJIY II Ha3bIBaJIlI Bo.n;OJIa3aMII. I13BecTHbI MHO­ meCTBO CJIyl..IaeB, xorna 8Tll cotiaxn npaxoztnrra na rro­ MOrn;b yronarounrre JIIO.n;HM. Onn npnoopemr ll3BeCT­ HOCTb II CTaJIlI IIorryJIHpHbI B Anr.aa a, a 3aTeM II B Espone. Co6aK -repaoro II KOplll..IHeBOrO OKpaCOB CTa­ JIll Ha3bIBaTb HblO¢aYH.n;JIeH.n;aMII, a l..IepHo-6eJIbIX ­ JIeH.n;ClIpaMII, rro ¢aMIIJIlllI aHrJIllHCKOro xyztoacmnca, .mofinaurer-o pncosari, nx. Ozma aa KapTIIH naofipaxca­ er MOKpylO 1I3Myl..IeHHylO l..IepHo-6eJIylO cofiaxy, JIema­ uryro na 6epery, aa .nanax - pe6eHOK. Kap'rnua Ha3bI­ BaeTCH «,I:(OCTOHHbIH l..IJIeH l..IeJIOBel..IeCKOrO 06rn;eCTBa». ,I:(YMalO, C 8TlIM COrJIaCIITCH Kam.n;bIH.
OBlfAPK" IIepBoHaqaJIbHO nacryun,a C06aKM 3a~MI.lJ;aJIM zro­ MaIIIHMH: CKOT OT XM~HMKOB. A .n;JI.H arcro, B nepsyro oxepens, HymHbI <pM3MqeCKa.H CMJIa, 3JI06HOCTb, 6ec­ crpanrae. 3a~MTa OT XM~HMKOB 6bIJIa HaCTOJIbKO naxcaa, qTO JIIO.n;M MMpMJIMCb M C 060POTHOH: CTOpOHOH: TaKMX xapaKTepOB - He3aBMCMMOCTblO, yrrp.HMCTBOM, nopoii C rrOBbIIIIeHHOH: ar-peccnanoc-n.ro. KOHeqHO, nacrynrsn oxpaaasre c06aKil nOMOraJIM nacryxy il B vnpaanenna CTa.n;OM, HO He STO 6bIJIO nx rJIaBHOH: aa­ .n;aqeH:. Co apexrenera, TaM, rne XM~HMKOB MCTpe6JI.HJIil, M npeacne scero B rycToHaCeJIeHHbIX paH:OHaX EBPO­ rrst, npenno-rrenae CTaJIil OT,n;aBaTb ,n;pyrOH: cotiaxe. Terrepr, naacaee 6bIJIO He zrorrycra'n, norpansr rroce­ BOB, 6bICTpO nepernarr, crano C onnoro nacrfimna na ztpyroe, aarna-n, ero B YKpbITMe, nonor-aa'rs nyxcaoe
66 C06AK~ jIUIBOTHoe K nacryxy . ,IJ;JIH STOrO CTaJIH He HymHhI 3JI06a H He3aBHCHMhlM xaparcrep - TyT naacnee yMe­ HHe COTpY~HH~aTh C ~eJIOBeKOM. TaKaH coriarca, C ozr­ HOM CTOpOHhl, ~OJImHa CJIyIIIaThcH ~eJIOBeKa-rracTyxa, H, C ~pyroll CTOpOHhI, yMeTh yrrpanna'rs crazror«, ~06H­ BaHCh rrOBHHOBeHHH OT mHBoTHhlX, ~a H cropoxorn, crane Bce-TaKH HymHO. TYT yme He nyxcna MOr.u;h H CHJIa, BhIHOCJIHBOCTh naxcaee. ,IJ;a H e~hl He60JIhIIIOM H 60JIee .ner-xoii cofiarce MeHhIIIe rpcriycrca - 3Ha~HT MeHhIIIe pacxozi. TaK rrOHBHJIHCh HaCTOHr.u;He nacrvnn.a c06aKH - c06aKH­ nacrvxa. Haute ncero OHH rraCJIH oneu, noaror-ry 60JIh­ IIIHHCTBO TaKHX c06aK Ha3hIBaIOT «OB~apKaMH» - CO­ K OJlJlU XOp OUlO noddaem csi apeccupo8Ke
OB'iAPK~ 67 r x ainco uiepc m u u ii U 60pooambiU KO.n.nU 6aKaMl1 npa onuax. 11 poznma 60JIbllIl1HCTBa OB~a­ PO~bl1X rropo.n; - Espona. BeJIl1K06pl1TaHl1H - crpaaa netio.asuraa, a rro cpan­ HeHl1IO C POCCl1eH COBceM MaJIeHbKaH, HO OHa CTaJIa PO.n;l1HOH BOCbMl1 rropoz OB~apOK. Carasre 113BeCTHble 113 Hl1X - KOJIJIl1: KOJIJIl1 .n;JIl1H­ nomepc'msre 11 KOJIJIl1 KOpOTKOllIepCTHble, fiopoztam.re KOJIJIl1 11 fiopziep- KOJIJIl1. Ho xorna rOBopHT «KOJIJIl1», aecs Ml1p nonasraer ­ 3TO .n;JIl1HHOllIepCTHble KOJIJIl1, TaKl1e KaK JI3CCl1. 113Y­ Ml1TeJIbHOH xpacorsr C06aKl1. Ho TaKl1Ml1 OHl1 6blJIl1 He scerna. Ilpoacxoacneane KOJIJIl1 He113BeCTHO, Herro- HHTHO zraxce, ~TO 03Ha~aeT carao CJIOBO «KOJIJIl1» • Ho npeznca KOJIJIl1 .n;aBHbIM .n;aBHO .ml1JIl1 11 naczrn osen B ropax IIIoTJIaH.n;l1l1. 3TO 6blJIl1 npexczte scero pafio-ra­ r'n. Hac ro Kpl1BOHOrl1e 11 KOpOTKOHOrl1e. C 1lI11POKl1M JI60M 11 Y3KOH MOp.n;OH. Il.lepcr-s xepno-fierroro oxpaca 6blJIa ropaano xopoxe, ~eM ceH~ac, rpytiaa, .meCTKaH C oxem, rYCTblM rroznnepc'ncox. B CypOBOM KJIl1MaTe
68 COEiAKH IIIOTJIaH,lI;IIH rpy6bIll: norcpoansrit BOJIOC ztanan 3aW;HTY OT ,n;O.iK,n;.H, cnera H serpa, a rro,n;IIIepCTOK 3aW;HIIJ;aJI OT XOJIo,n;a. Ho CaMa.H r JIaBHa.H HX :o;eHHOCTh 6hIJIa B HX xaparcrepax - HaCTO.HW;He nacrymsn cotiaxn, 3a6oT­ JIHBhle rro OTHOIIIeHHIO K OB:o;aM, IIOCJIyIIIHhle H npe­ ztanm.re X03.HHHy-rraCTYXY. IIorryJI.HpHoCTh K rropone rrpHIIIJIa rrOCJIe roro, KaK aHrJIHll:CKa.H KOpOJIeBa BHKTOpH.H (1837-1901) noana­ KOMHJIaCh C KOJIJIH B CBoeM IIIOTJIaH,n;CKOM nosrecrr,e BaJIMOpaJI, rroJII06HJIa HX H CTaJIa ,n;ep.iKaTh KaK CBOHX ,n;OMaIIIHHX cotiax. KOJIJIH BOIIIJIH B MO,n;y, HMeTh HX CTaJIO rrpH3HaKOM apHCTOKpaTH3­ Ma, H caMH OHH CTaJIH Cl.J:HTaThC.H apHCTOKpaTaMH B C06al.J:heM MHpe. A nec-apncrorcpar ,n;OJI.iKeH ace xce BhlrJI.H,n;eTh nnaue, l.J:eM pafiorar'a­ rraCTYX. II KOJIJIH CTaJIH ofinaropa­ .iKHBaTh - rrpHJIHBaTh KpOBh ,n;py­ rHX rropo,n; - r JIa,n;KoIIIepcTHoro 6 anzmora , cer-repa, 60P30ll:. CTaJIH poacnar sca H KOpOTKOIIIepCTHhle w;eHKH, KOTOphIX BhI,n;eJIHJIH B OT­ zterrsrrvro nopozry KOpOTKOIlIepCTHhIX KOJIJIH. KOJIJIH rrpeapa'rnrracs B ,n;ell:CTBH­ TeJIhHO 3JIeraHTHhlX cofiax, rOJIOBa yTOHl.J:eHHa.H, 6JIaropo,n;HhIX JIHHHll:, yIIIH BhICOKO rrOCTaBJIeHHhle, rro­ JIycTO.Hl.J:He C l.J:yTh 3arHYThIMH KOH­ l.J:HKaMH - H OTKphIThIll:, BHHMa­ TeJIhHhIll: B3rJI.H,n; pa6ol.J:ell: OBl.J:apKH. Y JIyl.J:IIIHJIC.H rrOCTaB nor. IIIepcTh CTaJIa oxem, 60raTOll: - na IIIee OHa ofipaayer xpacnayro rpHBY H BOpOT­ HHK, na aorax - «Ol.J:eChI » H «IIITa­ HhI », a aa Mop,n;e, rOJIOBe H rranax
OBfAPK~ 69 mepcrs KopOTKaH, rJIa,z:I;KaH. Oxpac O'IeHb HapH)l;HbIll: ­ PbDKI1ll: 11:JII1 'IepHbIll:, a na rpyztn 11: wee - 6eJIbIll: BO­ pOTHI1K, na rranax - fierrsre «HOCKM », 11: KOH'II1K XBOC­ Ta Tome 6eJIbIM:, rOJIOBy yxpanraer 6eJIaH rrpOTO'I11:Ha. A erne MomeT 6bITb oicpac 6mO-MepJIb - MpaMOpHbIll:: ua cepe6p11:CTO-roJIy6oM qlOHe He60JIbWMe xepn sre na-rna 11: rcpan. KOJIJI11: Terrepb O'IeHb KpaCI1BbI. Ho COXpaH11:JIOCb JIM TO, 'ITO :u;eH11:JIOCb B H11:X 11:3.n;peBJIe - MHTeJIJIeKT M nacrynrecrcaii 11:HCT11:HKT? KOHe'IHO, MaJIO KOMy 11:3 KOJlJlU 6bl8alOm pasnuoai no otcpacu
70 C06AK~ COBpeMeHHbIX KOJIJIH ynanocs XOT.H 6bI paa B iKH3HH YBH.n;eTb OBIJ;Y. Ho nee iKe ec-n, H TaKHe, xoropsre pa6o­ TalOT KaK nacrvnrsn cooarcn. B AMepHKe OHH ztaxce aa­ nnrmaro'r OBeIJ; OT xonoron. COBeprneHHO yHHKaJIbHylO CrreIJ;HaJIbHOCTb OHH rro­ JIyqHJIH B COBeTCKoil POCCHH - B Y ccvpa iicrcoxr xpae OHH nacrrn rraHTOBbIX o.neaeri. H XOT.H rr.HTHHCTbIe OJIe­ HH TaK H OCTaBaJIHCb .n;HKHMH iKHBOTHbIMH, nac-ry­
OB~APKH 71 IIIeCKIIM: IIHCTIIHKT, IIHTeJIJIeKT II M.HI'KOCTh xapaxrepa KOJIJIII, YM H OJK e H H h Ie ua MaCTepCTBO II re p nenae zrpec­ ClipOBIlJ,IIKOB, cnenann CBOe ,n;eJIO - KOJIJIIi MHOI'O JIeT CJIYJKIIJIIi na OJI e H e BO,IJ;'I e CK Ii X rp e p ja a x. Y 8TlIX co fiarc rrO JI Y'I aJI OCh MHOI'Oe . ,1J;eC.HT h C rrOJIO­ BIiHOM: ThIC.H'I MIiH aarne,n K OJIJIIi ,1J;IIK aa I'O ,n;hI B e JI II ­ KOM: O T e 'l e CT BeH H OM: BOM:HhI. ,1J;IIK 6hIJI cpezra TeX, KTO crrac OT B3phIBa 3HaMeHIIThIM: IIaBJI OBCKIIM: ,n; BOpeIJ, nozt JIeHIIHI'pa,n;OM - B rr onnane ,n;BOpIJ,a OH 0 6 H a p YJK lIJI 60M6y C '1aCOBbIM MeXaHII3M OM . IIocJIe BOM:HbI ,1J;IIK 6hIJI rrOXOpOHeH C BOIlHCKIiMIi rrO'leCT.HMII . KOJI JIIi pa60TaJIH II KaK I'eOJIOI'Ii - rro aanaxy HaXO ­ ,n;IIJIH rrO JIe3HbIe IICKOnaeMbIe . KOJIJIU - npe60CXOaHblU nacmyx
72 C06AK~ Ceti-rac onn BeCeJIbIe II pe3YJIbTaTllBHbIe CrrOpTCMe­ HbI - ycnexn B parte COBpeMeHHbIX Bll,D;OB cotia-rsero cnopra rrO,D;TBepm,D;aIOT STO. A BOT CJIaBa O,D;HOH aa JIY~llIllX nacryun.ax C06aK Mllpa renepr, npananneacar 3eMJIRKy KOJIJIll - rro-rra Te3Ke II nepoarnoery npezncy - 60p,D;ep-KOJIJIII. «Bop­ ztep : rro-aarJIIIHCKll «r-paaana», nonyxaerca «rrorpa­ Hll~HbIH» KOJIJIll. PO,D;llHa STOH cotiarcn aa rpaaane AHrJillII II IIIoT.nanzraa, OTCIO,D;a II naasaaae. A «KOJI­ Jill »? qTO m, CJIOBOM «KOJIJIll » pansme Ha3bIBaJIll no-r­ Tll scex rrac'ryrrrsnx c06aK . KOpOJIeBCKlle OC06ll 060llI­ Jill CBOllM BHllMaHlleM 60p,D;ep-KOJIJIll. OH 6bIJI, ecrs II 6Y,D;eT c06aKoH epepMepoB II nacryxoa . H cnoeii HbI­ neumeit rpoMKoH CJIaBOH OH 06R3aH He 3HaMeHllTbIM BJIa,D;eJIbIJ;aM, He SJIeraHTHOCTll nnemaer-o nazra ­ a careosry ce6e, caoeray llHTeJIJIeKTy, caoeii crpacrn
OBliAPKH 73 K pafiore - I1, KOHeqHO me, erne TeM ThICR:qaM epepMe­ POB, xoropsre C03,ZJ;aJII1 3TY nopozry. Bop,ZJ;ep-KOJIJII1 ovens paaasre, nexoropsre II3 HI1X noxoacn TOJIbKO ca­ MI1 na cefia. OHI1 MoryT 6hITb ,ZJ;JII1HHOllIepCTHhIMI1 I1 KO­ pOTKOllIepCTHhIMI1, nO'tlTI1 nrofioro OKpaca, ynnr ­ CTOR:'tlI1e I1JII1 nOJIycTOR:'tlI1e, POCT - He60JIhIlIOH, OKO­ JIO 50 CM. ,IJ;BI1meHI1R: - 6hICTphle, HO nrranasre, CTe­ JIlOrn;I1eCR:, rrOqTI1 6e3 OTpbIBa .narr OT 3eMJIH. Ho 06­ tnee y scex 3TH X c06aK - O,ZJ;HO: yM, TeMnepaMeHT H COBepllIeHHhIH nacryurecroni HHCTIIHKT. YTBepm,ZJ;a­ lOT, qTO 60p,ZJ;ep-KOJIJII1 nacer nee, qTO ,ZJ;BHmeTCR:: onen II KOIlIeK, ,ZJ;eTeH H aBTOM06IIJII1. 3TO C06a'tlHH «Tpy,ZJ;O­ rOJIHK », I1 OH He MomeT mHTh 6e3 pa60ThI. A OCTaJIhHhle aHrJIHHCKHe OBqapKH? OHH nparcrn­ 'tleCKI1 OCTaJIHCh 6e3 ,ZJ;eJIa, npeBpaTHJII1Cb B c06aK­ Bopoep-icon nu
74 C06AKH KOMrraHbOHOB H oxem, JIl06HMbI BO BCeM MHpe - 3TO 60pO,n;aTbIll KOJIJIH, CTapOaHrJIHllCKaR oaxapxa 606­ TallJIb, lIleTJIaH,n;CKaR onnaprca lIleJITH. IIIeJITH anent­ He - xporne-maa rcorraa KOJIJIH, HO onxapxa JIH OHa? I1pHBepmeHII;bI nopozrsr no CHX nop cnopar, rrac.na JIH OHa XOTb KorO-TO aa pO,n;HbIX ell IIIeTJIaH,n;cKHx OCTpO­ sax. Ho BOT caxrsre MaJIeHbKHe OBqapKH B MHpe ­ BeJIblIl-KOprH - Kap,n;HraH H rreM6pOK - HaCTORIII;He nacrvnn,n c06aKH, H CrreII;HaJIbHOCTb Y HHX B nponr­ JIOM 6bIJIa caxsaa cepseaaaa - OHH neperOHRJIH rvp'rsr ztaxce xpyrmoro pora'ror-o CKOTa. 06a BeJIblIl-KOprH COBceM MaJIeHbKOro pOCTa - 25-30 CM, BeCOM OKOJIO Boomeiin Illenmu.
OBliAPKH 75 10 KllJIOI'paMMOB. CJIOBO «rcopr-n : rrO-KeJIbTC KI1 TaK II 3HR4:llT (,MaJI eHbKaR cofiaxa». Hoxocn xopo-rem.xne, ynrn CTORT. B3I'JIR,n; aece.nsra . 8Tll ovens rrozraaacnsre, BhIHOCJIllBhle cofiaxxrr finar-oztaprr csoeii JIOBKOCTll II BHllM aTeJIbHOCTll amcorna He nonanann nozt xonsrra rreperonaesror-o CKOTa. Ceiivac 3TO casraa JIl06I1MaR nopozra aHI'JIllllCKOll KOpOJIeBCKOll cesrsu. AHa KOHTI1HeHTe, B Banaznrofi Enpone, nacryursn CO­ 6aKll 60JIee rcpynasre II MO~Hble, qeM aHI'JIllllCKlle. Tarcae, qTo6bI MOI'JIll aaurarn'n, ,n;OM II CKOT OT xnuran­ KOB II nenponrensrx I'OCTe rr. 8TO 6bIJIll ocrposropzrsre cofiaicn C BbICOKOrrOCa.iKeHHhIMll yuraxra, xaazrparmae II ,n;JIllHHble, Oq eHh paaasre rro oxpacax II urepcrn ­ B eJlbUl -KOpZU n e.M6pOK B eJlbUl-KOpZU «apiiuean.
Bpuap M npareonrepcr-asre, M ,ll;JIMHHOllIepCTHble, M C rnepcrsro .lKeCTKOH M rpy6oH, rroxoxceii na rrpOBOJIOKy. B Ka.IK,ll;Oll crpaae, B Ka.IK,ll;Oll MeCTHOCTM epOPMMPO­ BaJIMCb CBOM nopozn,i, M nexoropsre ,ll;OllIJIM zro HaC. H3 eppaHIJ;Y3CKMX OBLIapOK MbI 3HaeM fiooepona - KO­ pOTKOllIepcTHyIO os-raprcy M3 rrpOBMHIJ;MM Boc, M fipaa­ pa, ,ll;JIMHHOllIepCTHoro nacryxa M3 rrpOBMHIJ;MM BpM. Y 06eMx nopozt ecrt, ozma MHTepeCHaR xepra - C,ll;BO­ eansre rrpnfisr.nsre nam.usr na 3a,ll;HMX .nanax. «IIpn­ 6bIJIble » narn.nsr - 8TOJIMllIHMe IIaJIbIJ;bI. IIpM ,ll;BM.lKe­ HMM B rJIy6oKoM cner-y, rro CHe.IKHOMY aacry cofiarcn paHRT MX, M Y 60JIbllIMHCTBa nopozt OHM He.IKeJIaTeJIb­ HbI. 06bILIHO npntistm.re rransrn,r, eCJIM OHM ecrr., yna­ JIRIOT cpaay npn pO.IK,ll;eHMM II.J;eHKOB. Ho fipnapara M fioceponara CHe.IKHbIll HaCT He crpamen - na MX PO,ll;M­ He cner-a rrOLITM HeT. H ,ll;JIR HMX rrpatisr.nsre nansnsr ­ 06R3aTeJIbHbIll rropoznnaa npnaaax. Boceponsr M cell ­ LIac pa60TaIOT nacryxasrn. KpOMe roro, 8TO OTJIMLIHaR IIOJIMIJ;ellCKaR M CIIopTMBHaR cofiatca. Bocepoa HarrOMM­ traer OLIeHb rcpymroro, rpy6oro, XBOCTaToro ,ll;06epMa­ aa, aenapom ero CLIMTaIOT O,ll;HMM M3 rrpezncon 8TMX 3HaMeHMTbIX CbIII.J;MKOB.
OB'iAPK~ 77 y q>paH~llll eCTb erne ozraa 3HaMeHllTaH cofiarca, HO « nanononara : C BeJIbrlleH - 3TO <pJIaH,n;pCKaH OB­ xapxa, liJIll ¢JIaH,n;pCKllH 6YBbe. BYBbe - rcpyrmaa (zto 68 CM), Cli JIbHaH II MO~HaH cotiaxa caMbIX paaasrx Bocepon.
OKpaCOB - psrxcero , xepnoro, TJiIrpOBOrO , «rrepen C COJIbIO ». YIIlJiI BHC.H'-lJiIe, paasnre KyrrJiIpOBaJIJiICb. BYBbe ncerna 6bIJI BepHbIM rrOMOIIJ;HHKOM qirranzrp­ CKHX diepmepoa JiI 6IOprepOB. fP03HbIH CTOpOm XO­ 3.HMCKOrO zrotipa JiI CKOTa. OHJiI JiICrrOJIb30BaJIJiICb KaK CKOTOrOHHble C06aKJiI, aanparanacs B TeJIemKJiI ,n;JI.H rrepeaoaxn He60JIbIIlJiIX rpyaoa, aanpnvrep 6JiI,n;OHOB C MOJIOKOM. B CrreU;JiIaJIbHbIX KOJIeCaX BepTeJIJiI xcepno­ aa na MaJIeHbKHX MeJIbHJiIu;aX JiI rrpJiIBO,n;JiIJIJiI B ,n;eHCTBJiIe MacJI060HKJiI. CeH'-laC TeXHJiIKa BbIIIOJIH.HeT STY pafio­ Ty, HO ,n;JI.H OXpaHbI <pePM KaK C06aKa-TeJIOXpaHJiITeJIb JiI ,n;JI.H CJIym6bI B rrOJIJiIU;JiIJiI 6YBbe BOCTpe60BaH rro­ npeacaevry. B BeJIbrJiIJiI rrOMJiIMO STOH ec'rs JiI CBOJiI C06CTBeHHble 6eJIbrJiIHCKJiIe OB'-lapKJiI. Hx xer srpe nopozrsr: MaJIHHya, TIOpBepeH, rpronenztans H naxeaya.
OBliAPKH 79 q TO 06II~erO Me.IK.n;y 6eJIbrIiHCKOrr OB'lapKOH Ii KO­ JIOKOJIbHbIM 3BOHOM? 06'be.n;IiHHeT l1X 6eJIbrIiHCKIiH ropo.n; MeXeJIeH, nO-<ppaHIJ;Y3CKIi - MaJIIiH. Bnarozta­ pa He06bIKHOBeHHOH KpaCOTe 3BY'laHIiH KOJIOKOJIOB Ii3 MaJIl1Ha B POCCIiIi CTaJIIi Ha3bIBaTb «MaJIIiHOBbI­ MIi » carasre xpacnasre KOJIOKOJIbHbIe 3BOHbI. A caraaa 3HaMeHl1TaH Ii3 6eJIbrIiHCKIix OB'lapOK, pbI.lKIirr Ma­ JIIiHya, rrponcxozrar TO.IKe Ii3 MaJIIiHa. MaJIIiHya ceri­ 'lac B rpasope, - 6bICTpbIH, JIerKIiH, rrpbIryqIirr (c rrer­ KOCTbIO npeononesae-r TpeXMeTpOBbIe 3a60pbI), - OH ycneunro npnraenaerca BO rppannycxon aprana, 6JIec­ r anre asrc'ryrraer aa CnOp'l'IiBHbIX copeBHOBaHIiHX. IIoKJIOHHIiKIi MaJIIiHya BO scere Ml1pe see 'la~e Ii xame Ma JLUHya /
80 C06AK~ Ha"tumaIOT CpaBHHBaTb ero C 3TaJIOHOM CJIyJKe6HOH c06aKH - C HeMeI.:I;KOH onsapxon. ECJIH BO <t>paHI.:I;HH H BeJIbrHH rro HeCKOJIbKY OB­ "tlapO"tlbHX rropozi - H ,n;JIHHHOIIIepCTHbIX, H JKeCTKO­ IIIeCTHbIX, H KOTOpOTKOIIIepCTHbIX, - TO HeMI.:I;bI H3 HeMeHbIIIero pa3Ho06pa3HR KpeCTbRHCKHX rraCTYIIIb­ HX c06aK C03,n;aJIH ncer'o oznry nopozry - HO 3aTO rca­ KYIO! EIIJ;e B KOHI.:I;e XIX serca HeMeI.:I;KaR cnxaprca C"tlHTa­ JIaCb rrJIe6eHCKoH c06aKoH . BOJIbIIIe roro , MHorHe JII06HTeJIH HMrropTHbIX anrJIHHCKHX nopozt C"tlHTaJIH, "tlTO paaaozrm-s «c06aK BOJI"tlberO THrra npermo » . Ho HaIIIeJICR "tleJIOBeK, rroJII06HBIIIHH 3THX c06aK H C03­ ,n;aBIIIHH na HX OCHOBe JIy"tlIIIyIO CJIyJKe6HyIO cofiarcy MHpa. 3BaJIH ero Marco epOH IIITecpaHHI.:I; . CBOIO JKH3Hb OH rrOCBRTHJI C03,n;aHHIO H COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHHIO He­ MeI.:I;KHX OB"tlapOK . Pa3 H HaBcer,n;a OH yCTaHOBHJI: HeMeI.:I;KaR oaxaprca - 3TO npexcne ncero pafiouaa co­ 6aKa. IT HHTeJIJIeKT, H KpaCOTa, H rrpaBHJIbHOCTb CJIOJKeHHR oaxapxa - ace ,n;OJIJKHO ooecrre-maa-n, ee pario-rocnocotiaocr-s. KpOMe nacrvnn.en CJIyJK6bI IIITeepaHHI.:I; CTpeMHJICR HaHTH ,n;JIR HeMeI.:I;KHx oaxapox H zrpvr-yro paeory, TaKyIO, KOTopaR pacxpsr.na 6bI see B03MOJKHOCTH 3THX c06aK H cne.nana HX rrOJIe3HbIMH ,n;JIR scex . HeMeI.:I;KHX oanapox B3RJIH aa scopyace­ HHe rrOJIHI.:I;HR H apMHR, HCKaBIIIaR aJIbTepHaTHBy zro­ porHM aHrJIHHCKHM nopozraxr . IT oavaprcn He nozrsena. OHH OKa3aJIHCb rrepBOKJIaCCHbIMH rrOJIHI.:I;eHCKHMH H BoeHHbIMH c06aKaMH. Bo BpeMR nepnoii MHpOBOH BOHHbI OHH rrpOKJIa,n;bIBaJIH TeJIeepOHHbIe Ka6eJIH, non­ ,n;epJKHBaJIH CBR3b, HCKaJIH panensrx , HCrrOJIb30Ba­ JIHCb B rraTpyJIHpOBaHHH H B xapay.nax. IIocJIe nepnoii MHpOBOH BOHHbI Ha"tlaJICR HaCTOR­ IIJ;HH OB"tlapO"tlHH 6yM . APMHH H rrOJIHI.:I;HH no-rm scex CTpaH B3RJIH na CJIyJK6y HeMeI.:I;KHX onxapcrc. OHH 06JIa,n;aIOT XOpOIIIHM "tlyTbeM H MYJKeC'I'BeHHbIM xaparcrepoxr, OHH BbIHOCJIHBbI H HerrpHXOTJIHBbI, OHH
H eMe 4 /Ca.R.0811a p 1 W
82 C06AK~ pano HaqHHaIOT H JII06HT pafiorarr., OHH YMHbI H crpe­ MHTCH COTpy,n;HHqaTb C qeJIOBeKOM. A qTO erne nazro OT CJIy.iKe6HOH: cofiarcn? HeMeU;KaH oaxaprca 3 a M e q a T e JI b H O KpaCHBa. Moxc­ HO rrOHHTb Tex, xoro OHa BOCXHrn;aeT rapMOHHeH: CJIO­ .iKeHHH H Heo6bIqaH:HOH: KpaCOTOH: ,n;BH.iKeHHH:. 3TO H CTpOH:HaH H ztoc'raromro MOrn;HaH cofiaxa. 3aOCT­ peunaa Mop,n;a C qepHOH: MaCKOH:. Crpor-ne CTOHqHe yIIIH. fapMOHHqHble, n.nanasre JIHHHH xoprryca. Yrr­ pyraa cmraa, CHJIbHble ynpyr-ae KOHeqHOCTH. Oxpac ,n;OJI.iKeH 6bITb HpKHM - qepHO-pbI.iKHM C qepHOH: Mac­ KOH: aa Mop,n;e H qepHOH: CrrHHOH:, aonapno-cepsrra, qepHbIM. H eueu icasi oeuaptca sa patiomoii
OBiAPKH 83 Osrem, KpaCHBaH cotiaxa. If MHOrHX JIl06HTeJIerr OHa npHBJIeKaeT He TOJIbKO KaK pafioxaa cofiarca, HO H KaK c06aKa-KOMnaHboH. Ho OCTaJIaCb JIH onxaprcon HeMeIJ,KaH onnapxa? ­ OTBeT MomHO ,n;aTb BnOJIHe orrpenerremrsrri: OCTaJIaCb. B I'epraanna exceronao npOBo,n;HTCH qeMnHOHaT He­ MeIJ,KHX OBqapOK no nacr-sfie. ,Il;JIH rrparcr-a-recrcn patio­ TaIOIIJ,Hx no nacrynn.ek cJIym6e HeMeIJ,KHX OBqapOK ecrr- naace ornensnsre pHHrH na caMOM rJIaBHOM KOH­ rcypce «on-rapovseri rcpaco'rsn - aa rJIaBHOrr BbICTaBKe HeMeIJ,KHX OBqapOK I'epraauan. Maorne Be,n;yIIJ,He rrn­ TOMHHKI1 I'epraaaaa BbICTaBJIHIOT CBOHX c06aK B 3TOM KJIaCce. Ho Bce-TaKH OCHOBHaH paoora COBpeMeHHbIx HeMeIJ,­ KHX OBqapOK He nacrsoa, OHH - P03bICKHbIe c06aKH
84 C06AK~ H nor-paaanmae, canepsr If TaMOJKeHHHKH, rrOH CKOBH­ KH-crraCaTeJIH, noaozrsrpa cnerrsrx H oxpaHHHKH. BpeMR OT BpeMeHH npoxomrr CJIyx , "lITO KaKaR-TO nopozta patioraer JIy"lIIIIe, "lITO HeMeIJ;KylO oa-rapxy BOT ­ BOT caepr-ayr C rrsenecrana CJIyme6Holl cofiarcn « HO­ Mep O.n;HH ». TaK 6hIBaJIO yme He pas. O.n;HaKO 3TH BHe­ aamro BOIIIe.n;IIIHe B MO.n;y nopoztsr rrpaxozrar H YX O.n;R T . A HeMeIJ;KaR onnapxa OCTaeTCR. Ho ecrr, y Hee H MJIa.n;IIIHe po.n;CTBeHHHKH. Bcerzta CYI.I.J;eCTBOBaJIH HeMeIJ;KHe OB"lIapKH C "lIyTh 60JIee .n;JIHH­ HOll IIIepCThlO, .n;JIHHHOIIIepCTHhle. 3a yIIIaMH H na ThlJIhHOll CTopOHe KOHe"lIHOCTell - « ouecsre , rro KOp­ rrycy IIIepCTh TOJKe "lIyTh .n;JIHHHee. TaKHe I.I.J;eHKH pOJK­ .n;aIOTCR H y CT a H .n;a p T H h I X HeMeIJ;KHX OB"lIapOK. Cell"lIaC rropozry. B Eapone OHH HX Bhl.n;eJIHJIH B OT.n;eJIhHYIO oxeas JII06HMhl KaK cotiarca-rcoranansoma sa yM H xpa­ COTY· HeMeIJ;KaR onxapxa - cofiarca, "lITO HaShIBaeTCR, «BhlIIIe cpezmero pOCTa », ee POCT 58-65 CM. Ilpaaaa, scerna Haxo.n;HJIHCh JII06HTeJIH, KOTOphlM KaSaJIOCh, qTO « xopoureii cotiaxa .n;OJIJKHO 6hlTh MHOI'O». OHH rrsr­ TaJIHCh paasozra'n, o-rens xpynnsrx OBqapOK - nycrs XOTh sa 75 CM. TaKHe rcpynasre OBqapKH Tep.HJIH rrozt­ BHJKHOCTh H BhIHOCJIHBOCTh, H HeMeIJ;KylO onxaprcy sa B CIO ee IfCTOpHIO He pas «BOSBpaI.I.J;aJIH » B paMKH CTaH ­ zrapra. Ho B COBeTcKoM Coroae 6hlJI paapatioran HOBhlll craaztapr (pOCT zto 70 CM), H TaKHX 60JIhIIIHX OB"lIapOK CTaJIH HaShIBaTh BOCTO"lIHOeBpOrrellCKHMH. Ceiiuac B crpaaax 6hIBlIIeI'O COBeTCKOI'O Coroaa paaaozia-r B OC­ HOBHOM HaCTORI.I.J;HX HeMeIJ;KHX OB"lIapOK, HO CBOH JIIO­ 6HTeJIH COXpaHHJIHCh H y BOCTOqHOeBpOrrell CKHX. Oc­ HOBHOll oxpac y 3TOll nopozrsr - q errpa"lIHhlll (x epaaa cnaua) C cepetipncro-cepsna nonrranom. ,I.I;JIR HeMeIJ;­ KHX OB"lIapOK 3TOT orcpac He paapeuren. KpOMe BOCTO"lIHOeBpOrrellCKOll OBqapKH e c 'rs y H a c H CBOR CTapHHHaR nacryun,a nopona - roacaop yccxaa oaxaprca.
OB~APK~ 85 o rrpOHCXOJK,n;eHIHI IOJKHOpyCCKOH: OBL£apKH MHoro cnopar. OTHOCHTCH JIH OHa K rpynne (, HaCTOHI.JJ;HX'> OBL£apOK, HJIH B L£HCJIe ee npemcon 6bIJIH ztoroofipaa­ asre c06aKH? 8TO He TaK yJK BaJKHO. Ho B eI.JJ;e B rro­ 3arrpOIlIJIOM aerce 3TH c06aKH, «OBL£apbI», 6bIJIH XOpO­ IlIO H3BeCTHbI rro scesry tor-y POCCHH - OT KpbIMa zto CTaBpOrrOJIbH. Macr-ae tcpvrmsre onneaozrsr ,n;epJKaJIH B CTerrHX crrerraarn.asre nHTOMHHKH ,n;JIH « pyCCKHX OBL£apOK», rzte c06aK pa3Bo,n;HJIH H OTnpaBJIHJIH aa­ TeM B orapsr. Hexoropsre 60raL£H, XBaCTaHCb CBOHMH OBo;aMH, rOBOpHJIH, CKOJIbKO y HHX TbICHL£ c06aK. A orapy H3 TbICHL£H-rrOJIyTopa TbICHL£ oaeu OXpaHHJIH 3-4 OBl.IapKH. IOJKHOpyccKHe OBL£apKH pa60TaJIH COBceM B npyrnx yCJIOBHHX, L£eM HX 3ana,n;HoeBporreHcKHe c06paTbH. BeCKpaH:HHe crenn, 60JIbIlIHe orapsr H MHOJKeCTBO XHI.JJ;HHKOB, - BOT C L£eM npaxozranocr, HM CTaJIKH­ BaTbCH KaJK,n;bIH ,n;eHb. 8TO H Cq)OPMHpOBaJIO rropo,n;y­ ,n;JIH 3aI.JJ;HTbI OT BOJIKOB H rpa6HTeJIeH: Tpe60BaJIHCb icpyrmsre, OL£eHb CHJIbHble H 3JI06Hble c06aKH. IIlepcTb y HHX ,n;JIHHHaH, rpyfiaa, KOCMaTaH H JIerKO c6HBaeTCH B BOHJIOK. 8TOT BOH:JIOK ztaer cofiarce nazrexcrryro 3aI.JJ;HTY OT CTerrHbIX fiypanon, nenorozn,i, OT BOJIL£bHX 3y60B H OT yztapon HaraH:KoH. ,II;JIHHHaH «L£eJIKa ,>, «YCbI» H «fiopo­ zta» , COBepIlIeHHO 3aKpblBalOI.JJ;He rOJIOBy, 3aI.IJ;HI.IJ;aIOT r-naaa OT rrbIJIH H HaceKOMbIX. Oxpac 6eJIbIH:, cepr.ni MJIH CBeTJIO- naneasrrr. Tlocrerrenno crerm OCBaHBaJIHCb, YMeHbIlIHJIOCb L£HCJIO BOJIKOB, CTaJIO COKpaI.IJ;aTbCH H rrOrOJIOBbe OBL£a­ pOK. Carasre JIyL£IlIHe c06aKH COXpaHHJIHCb B HMeHHH <t>aJIbo;-<t>eHHOB. B 3HaMeHMTOH ACKaHHH-HoBa ,n;JIH oxpansr CBOHX cran OH nepxca,n no ,n;BYX TbICHL£ OT60p­ HbIX «pyCCKHX OBL£apOB». Ho HCTOpHH 3TOH nopozrsr TparHL£eCKaH. T'paxcnaa­ CKaH BOH:Ha, Tpy,n;HOCTH COBeTCKoro zroaoemroro nepn­ ozra: MaCCOBaH 3arOTOBKa c06aK na rmcypsr, 3aTeM peKBH3HIJ,HH c06aK ,n;JIH apMHM, a nOTOM H BeJIHKaH
86 C06AK~ OTe'IeCTBeHHaJI aoirna IIOCTaBIIJHI IOmHOpYCCKIIX OB­ 'I apOK na Kpaii llC'Ie3HOBeHllJI. Tlopozta ceii'Iac BOCCTaHOBJIeHa , HO MHOrO'IIICJIeH­ Hoii OHa yxce, BepOJITHO, He 6y,n;eT. TeM He MeHee, 3TO OT JIll'IHaJI cofiaxa ,n;JIJI aaropoznrsrx KOTTe,n;meii, ,ll;JIJI rpepxrepos. O'IeHh IIOXOmaJI na roxcnopyccrcyro OB'IapKY cofiarca ec-n, B Benrpnn. 8TO KOMOH,n;Op. Crpcro rOBopJI, KO- JOJlCHOpyCCKaR oesapiea
OBl.iAPKH 87 MOH~OP cxopee OTHOCI1TCR K ~or006pa3HhIM C06aKaM, "lleM K ouxaprcare. 8TO cotiaxa C ThICR"lleJIeTHei1: I1CTOpl1­ err, MO./KeT 6hITh, OHa 6hIJIa B "llI1CJIe ITpe~KOB HaIIII1X IO./KHOPYCCKl1X onxapox. KaK 11 OHI1, KOMOH~OPhI OX­ paHRJIl1 onen, HO B BeHrepCKl1X CTeITRX - B rrYIIITe. KOMOH,n;OphI - OqeHh xpyrnrsre C06aKl1, MO./KHO CKa­ aart., orpoerasre. Cpeznrait pOCT y Hl1X 70 -80 CM. IJ;BeT IIIepCTI1 - "llI1CTO 6eJIhIll:. Illepcrr, y HI1X o6R3aTeJIhHO ,n;OJI./KHa CBaJIl1BaThCR B BOll:JIOK, I1JII1 B Bl1,n;e BOll:JIO"ll­ HhIX IIIHypOB, I1JII1 ofipaayer ITO ncevry TeJIy o,n;I1HaKO­ nsre KOJITyHhI, TaK aaasmaesrsre «CBaJIhI'). KOMOH~OPOB
K O HO p He nodnucmum MO O 80JlIW K omape
OB~APKH 89 HeJIb3H pacaecsrsarr., qTo6bI He napynrart- crpyrcrvpy wepCTI:I. Korna KOMOH,n;Op JIllHHeT, TO BbIJIllHllBaIO­ nraa nrepcrs OCTaeTCH B KOJITyHe. II C B03paCTOM KO­ MaH,n;op nee 60JIbWe II 60JIbWe onenaerca B «6POHIO » ll3 KOJITyHOB, rrpe,n;CTaBJIHH C060H neaatisraaeraoe 3pe­ rrmne. Hnorna, CJIyqaeTCH, KOMOH,n;Op repaer mepcr's , HO CKOPO «onea aer ca. CHOBa. KOMOH,n;op - :3TO cotiaxa ,n;JIH oxpaasr crazra , II CTO­ poxc OH BeJIllKOJIerrHbIH, y Hero naace B cranzrapre npo­ nacano - «HOqbIO zmar-aerca HeCJIbIWHO» . Ho B Bear­ pan ec'rs II nacroaume osuapxa - BeJIllKOJIerrHaH «TpOHKa»: rrymr, rrYMll II My,n;ll. 8TO MaJIeHbKlle CO­ 6aqKll pOCTOM 35-45 CM. Bee OHll OTJIllqHbIe cropoxca II KPbICOJIOBbI, n, KOHeqHO rrepBOKJIaCCHbIe nacryxn, Kam,n;bIH co CBoeH cneuaanaaauaeii. 8TO KaK Tpll 6pa­ Ta - crapnraa , cpezraaii II MJIa,n;wllH. Crapmaa - :3TO rry.n a, llCTOPllH ero TaKaH me ,n;peBHHH, KaK II y KOMOH­ ,n;opa, OH II BbIrJIH,n;IlT KaK «MllHll»-KOMOH,n;Op. TOJIbKO rrynn MomeT 6bITb He TOJIbKO 6eJIoro, HO II qepHOrO llJIll ceporo oxpaca. CneU;llaJIIl3aU;IlH ero - OBU;bI. Cpezmait fipar , nyxrrr, o6pa30BaJICH B XVII-XVIII Be­ xax OT cxpenraaanaii nYJI11 C OCTpOyXllM11 aarrazmoea­ ponericrcnraa oauapxaraa. Aaaprnoro 11 JIOBKOrO nYM11 JII0611JI11 llCnOJIb30BaTb ,n;JIH pa60TbI co CBllHbHMll 11 KpynHbIM poraTbIM CKOTOM. A rpernfi fipar , My,n;ll, no cpaBHeH11IO C ,n;pyrllM11 6paTbHM11 COBceM MaJIbIW - OH C<pOPMllPO­ BaJICH « cax C060IO» na pyfiexce XIX II XX BeKOB OT CMeWeH11H pa3HbIX rropo,n;. My,n;11 - BeJIllKOJIerrHbIH CKOTorOH II ero CneU;llaJIIl3aU;IlH ­ KpyrrHbIH poraTbIH CKOT. IIYMll II My,n;11 BHeWHe noxoacn na BeCeJIbIX 3a,LJ;OpHbIX zraopnaxcex. A BOT no xaparcrepy nx C ,n;BopHHmKOH He cnyTaewb - cepbe3Hble patio-me nacryrm.n cotiarca.
>KH3HEPAAOCTHOE nllEMSI ­ TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, nHHLiEPbl BpI1TaHI.J;hI - BeJII1KaR C06aKOBO,n;qeCKaR HaI.J;I1R. HaI.J;I1R CrrOpTCMeHOB, MeXaHI1KOB 11 CTOpOHHI1KOB paa­ ,n;eJIeHI1R Tpy,n;a. 11 3Ta I1X qepTa HaIIIJIa orpaacenne He TOJIhKO B rrpOMhIIIIJIeHHOCTI1, HO 11 B mI1BOTHOBo,n;CTBe, 11 B co6aKOBo,n;CTBe B qaCTHOCTI1. Cy,n;I1Te CaMI1 - 6op­ asre xpynasre, MeJIKI1e, rOHQI1e na 3aHI.J;a, rOHQI1e na JII1CY, na asrzrpy, na OJIeHR, CKOpOCTHhle rJIa,n;KOIIIep­ CTHhIe rrOHHTephI, ,n;JII1HHOIIIepCTHhle cer-repsr ,n;JIR pa3HhIX yro,n;I1H, CrraHI1eJII1 ,n;JIR yro,n;I1H, nerronxozra­ II.J;I1X ,n;JIR JIeraBhIX, aonansre CrraHI1eJII1, perpn sepsr, QTo6hI rronaaarr, ,n;06hIQy, OBQapKI1 ,n;JIR nac'r sfisr, ztor-n ,n;JIR OXpaHhI. B .necax , B rrOJIRX, B nozte 11 rrOQTI1 QTO B soazryxe - BCIO,n;y C06aKI1 rrOMOraJII1 QeJIOBeKy. Ka­ meTCR, He OCTaJIOCh CTI1XI1l'I, rzie 6hI cooaxa He cJIymI1­ JIa QeJIOBeKy. A nozt 3eMJIeH? 11 nozr 3eMJIeH Tome. 11 Ha3BaHI1e TaKl'IX cotiarc - TepbephI - rrpol'ICxo,n;I1T OT JIaTI1HCKOrO CJIOBa e reppa : - 3eMJIR .
92 C06AK~ Boo6ru;e-TO , CHa"tIaJIa STO 6hIJIli 06hI"tIHhIe He60JIhIlllIe aarJIlIrrCKlie ,n;BOpH.HmKlI. B Kam,n;Orr MeCTHOCTli CBOli. Ho npax-norasre epepMephI crapanacs OCTaBJI.HTh ce6e ru;eHKOB OT rrOJIe3HhIX ,n;JI.H cetia cofiarc. Kaxne npofine­ MhI 6hIJIli Y rpepraepon? liM ClIJIhHO ,n;OKy-qaJIli KphIChI 1I npo-me MeJIKlIe If cpezra a e XlIru;HIfKlI, OC06eHHO paa ­ MHOmliBIlllIeC.H rrOCJIe IfCTpe6JIeHlI.HB XVI nexe BOJIKOB. KPhIChI yHlI"tITOmaJIli aanacsr. JIIfChI 1I XOphKlI rae­ Bapcyrcn, CTpO.H CBOli pa3BeTBJIeHHhIe HO­ KaJIIf rrTlI:U;Y. psr, nozrpsmana nocrponxn If zropor-a. BOT 60ph6y C HIfMlI 1I B03JIOmliJIli na ,n;BOpOBhIX co6a­ "tIOHOK. "tlTO liM napor« xJIe6 ecrr.? QTo6hI BhIIIOJIHIfTh STY aanasy, KaKOrr ,n;OJImHa 6hITh C06aKa? B nepsyro oxepezn, OTBamHOrr, JIOBKOrr, ClIJIhHOrr 1I nerionsnron. OTBamHOrr, norosry qTO ,n;OJImHa 6hIJIa npec.nezto­ sar-s 1I acrynarr, B cXBaTKy rrycrr, C He6oJIhlliliMlI, HO ace me C XIfru;HlIKaMIf. LTIoBKorr If ClIJIhHOrr, qTo6hI rro­ 6e,n;lITh, a He nor-afiny-n. . ,I.(JI.H aroro me HymHhI 6hIJIli xperncne qeJIIOCTIf 1I 3y6hI. A He6oJIhillOrr - rrororay, m ecmK OUlepcm HblU tpox cm epiep ( na nepeiineu n.nane) u een uu mepsep
TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, m1HLfEPbl 93 qTO AOCTaTOqHO JIOBKOA AJIH 60Pb6~ C MeJIK11M11 3BepbKaM11 MOmeT 6bITb TOJIbKO nefio.nr-rrraa cotiaxa, a KpOMe roro, TOJIbKO He60JIblliOA nee craoacer 3aJIe3Tb B JI11CbIO 11JI11 fiapcyasro nopy. Maoro repsepos nor-nfiano B 8TOA 60pb6e. Bsrxoraa­ JI11carasre yMHble, caxtsre JIOBK11e, casrsre OTBamHble, care sre C11JIbHble. Ha BHelliHOCTb 8TMX c06aK npaKTI1QeCKM He ofipa­ ~aJIM BHMMaHMH. Ho 06~I1e 3aAaQM CepOpMMpOBaJIM c06aK, BO MHorOM noxoxcnx zrpyr C APyrOM. 8TOMy nocnoc06CTBOBaJIO M npMJIMTMe KpOBeA carasrx YAaq­ HbIX M3 HMX - 6eJIoro I1 qepHO-nOAnaJIOrO repsepoa. A CKpe~MBaHMH C OXOTHMqbI1MM c06aKaMI1 AaJIM HO­ asre pa3HOBI1AHOCTM, xoropsre nOJIyqaJI11 Ha3BaHI1,H, KaK npaBMJIO, no MeCTHOCTI1, rne MX pa3BOAI1JIM. Bce rnaiiicoiuepcmneie tpoiccmepiepu.
94 C06AK~ 3TIf repsepsr CJIO.iKeHbI no-rm Op;IfHaKOBO - IfMelOT KBap;paTHbIll: epOpMaT, .iKeCTKylO rrpOBOJIOKOo6pa3HylO nrepc n., BbITHHYTbIe rOJIOBbI C MO~HbIMIf "lleJIIOCTHMIf If KpyrrHbIMIf, KaK y 60JIbIllOll: cofiarcn, 3y6aMIf. "YIllIf nefio.nsrrme, norrycroaxae. Terra cyxne, CIfJIbHble, MYC­ KYJIIfCTble, KOHe"llHOCTIf - KaK npyacnaxa. Bee o-rem, aaaprnsre, TeMrrepaMeHTHbIe, rrozranacnsre, KaK p'ryrs, ysepennsre B ce6e, npaaansnee ztaxce CKa3aTb - o6JIa­ zraror Heo6bFIall:HO BbICOKIfM caMOMHeHlfeM. Bee repsepsr - OTJIIf"llHbIe KPbICOJIOBbI. CXBaTIfB xpsrcy 11 BCTpHXHyB, repsep MrHOBeHHO JIOMaeT ell:
TEPbEPbl, WHAYLEPbl, n~H~EPbl 95 IIleIO. Co CTaeH B COTHIO KphIC xopomnii . ep s ep pacrrpas ­ r JIJIJICJI aa ,n;eCJITh MllHyT, IIO"lITll He IIOJIyqaJI paaenmi. Erne B XIX sexe 6hIJIll IIOIIyJIJIpHhI copennosaana IIO TpaBJIe KphIC. 113BecTHhIH percopzr - CTO KphIC aa IIJITh C He60JIhIIlllM MllHyT. Ho B OCTaJIhHOM Y repsepon 6hIJIa see me HeKOTOpaJI CIIe:U;llaJIll3a:U;llJI - JIeHKJIeH,n;hI OXOTllJIllCh na JIllC ca­ MOCTOJITeJIhHO, a 3a,n;a"lIeH IIJITHllCThIX rpoxcrepsepoa II xepuo-psixcax BeJIhIIl repsepoa 6hIJIO llJIll BhlrHaTh JIllCY II fiapcyxa ll3 HOphI, IiJIIi naotiopor, aanepxcarr, IIO,n; 3eMJIerr na O,n;HOM MeCTe Ii JIaeM ,n;aTh 3HaTh OXOT­ HIiKaM, rzte ayxcao paCKaIIhIBaTh HOPY. A repsepoa ll3 ,n;OJIllHhI pexn 8Hp, apne.m.repsepoa, BhIBeJIll ,n;JIJI OXOThI na BhI,n;p II BO,n;JIHhIX KphIC. Tloaro­ My OHIi 3Ha"lIllTeJIhHO xpyrmee, HO ovens noxcxca na yBeJIIi"lIeHHyIO KOIIllIO ne.nsm repsepa. 8p,n;eJIIi co spe­ MeHeM OKa3aJIllCh OTJIll"lIHhIMll BoeHHhIMIi II c.nyxceti ­ HhIMll cotiarcasm. I1pJIaH,n;CKlie TephephI, n nx 3eMJIJIKll, 3HaMeHllThle rceppn 6JIIO TephephI, IIO CIiJIY8TY noxoxca na repsepon na Aarvran. Ho pOCTOM OHIi rcpyrnree. I1pJIaH,n;cKllM rpep­ MepaM paapenranocs ,n;epmaTh TOJIhKO TephepOB - 3aru;IiTHIi ­ KOB OT npezrareaen. I1pJIaH,n;:U;hI CKperu;llBaJIll CBOliX TephepOB HpJtaHiJCKUU mepuep, epoexemepeep U tceppu 6JllO mepsep ( c.neea nanpaeo )
96 COEiAK~ C rcpyrmsnan cofiaxaxrn, rrpHHa,n;JIemaBIIIIIMII 6ora­ xawr , H IICrrOJIhSOBaJIII TOJIhKO KaK cropoacea. B IIIoTJIaH,ll;HII CJIOmHJICR COBceM ,n;pyroH THrr repse­ POB - KOpOTKOHorHe, C ,ll;JIIIHHhIM TyJIOBH:W;eM H C MOIIJ;­ HbIMH rOJIOBaMH. meCTKOIIIepCTHhIe cxorn-repsep, BeCT XaHJIeH,n; yaHT Tephep - OHH Tome B rrpOIIIJIOM pa60TaJIH B nopax. A crcari-repsep OXOTIIJICR na BbI,n;p y 6eperoB OCTpOBa CKaH. ::lTO e,n;HHcTBeHHhIH ,n;JIHHHO­ IIIepCTHhIH Tephep HS rrJIeMeHH «HacToRIIJ;HX » repse­ pOB, nezn, y OCTaJIbHhIX IIIepCTh HJIH rrpOBOJIOKOo6pas­ HaR, IIJIH r .nazncaa. Becm xaiin enii yaum meps ep, UO KUlUp CKUU p m epsep, UlOm.lWHiJcKUU ctcom u-mepiep U cxau-mepuep ( cneea nanpaeo )
TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, nl-1Hl.fEPbl 97 BOT TOJIbKO Y KpOIIleqHOrO HOpKIIll1pCKOrO repsepa OC06aH mepc'rs - TO)Ke .n;JIIIHHaH, HO IIleJIKOBIICTaH II He JIIIHHeT. Illepcm, y «HopKa» pacrer BCIO )KII3Hb, 11 JII0611TeJIII rropo,n;bI Ha3bIBalOT ee «BOJIOCbI » • 113 TpII,n;.o;aTII C JIIIIIlHIIM OCPII.o;IIaJIbHO rrpII3HaHHbIX rropozr TepbepOB .n;Ba,n;.o;aTb - PO,n;OM II3 BeJIIIK06pIITa­ HIIII, qeTBepO - IIpJIaH,n;.o;bI. 8TIIX repsepon JII06HT BO BceM Mllpe. OHR OXOTHIIKII, CJIy)Ke6HbIe II cnop-mn­ asre c06aKII II, KOHeqHO, sece.m-re KOMrraHbOHbI. Brraroztapa OTBa)KHbIM xaparcrepara repsepoa IIC­ rrOJIb30BaJIII II ,n;JIH BbIBe,n;eHIIH zrpyr-nx rropozr, 11 CJIOBO «repsep: B l1X Ha3BaHIIII roaoprtr TOJIbKO 0 TOM, qTO OH 6bIJI B qIICJIe IIX npezncos. ,IJ;a)Ke B caMOH AHrJIIIII, CKpern;IIBaH 6yJIb,n;orOB C repsepawa , rrOJIyqIIJIII c06aK, KOTOpbIX IICrrOJIb30Ba­ JIll ,n;JIH ,n;aBHO yxce aarrpeurennsrx HbIHe C06aqbIIX 60­ ea. Hx Ha3bIBaJIR «6YJIb-II-Tepbep», a rrOCJIe nOJIyqII­ JIOCb «6YJIbTepbep». OT 6yJIb,n;oroB OHII yHaCJIe,n;OBaJIII CIIJIy, 3a,n;IIpIICTOCTb II yrropc'rao, OT repsepon JIOB­
AMepUlWHCKUU cnuuptpopinuupctcuic 6yJlbmepbep KOCTh, rro,n;BllmHOCTh II CHOBa ynopcrno. TaK B03HIIK­ JIll rpa nopozrsr 6YJIhTephepOB - 6yJIhTephep, MHHlla­ TIOPHhIll 6YJIhTephep II oratpdiopzmraporcnii 6YJIhTeph­ ep. BHernHOCTh y 6y.m.repr.epa II y «MIIHIl6yJIell » o-rens cnoeotipaanaa. rJIa,JJ;KaJI urepc-rs , BeJIIIKOJIerr­ HaJI MycKyJIaTypa, xopnyc aTJIeTa, nmporcaa rpyzn., scpemcne nor-a. TaKyIO cofiarcy C611Th C nor HeJIerKO. Oxem, csoeoopaaaaa rOJIOBa CCllJIhHhIMIl -qeJIIOCTJIMIl. 8TO CMeJIaJI, o-rens CllJIhHaJI, XOTJI rro pOCTy He6oJIh­ nraa cofiarca. Ho npexczte acero «6yJIh » - STO xapax ­ rep. II xaparcrep cnoeotipaaasra, MomeT 6hITh zraxce npor aaope-raasra. C O,n;HOll CTOpOHhI, 6e3YCJIOBHO rrpe,n;aH X03JIIIHY II ero cerase, a, C ,n;pyroll CTOpOHhI, nexero H ,n;yMaTh 0 «CJIyme6HoM HCrrOJIh30­ BaHIIH » STOll cofiaxn. CJIyrnaThCJI OH He JII0611T. JII0611TeJIH 6yrrs-repsepoa rOBOpJIT 0 CBOIIX cofiarcax MHoro XO­ pornero, HO rrpn STOM 06JI3aTeJIhHO ,n;o6aBJIJIIOT - «rrpll rrpaBllJIhHOM BOC­ nrrranna ». IIoToMoK anrJIIIllCKOro cradidiopnnrapcxoro Tephepa - aMe-
TEPbEPbl, WHAYLI,EPbl, m1H"IEPbl 99 paxancrcnfi C'l'aepcl>op.n;IIIHPCKHff 'l'epbep, HO xpyrmee, CIIJIbHee II 3JI06Hee CBOerO npeznca. OTHOllieHIIe K 8TIIM noponasr BO BCeM MIIpe .n;aJIeKO He 0.n;H03HaqHoe. Bo MHorIIX crpaaax paaaezrenne IIX aanpenreao. Ho caMbIff KpyrrHbIff H3 TepbepOB norryven B POC­ CIIII. 8'1'0 xepnsra, IIJIII pyCCKIIff, repsep. OH 6bIJI BbI­ senea B POCCIIII B rrOCJIeBOeHHbIe rozrsr KaK rcapay.ns­ Ha.H cotiaxa. B qIICJIe ero npezncon MHoro nopozr ­ II pII3eHIIIHay:u;epbI, II apne.ns-repsepi,r, II porserinepsr, II zrpyr-ne. COBpeMeHHbIe xepn sre TepbepbI 06JIa.n;aIOT He TOJIbKO «IJ,IIBIIJIII30BaHHbIMII » xaparcrepaera, HO II oxem, BbIpa3II'l'eJIbHOff BHeIliHOCThIO. Tlpencruat.re ce6e orporcayro xepayro cofiarcy CCIIJIy8TOM He TO reps­ epa, He TO unraynepa. Bpe.narne nrreuar.naroniee, - AMepUKaHCKUU cnuuptpopinuupctcuii mepsep, 6YJlbmepbep U uepnut: mepsep (cneea «anpaeo )
100 C06AKH nOHHTHO, noxesry aepepeKTHbIe pyccrcne xepasre repse­ psi 3aBOeBaJIH nonyJIHpHOCTb BO ncesr MHpe. Ho eCJIH OrJIH,n;bIBaTbCH aa npemcoa, TO qepHbIll repsep, XOTb H Ha3bIBaeTCH repsepoa , 6JIaro,n;apH CBO­ eMy qepHoMy orcpacy H xpynaoray pOCTy 3aCTaBJIHeT BcnOMHHTb see me He apne.ns'repsepa, a pnaeanraay­ uepa, caxroro 60JIbIllOrO npe,n;CTaBHTeJIH ueJIOll rpyn­ rna HeMeUKHX nraayuepoa H nannepon . PU3enuuuujuep ( cneea ) , uumrnenuiunauuep (emopoii cneea ] u ueepeiunauuepu (nepeuii U emopoii cnpaea )
TEPbEPbl, WHAY~EPbl, nHH"IEPbl 101 Bo06~e-TO, umayuepsr Ii narrsepr.r - 3'1'0 C06aKIi, BO MHOrOM aaanor-axasre 6pIiTaHCKIiM TepbepaM, aa IiCKJIlOqeHIIeM TOrO, qTO pa60TbI B HOpaX 0'1' HIiX He Tpe60BaJIIi. KaK II repsepon, IiX TO:>Ke ,n;Be pa3HOBIi,n;­ HOCTIi - r JIa,LI;KOllIepCTHble mrnaepsr Ii :>KeCTKOllIep­ CTHbIe umayuepsr, KOTOpbIX rcorzta-ro Ha3bIBaJIIi :>KeCT­ KOllIepCTHbIMIi mra-reparaa. IIIepCTb y HIiX na rOJIOBe ofipaayer 6POBIi, 60po,n;y Ii YCbI. fOJIOBbI Y nmaynepoa, Bo06~e, KpyIIHbIe, a Ii3-3a mepcrrr Ka:>KyTcH oc06eHHO 60JIbllIIIMIi. ,ll;a:>Ke Ha3BaHIie «uraaynep . oanauaer «Mop,n;allI» 0'1' HeMe:U;Koro CJIOBa «umayne : - Mop,n;a. A caMIi c06aKIi rcnaztpa'rnsre, II XOTb Ii He TH:>KeJIble, HO ace xce rrO-HeMe:U;KIi OCHOBaTeJIbHbIe, IIJIOTHbIe. OCHOB­ nsre OKpaCbI - qepHbIll Ii «rrepe:u; C COJIblO » - 3'1'0 'ra­ KOll caoeoopaansrii cepbIll orcpac. TOT, KTO He 3HaeT, KaK 3'1'0 BbIrJIH,n;IiT, MO:>KeT rrOCMOTpeTb y ceriana KYX­ He - nazro TOJIbKO cxreruarr, MOJIOTbIll nepen C COJIblO. Illrraynepon - rpoe. 'I'pn TOqHbIX KOIIIiIi zrpyr zrpy­ ra. Ho O,n;IiH COBceM rcponrevm-ui, KapJIIiKOBbIll. OH TaK Ii Ha3bIBaeTCH - naeprnraaynep. ,ll;pyroll, KaK Ii IIOJIO:>KeHO, cpezmaft, OH :>Ke TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIll craana­ PTHbIll nmayuep, IiJIIi zraace IIpOCTO umaynep. 8TaJIOH
102 C05AK~ STOll rpYIIIIbI, sezn, zma ztpyrrrx p;OJDKHbI 6bITh ero KO­ IIH.HMH. A TpeTHll - pnaemnaayuep, caMhIll 60JIh­ IIIOll, carso Ha3BaHHe rOBopHT 06 ST OM , Bep;h CJIOBO «pH3eH » H oanaxaer « B e JI H K a H» . Crapsre Ha3BaHH.H mnaynepon « K o H IO IIIe H H h I ll IIHH­ nep : H «KPbICOJIOB » rOBOp.HT 0 HX Ha3Ha-qeHHH . KOHe-q­ HO, paaeanraaynepsr KpbIC He JIOBHJIH. Ho BC.H rponna ­ BeJIHKOJIeIIHhle oxpaHHHKH, naace rcpome-msre «rrs ep ­ rH » eIIJ;e He TaK p;aBHO C ycnexore Cp;aBaJIH HCIIbITaHH.H IIO 3aIIJ;HTHOll c.nyactie. A yac pnaennmaynep c-nrrae'r ­ C.H O,LJ;HOll H3 JI y-qIIIHX CJIyme6Hblx c06aK. IIHH-qepbI Tome HaIIOMHHaIOT nmaynepon, HO TOJIb ­ KO 6e3 HX IIIepCTH. OHH rJIa,LJ;KOIIIepCTHble. Oxpac y HHX KopH-qHeBbIll HJIH -qepHbIll C KopH-qHeBbIMH OTMeTHHa­ MH. IIHH-qephI Tome 6hIJIH KpbICOJIOBaMH. A cell-qac STO p;OMaIIIHHe JII06HMU;bI. KaK H y rrraaynepoa, ec'rs IIpOCTO IIHH-qep H KapJIHKOBhIll IIHH-qep. Tl unu ep U nemeuxue KapJLUK08ble nunuepu
TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, nlJlH~EPbl 103 Ilooepsuu: TaK M XO'-IeTCJI CIIpOCMTh: a rzre ace «pM3eHIIMH'-Iep »? OKa3bIBaeTCJI 6hIJI M TaKoH. TO'-IHee, OH ecrt, M ceH­ <rae, HO OH y,IKe He IIMH'-Iep. Ero nee 3HaIOT. Paasme STY cofiaxy Ha3hIBaJIM zro­ 6epMaH-IIMH'-Iep, TO eCTb IIMH'-Iep ,II;06epMaHa. JIIO.n;BMr ,II;06epMaH, ,lKMTeJIh HeMeI.J;KOrO ropozra AIIOJIb,n;hI, CMe­ IIIMBaJI pa3JIM'-IHbIe IIOpO.n;bI, B KOHI.J;e XIX sexa IIOJIy­ '-IMJI 3aMe'-IaTeJIhHeHIIIYIO 3aIIJ;MTHYIO cooarcy, 06JIMKOM HaIIOMMHaBIIIyIO crporaaoro IIMH'-Iepa, KOTOpyIO CHa­ '-IaJIa M IIpMIIMCaJIM K rpynne nMH'-IepOB M Ha3BaJIM B '-IeCTh C03,n;aTeJIJI. Ho co apexeaesr see ,IKe peIIIMJIM, '-ITO STO HMKaKOH He IIMH'-Iep , a COBepIIIeHHO caMOCTOJI­ Te JIhHaJI CJI y,IKe6HaJI nopozta, KOTOpaJI CeH'-IaC Ha3hIBa­ eTCJI IIpOCTO (',n;06epMaH ». ,II;06epMaHhI 6bIJIM JIy'-IIIIM­ MM IIOJIMI.J;eHCKMMI1 c06aKaMM Ha'-IaJIa XX nerca, r-aaer sr IIeCTpeJII1 C006IIJ;eHMJIMM 06 MX rrozraarax. Ha cxren y MM, KaK STO '-IaCTO 6hIBaeT, IIpMIIIJIM ztpyrne CJIY,IKe6HhIe c06aKM, HO ,n;06epMaHbI .n;o CI1X IIOp BXO,n;JIT B «30JIOTOH epOH.n; » JIy'-IIIlMX IIOpO,n; MMpa.
50nbWASI Jl1050Bb KMAJ1EHbKHM C05AKAM Co6aKH CJIyJKaT JIlO,lVIM TbICfl"tlH JIeT. OHH nezrarcr ,ll;JIfl"tleJIOBeKa TaK MHOrO, "tlTO scero He rrepe-racna-n, ­ "tlTO-HH6Y,ll;b 06fl3aTeJIbHO 3a6Y,ll;eIIIb. Ce6e B rrOMOIIJ;b "tleJIOBeK C03,ll;aJI COTHH CrreIJ;HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX rropozt cofiax. II cerorma npoztonacaer coaztaaar's HOBbIe H na­ XO,ll;HTb HOBoe npmeeneane CTapbIM . OXOTHHKH CJIy­ JKaT B IIOJIHIJ;HH H na TaMOJKHe, 6bIBIIIHe H HbIHeIIIHHe rroJIHIJ;eAcKHe rrOpO,ll;bI CTaHOBflTCfl co6aKaMH-KOM­ nansonaxa, rrpOCTO BepHbIMH crryTHHKaMH xenonexa . B rrepsyro o-repezrs STO OTHOCHTCfl K C06a"tlKaM He6oJIb­ moro paaxepa, y,ll;06HbIM ,ll;JIfl conepacaaaa B JKHJIHIIJ;e xe.nonexa, ocorienao B 60JIbIIIHX ropozrax. ::lTO MeJIKHe BUUlOH tppuse, uocxoecxuu OJlUHHOUlepcmHbtU moii-mep sep U moii nyoeJlb (c neea nanpaeo)
6011bWASl 111060Bb K MAl1EHbKHM C06AKAM 105 KUH ZC q ap.nse cnanuenu U nanuiuon. ( cnpaea ) repsepsr IT CrraHIIeJIIT, MeJIKITe nrrrmrsr IT fiopat.re, MeJI­ KITe nnrayuepsr IT rraavepsr, MeJIKITe rrpe,n;CTaBITTeJIIT ztorootipaaaori rpyrrm,r, rryzterra. TOJIbKO nepe-nrcne­ HITe STIIX rropozr 3allMeT He O,n;HY CTpaHITU;Y. M eKCUlfa HCKaR zon asi cooaxa ( cn eea ) U KUm a UCKaR xoxnamasi cotiaica
106 C06AKW JI nOHCICUU XUH U netcun ec ( cnpaea ) I10.n;aBJI.H1OII..J;ee 60JIhIlIIIHCTBO STIIX cotiax rrpOIlIJIO rryrt, II3 6e.n;Hhlx XIImIIH t.Iepe3 .n;BOpII,hI H mIIJIIIII..J;a ro­ poxcaa B HaIlIII cer-ozraannrae .n;OMa. B crapsre cyponsre II t.IaCTO rOJIo.n;H~e BpeMeHa CKy.n;OCTh rrporriiTaHII.H rr03BOJI.HJIa 6e.n;H.HKaM zrepzcarr, JIIIIlIh MaJIeHhKIIX co­ 6aK. Moxcer 6hITh, IIX 3aBo.n;IIJIII .n;JI.H rrpaKTIIt.IeCKIIX II,eJIeM, a MomeT, norosry, t.ITO zrynra t.IeJIOBet.IeCKa.H Tpe60BaJIa pa.n;OCTII, KOTOpylO B anoxy meCTOKOCTII II CypOBhIX yCJIOBIIM BhlmIIBaHII.H .n;ocTaBJI.HJIII .n;pym6a II 6e30rJI.H.n;Ha.H npenarraocrr, cofiarc, A ym nOTOM STII MaJIhIIlIII caMII, B CIIJIy cnoeii rrpnpozna, 6paJIII na cefia BhIITOJIHeHIIe rrOCIIJIhHhIX 06.H3aHHOCTeM - YHIIt.ITOma­ JIll Bpe.n;IITeJIeM, BhICJIemIIBaJIlI .n;II"tIh, CJIymIIJIII, rryc'rr, He oxpaHHIIKaMII, HO cropoacasra, 3BOHKIIM JIaeM rrpe­ zrynpeacnaa 0 npII6JIIImeHlIII nOCTopOHHIIX. Ho 6hIJIII II co6aKII, rrpaKTII"tIHOe IICrrOJIh30BaHIIe KOTOphIX Tpy.n;HO npencraaa'rs. TaKOB~ rcpornenasre MeKCIIKaHCKIIe C06a"tIKII .n;JIIIH­ HOIlIepCTHhle II KOpOTKOIlIepCTHhle t.IIIxyaxyeHo IIJIII
60nbWASI nlO60Bb K MAnEHbKHM C06AKAM 107 Mane U tuu-muu (c npaea ) t.Illxyaxya. HCCJIe,n;oBaTeJIll naxoztar nx nsofipaacen aa ztaanoc'ra na KaMeHHhIX paaaammax ThICHt.IeJIeTHe:H: nperaen .nerenztapar.rx TOJIhTeKOB II aU;TeKOB . A ofina­ pyxcensr 3Tll cofia-nca 6hIJIll B XVIII serce B cexn.ax 6e,n;HhIx MeKCllKaHCKllX KpeCThHH . C paCCJIOeHlleM LIeJIOBet.IeCKOrO otimecrna MaJIeHh­ rene P;PY 3 h H 6e,n;HoThI CTaJIll BhI3hIBaTh mrrepec KaK co­ fiarcn-rrr'pynncn. A B nr-pynnce nemrrca II pezncaa xpa­ COTa, II Heo6hIt.IHhIe, BhILIypHhIe Q;>OPMhI. MaJIeHhKYIO C06at.IKy MOjRHO HOCllTh na pyxax llJIll B p;aMCKO:H: MYQ;>Te, B03llTh aa co6o:H: B rcapare. ,l];aMCKll:H: JII06llMeu; 6hIJI n arepecen llJIll K aK KpO­ IIIet.IHaH xonna 60JIhIIIO:H: « MYjRCKO:H: » cofiaxn , llJIll jRe, naotiopor , norosry LITO BhI3hIBaJI t.IyB CTBO HejRHOC­ Tll -repraraa anrpam-am.aocrn, «,n;eTCKOCTll ». Y rarcnx co6at.IeK BhIrr YKJIhI:H: JIo6, 60JIhilille pacnaxnyr-sre r JIa­ 3a, t.IaCTO y x o p o x e a n a a Mop,n;a. TaKOBhI OBeHHHhIe JIe­ raH,n;aMll, npaureznnne C BOCTOKa cofiaxn KllTa:H:CKllX llMrrepaTopOB nexaaecsr, cotiarcn KllTa:H:CKO:H: aaa'rn
108 C06AKH r naincoiuepcmiuui u aJlunnowepcmn(l.fl 'luxyaxya MorrChI, nonexry-ro 3aCTaBJIHIOrn;lfe BcrrOMHIfTb cavry ­ paen HIIOHCKlfe XIfHbI If noxoacne na xplf3aHTeMbI CO­ 6aKIf T1f6eTa. Maorara C06aKaM rarcae me ¢OPMbI npnnarorca CTplfmKOll nrepcra, KOTopaH npenpanraer cofiaxy B nacroanree npoaaaezteane ncxyccraa . Ho nee me STO nacroaunre cooaxa - sepnsre, rrpe ­ ztaanr.re, YMHbIe. XOTH nopori, rJIH,n;H aa TaKylO «Ma­ JIHBKy», rpyzmo npenc-rana-n, ce6e, r,n;e If KaK B STOll rcpornexnofi rOJIOBKe YMern;aIOTCH yM, rrpeztannoc'rs If zraace naxozrarca MeCTO «KOMaH,n;aM ». KameTCH, 'ITO OT STIfX C06aqeK HIfKaKoll rrOJIb3bI. Ho 'IeJIOBeK - cymecrno srOIfCTIf'IeCKoe. 11 MaJIeHb­ rene C06a'IKIf yxpamaror naury mlf3Hb, pa3BJIeKa1OT, CHIfMalOT crpeccst, npa-ryror zrynry . 11 naace MaJIeHbKaH zrsopnaacxa, rroztofipannaa ne ­ CHTb JIeT naaazt If mlmyrn;aH B MoeM ,n;oMe BMeCTe CO CBOpOll OB'IapOK, aanmuraer MeHH OT 'IyBcTBa BIfHbI npa an zre TOCKYIOrn;IfX rJIa3 6e3,n;oMHbIX cotiax . OT Hee Tome 60JIbIIlaH norn.aa - ,n;JIH Moell zryura .
COAEP>KAH~E q TO TaKOe C06aKa 2 T a K ~TO me 'raxoe cotiaxa? 11 JIaMKM 19 Bo p 3 ~ e , r o H ~ M e , n e r aB~ e 27 ,D;or M 47 OB~ ap K M 65 JKM3Hepa,n;ocTHoe rrneMJI - TepbepbI, IIIHayIJ,epbI, nmrsepsr 90 Bo.m.uraa mo6oBb K MaJIeHbKMM cofiaxaer 104 IIpe,1J,MeTHbIM yxaaare.m, 109

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собаки

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    8 C06AKH e,n;HHHU;bI HaCJIe,n;cTBeHHocTH, Haxo,n;.HTC.H He TOJIbKO B rrOJIOBbIX XpOMOCOMax X H Y, O,n;HY H3 KOTOpbIX mH­ BOTHble rrOJIY1IaIOT OT MaTepH, a zrpyr-yro - OT orna. ECTb eme rerrsr, xoropsre Haxo,n;.HTC.H BHe aztpa ­ BHyTpH KJIeTKH, H HX MomHO rrOJIY1IHTb TOJIbKO OT Ma­ repa. If HHKaKHMH CKpe~HBaHH.HMHHX He H3MeHHTb. TaK BOT, y ncex HCCJIe,n;OBaHHbIX nopozr cofiarc 6bIJIH otiaapyzcensr 06~He «MaTepHHCKHe,) rear,r. Ho cpe­ ,n;H BOJIKOB OHH 6bIJIH HaH,n;eHbI TOJIbKO y ozmoro H3 BH,n;OB aaaarcxorc BOJIKa. IIoJIy1IaeTC.H, qTO HMeHHO OH 6bIJI OCHOBHbIM npezncora ,n;OMarnHeH cotiaxn. ICo­ HeqHO, «IIepBo6bITHbIe » rrOJIy,n;HKHe cofiarcn, nepece­ JI.H.HCb BMeCTe C JIIO,n;bMH rro aceray MHpy, CKpe~HBa­ JIHCb H C a60pHreHHbIMH BOJIKaMH. Ho nee me xpyr npezncon cyacaerca. ICaK Bce-TaKH H3 BOJIKa no.ny-ra­ JIHCb BMCJIoyxMe II.HTHHCTble 6acceTbI, xcecrxomep­ CTHbIe apzterrs-repsepta, rcpoure-msre, HO OTBamHbIe HOpKM? MyTaU;MM, cnom-annsre H3MeHeHM.H reHOB? OHH pezncn, zta M casr ,n;HKMH IIpe,n;OK - BOJIK - aa Te me ,n;eC.HTb -rr.HTHa,n;u;aTb TbIC.H1I JIeT rrpaKTM1IeCKH He M3­ MeHMJIC.H - B npapozte nponecc SBOJIIOU;MM M,n;eT 01IeHb
  • 9.
    sro TAKOE C06AKA 9 11 zrpyrae o.n;OMaIIIHeHHhle mHBOTHhle Tome Me,lJ;JIeHHO. sezn, zranexo yutnn OT CBOHX .n;HKHX npezncos. TaK qTO ace TaKH rrpOH30IIIJIO c naureii co6aKOM? OTBeT Ha STOT Borrpoc .n;aJIH cH6HpcKHe yqeHMe H .n;aJIhHHe C06aqhH po.n;CTBeHHHKH - JIHCHIJ;hI.
  • 10.
    10 C06AK~ AKMeMHK ,Il;MHTpHll KOHCTaHTHHOBWI BeJUleB npo­ BeJI axcnepaxrea'r C .n;HKHMH Cepe6pHCTO-qepHbIMH JIH­ CaMH. B renenae HeCKOJIbKHX rrOKOJIeHHll .n;JI5I paasezre­ HH5I OCTaBJI5IJIH TeX H3 HHX, KTO HaH60JIee «JI05IJIbHO » OTHOCHJIC5I K qeJIOBeKy, TeX, KTO BbIKa3bIBaJI HaHMeHb­ II1yID arpeCCHBHOCTb. YqeHble 3a.n;aJIHCb ue.nsro rro.ny­ qHTb JIHCHll,y, KOTOpa5I rro OTHOII1eHHID K qeJIOBeKy Be­ JIa 6bI ce65I, KaK cofiaxa. To ecrt, peII1HJIH B YCJIOBH5IX sxcnepasrea-ra 3aHOBO npoirra rryrr, C03.n;aHH5I nonoro .n;OMaII1HerO mHBOTHoro - He rrpHpyqeHHOrO, a HMeHHO .n;OMaII1HerO - C Bpom.n;eHHbIM .n;06pOJKeJIaTeJIbHbIM OT­ HOII1eHHeM K qeJIOBeKy. SepepeKT orfiopa yCHJIHBaJIC5I C KaJK.n;bIM rrOKOJIeHH­ eM. Caxrsre «rrpo.n;BHHyTble » JIHCHqKH CTaJIH HCKaTh KOHTaKTa C JIID.n;hMH, ztaxce H C He3HaKOMhIMH, a 3Ha­ KOMbIM - PMOBaTbC5I, JIH3aTb JIHll,O, pyKH. II3MeHHJIaCb cnocofinoc-n, K pa3MHomeHHID - .n;H­ Ka5I JIHCHll,a ztaer rrOTOMCTBO O.n;HH paa B rozt, BeCHOll, a «HaII1H') - zma , H He TOJIhKO necnoii. I I crpamroe zreno. MeH5IThC5I CTaJIH HaII1H JIHCHqKH. B HeKOTophIX npocny.nca HHCTHHKT CTOpOJKa, KTO-TO CTaJI rrOJIaHBaTb, CKyJIHTh no-rm KaK cotiarca, JIHChI CTaJIH JIaCTHThC5I K JIID.n;5IM H BHJI5ITh XBOCTOM. ,Il;a H caxm XBOCThI Tome H3MeHHJIHCb - rr05IBHJIHCh XBOCTHKH, aar-ayrsre, KaK y JIaeK. IlO5IBHJIHCh H BH­ C5IqHe YII1H. IlO5IBHJIHCh H nonsre OKpaCbI - 6eJIble « 3Be3.n;OqKH » na rOJIOBe, 6eJIhle H fiypsre rr5ITHa aa 60­ rcaxv Ortcyna? IIccJIe.n;oBaHH5I rrOKa3aJIH, qTO B KpOBH H3MeHHJIOCh conepacaane ropMOHOB, a B M03ry rrOBhICHJIOCb coztep­ JKaHHe cepOTOHHHa, semecraa, TOpM035Iru;ero rrp05IBJIe­ HHe arpeCCHBHOCTH. STOT H3MeHHBII1HllC5I rOpMOHaJIb­ HhIll rpoa H npofiyzra,n, BKJIIDqHJI B .n;ellcTBHe rensr, scerna rrpHcyTcTBOBaBII1He B renosre JIHCHll,bI, HO «crras­ II1He» no CHX rrop. A eCJIH TaK, TO BbIXO.n;HT, qTO ace rropozrsr HaII1HX c06aK no CHX rrop «crra-r» B Kam.n;oM BOJIKe?
  • 11.
    TAK LiTO)f(E TAKOEC06AKA? 8TO KaK nocraorperu. C Hayl.J:HOM, 61I0JIOrlll.J:eCKOM, apeuaa - rrOTOMOK BOJIKa. C TOl.J:Kll 3peHIIH TOl.J:Kll rrparcra-recxori - ztpyr II noraonrnax l.J:eJIOBeKa. C06a­ rca, careoe nepsoe onosraumennoe mllBoTHoe, CKB03b sexa corrposoacnana l.J:eJIOBeKa na ,n;OJIrOM rryrn OT ne­ nrepnoro xocrpa K cero,n:HHIIIHeMy ,n:HIO, MeHHHCb BMeCTe C HllM II OCTaBaHCb rrOJIe3HOM eMy scerna. qeJIOBeK pa3BllBaJICH. BOT yme BMeCTO rraJIlIII;bI OH IICnOJIb3yeT aa OXOTe JIyK II CTpeJIbI, 11 c06aKI1 no c.nezry noraoraror HaMTI1 nozrpaneanyro ,n:11l.J:b. BOT yxce nOHBII­ JII1Cb 11 zrpvrne npapyxeansre mI1BOTHbIe, II cofiaxa rro­ MoraeT naCTI1 I1X 11 aammnarr, OT XI1:ru;HI1KOB. Terreps na cofiarcyyxce He CMOTpHT KaK na ml1BOM peaepsnsm aarrac nnunr, reneps OHa rrOMo:ru;HIIK npn ,n:06bIBaHI1I1 rnmra. JIlO,n:1I paCCeJIHIOTCH no 3eMJIe, 11 c06aKII aanramaror ,n:OM 11 X03HeB OT JII06bIX nenpomensrx rOCTeM. OHI1 Ilouumep 6 cmoiuce ."
  • 12.
    12 C06AK~ TaI.I.J;aT aaprsr, TeJIe.iKKII II npocro BOJIOKyIlIII. IIoRBJIR­ IOTCR nonsre Opy.n;IIR OXOThI II, ynsr, BOH:HhI, II ona-rs-ra­ KII c06aKII .n;eJIaIOT IIMeHHO TO, ~TO Hy.iKHO ~eJIOBeKY. Ho B Ka.m.n;OH: II3 HIIX TeKyT KarrJIII KpOBII ee rrpeztxa ­ BOJIKa, KOTOPhIH: KOr.n;a-TO rrOMOraJI HaIlIIIM npanrypasr B OXOTe. II CerO.n;HR B pafiore C06aK MbI BII.n;IIM xepro-r­ KII OXOTHIIqherO rrOBe.n;eHIIR BOJIKa, TOJIbKO paaarrrsre II aaxpeunennsre OT60pOM. BOJIKII MoryT rna-rs .n;lIqb MOJI~a, a MoryT C JIaeM, II y BOJIKOB pa3HbIX rrorrYJIRIJ;IIH: 3TII qepThI asrpaacensr rro- pa3HOMY. II BOT roa-me npecnezryror, rOHRT .n;lIqb rro cnezry, OT.n;aBaR rOJIOC, npaxer« rro xapaxrepy JIaR OXOT­
  • 13.
    TAK ~TO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 13 HH:K MOIKeT onpene.nn-rs, KaKyIO H:MeHHO ,n;H:'!h npecrre­ zryer cotiarca. A 60p3hIe rOHHT 3BepH «no-apaveray: co­ BepIIIeHHO MOJI'!a. 3HaMeHIITaH CTOH:Ka JIeraBhIX, rcorzra c06aKa 3aCT@BaeT KaK H:3BaHHH:e rrepe,n; HaH:,n;eHHOH: ,n;H:'!hIO, - 8TO TO IKe oxens yCIIJIeHHaH II HaCJIe,n;CTBeHHO aaxpennenaaa -repro-nca OXOTHII'!hero rrOBe,n;eHIIH BOJI­ rca. TOJIbKO BOJIK ,n;epIKH:T CTOH:Ky JIH:IIIb rrapy cexynzr II aaTeM fipocaerca JIOBH:Tb ,n;06bI'!y, a nerasaa 6y,n;eT CTO­ HTh no rronxozra OXOTHH:Ka, rro ero CIIrHaJIy rrpo,n;BIIHeTCH arrepezr, acrryrner rrTIIU;y, HO npec.nezrona'rs ee He CTaHeT. A MaCTepCTBO B JIOBJIe MblIIIeH: II KpbIC, KOTOpbIM OTJIII­ '!aIOTCH MeJIKIIe nnraynepsr II repsepsrl Ero KOpHII B Ma­ nepe OXOTbI BOJIKa aa MeJIKH:X IKIIBOTHbIX - npsrrayrr, na ,n;06bNy, CXBaTIITb II ynepxcarr, nepemmraa JIarraMII II 3y6aMH:, - TaR «MhIIIIKYIOT» BOJIKII. IIpH: 3a,n;epJKaHIIII «3JIOyMbIIIIJIeHHIIKa», ozreroro B 3a:r.u;IITHbIH: KOCTIOM,
  • 14.
    14 C06AK~ HJIH rrpa nrpe cooaxa TpeIIJIeT PYKaB. TaKHe rpenmonme .n;BHmeHHa npn XBaTKe, xaparcrepnoe BCTpaXHBaHHe .n;o­ 6blqH y BOJIKa CJIymaT TOMy, qT06bI CJIOMaTb rr03BOHOq­ HHK CXBaQeHHon: nexpyrrnoii .n;06bIQe. A cnocoti yKpOI.IJ;e­ HHa pas-sapenasrx 6bIKOB y MHorHX nopozt, pa60TaBIIIHX na neperoae cran, - CXBaTHTb 6bIKa sa sepxmoro ry6y H yztepacaaarr, TaK, noxa OH He YTHXOMHpHTca, - Tome .n;OCTaJICa HM rro HaCJIe.n;CTBy OT .n;HKHX rrpamypos - BOJI­ KH XBaTKaMH aa HOC H nepxmoro ry6y OCTaHaBJIHBaroT rcpyrmyro .n;HQb, noxa He noztocrreer sea CTaH. Tlozrron OTCTaBIlIHX mHBOTHbIX K crazry - OBQapKH npn 3TOM noxycsraaror «npoannaanreroca » aa aaznrae
  • 15.
    TAK 'iTO >KETAKOE C06AKA? 15 nor-a, - OrrJITh-TaKH KopeHHTCJI B OXOTHHQbeM rronezie­ HHH BOJIKa. 11 ztaxce paoora P03hICKHhIX cofiax CTpOHT­ CJI na apoxcztennoa crroco6HOCTH scex npezrcraaareneii cexrencraa rrCOBhIX npecnezroaa'n, ,n;06bF-ry H OThICKH­ BaTh 'IJIeHOB caoeii CTaH rro aanaxosoxry cnezry. Bee STO cofiaxn rrOJIyQHJIH OT csoero rrpeznca, HO Te­ neps BMeCTO ozraoro BOJIKa C QeJIOBeKOM paooraer ne­ JIaJI KOMaH,n;a crre:O;HaJIHCTOB. 3TH co6aKH-crre:O;HaJIHCTbI 06pa3YIOT rropozrsr. IIo­ pozra - STO rpyrrrra mHBOTHhIX, HMeIOru;Hx o6ru;ee Cnapmuame - ?pe'leCK(LJl nacmuuusi cooaxa
  • 16.
    16 COEiAK~ npoacxoxcneaae 1I ofiurae lIepThI, rrepenaroruaeca no HaCJIe,n;cTBy. II erne - OHa, STa rpynrra mliBOTHbIX, ,n;OJImHa 6bITb C03,n;aHa JIlO,n;bMlI. 8TO celllIac MbI ronopaxr rropozta», a JIlO,n;lI «,n;peBHRR na nporaxceaaa MHorliX CTOJIeTlill ne.na OT60p , He aany­ MbIBaRCb Ha,D; TeM, liTO onn BbIBO,n;RT KaKyIO -To nopozry c06aK lIJIlI ,n;pyrlIx m lIBOTH bIX . OT60p 6bIJI meCTKlIll, a LIaCTO »cecrororri. Henyxcm.rx y61IBaJIli. A eCJIlI 6bIJI nyxcea xerucponor-nii pa60THlIK, OCTaBJIRJIlI HOBbIll w;eHKa OT XOpOIIIO pafioraronmx po,n;lITeJIell - LIT06bI 1I w;eHOK BbIPOC TaKOll me rpyacenmc. KaK onpenemrn, ero B MaJIeHbKOM, lIaCTO B HOBopom,n;eHHOM, memce? Ilponie scero BbI6paTh noxoacero na po,n;lITeJIell-Tpyme­ HlIKOB. KaK onpenenart, CXO,n;CTBO? JIerLIe scero no TlI­ ny, no orcpacy. II eCJIlI MeCTHOCTb, rne lICnOJIh3YlOTCH IIemeptiupectcast opxuiien
  • 17.
    TAK ~TO >KE TAKOE C06AKA? 17 8TH c06aKH, He60JIbllIaH, TO rpopraapyerca nopozta, ozt­ aopozmaa He TOJIbKO no pa60qHM CBOllCTBaM, HO H no rnny, oxpacy H ,n;pyrHM BHellI11M rrpI13HaKaM. TaK c]:>opMHpOBaJI11Cb TaK naasmaerasre atiopnrennsre nopozrsr. ECTb eII.I,e 11 3aBo,n;CK11e nopozrsr - rrpozryrcr 60­ nee rroarmero BpeMeHH, OpraH1130BaHHoro cooaxonon­ CTBa. 8TO HJI11 aboparenm.re nopozrsr, OepHI.J;11aJIbHO npnaaaamae K11HOJIOr11QeCKHM11, c06aKoBo,n;QeCK11MH opraHH3a:IJ;11HMI1, I1JIH BHOBb coanamrsre. JIIO,n;HM caoacraeano CI1CTeMaTH3HpOBaTb cnoe OK­ pyxcemre, H norosry nopozrsr c06aK ,n;eJIHT na rpyrmsr. MOJKHO rro HCrrOJIb30BaH111O - OXOTHH'lb11, CJIyJKe6Hble 11 ztexopar-aarrsre. Ho ceii-rac MHOr11e nopozrsr npnofipe­ TalOT HOBwe crre~11aJIbHOCT11, HarrpHMep OXOTH11K11 rraopanopsr 11 6HrJIH pa60TalOT eII.I,e H KaK CJIyJKe6Hble c06aKH, H KpOMe roro c06aK rrpaKTHQeCKH ncex nopozt JIIO,n;H zrepacar B xasecrse KOMnaHbOHOB. IT08TOMY cell­ rpynnsr cxopee no 06II.I,HOCT11 'lac c06aK 06'he,n;I1HHIOT B ,n;peBH11X xopneii: zioroofipaamsre C06aKI1, rracryun.n C06aK11, TaKCbI, TepbepbI, fiopasrc H zrpyr-ae. Ilopon c06aK MHoro - 60JIee 400, HO nponecc ofipa­ 30BaH11H HOBbIX rropozt npo,n;OJIJKaeTCH 11 ceiraac. BOT, pyccxaa crerraaa 60p3aH CepOpM11pOBaJIaCb BO BTOPOll nOJIOB11He XX sexa KaK a60p11reHHaH rropozra, np11QeM OCHOBHbIM Kp11Tep11eM orfiopa 6bIJIa ,n;06bI'lJI11BOCTb npn OXOTe. ITo CJIyJKe6HoMy 3a,ZJ;aH111O B IJ;eHTpaJIbHOM nn­ TOMH11Ke Conercxoii APMHH BbIBO,n;HJIHCb 'lepHbIll Tepbep, MOCKOBCKaH CTOpOJKeBaH, MOCKOBCK11e ,n;or H Bo,n;OJIa3. ITo JI11QHOll 11HH~HaT11Be c06aKOBo,n;OB noa­ BHJI11Cb COBceM HOBbIe zrexopa'ranasre rropozrsr - rre'rep­ fiyprcrcaa opxnzrea H MOCKOBCK11ll ztpaxoa. 8TO TOJIbKO B POCC11H. A eII.I,e B MTaJI11H, CIIIA, Aprenrtrae... ITOPO,n;bI JKI1BYT csoeii JK113HblO - B03H11KaIOT, zre­ JIHTCH H 11C'le3aIOT H3-3a npenparnocren cy,n;b6bI H rro­ TepH 11HTepeCa K H11M. A ceaxac IOHECKO 06'hHBHJIa CYII.I,eCTByIOII.I,He nopozrsr ,n;OMallIHHX JKHBOTHbIX ,n;OC­ TOHHHeM QeJIOBe'leCTBa.
  • 18.
  • 19.
    JlA~K~ ECJIIT B3rmIHeM na CrrITCOK Cyrn;eCTBYIOrn;ITX nopozt C06aK, TO yBIT,n;ITM, KaK MHOrO cpezra HITX OXOTHITqbITX. A y.IK IT3 CTapbIX nopozt C ,n;peBHeM: ITCTOpITeM: «OXOTHIT­ KOB» - nozraunaroniee 60JIbIIlITHCTBO. 11 caxn.re npes­ HITe cpezrn HITX - cesepasre OCTpoyXITe C06aKIT JIaM:KIT. JIaM:KIT - C06aKIT yHITBepCaJIbHbIe, IT K CaMOM: pa3HOM: OXOTe OHIT, KaK IT ITX ,n;aJIeKITe npeztrcn, cnocofiasr no-r­ TIT 6e30 BCRKOM: ,n;peCCITpOBKIT. 11, KaK B CTapO,n;aBHITe aperaeaa, OHI1 COrrpOBO.IK,n;aIOT OXOTHI1KOB IT rrOMOraIOT 11M B OXOTHl1qbeM rrpOMbICJIe. Tlopozr JIaeK HeMaJIO - 3'1'0 11 pyccxo-eaponericxaa, IT 3arra,n;HOCn6ITpCKaR, IT xape.no-rpaucxaa, 11 BOCTOq ­ HOCI1611pCKaR JIaM:Kli. A erne eCTb IIlBe,n:CKITe, HOPBe­ .lKCKITe IT epI1HCKITe nopozrsr OXOTHI1qbI1X JIaeK. IIOqTI1 BCe cenepnsre napozrsr I1MeIOT CBOI1X JIaeK. 11 BCe JIaM:­ KIT BHeIIlHe rrOXO.IKIT. fOJIOBbI KJII1HOM, MOp,n;bI OCTpbIe, CTORqI1e TpeyrOJIbHbIe YIIlIT rrOCa.IKeHbI BbICOKO, .narrsr C06paHbI B KOMOK, XBOCTbI 3arHYTbI na CrrI1HY KOJIb­ II;OM I1JII1 cepnora, Ill epcre y JIaM:KI1 - KaK y BOJIKa: MRrKI1M: rvcron rrO,n;IIlepC'1'OK csepxy npnxpsrr npa­ MOM: .lKeCTKOBaTOM: 11 He,n:JIITHHOM: OC'1'bIO. IIO,n;IIlepCTOK rpeer-, a OCTeBOM: BOJIOC 0'1' BJIarIT IT serpa 3 aut 11maer • OKpaCbI Mory'1' 6bI'1'b casrsre paarrsre - xepasre, 6e­ rn.re, psrxcae, rrR'1'HI1CTble, cepsre. POCTOM OHIT Mory'r 6bITb 11 MeJIKI1MI1, 11 cpe,n;HITMI1, HO TOJIbKO He xpvrrasr­ MI1. BOJIbIIlITe C06aKI1 B .necy He HY.IKHbI - TepRIOT BbI­ HOCJII1BOCTb, IT xopxra 11M Hy.IKHO MHoro. A JIaM:KI1 ,n;OJI.lKHbI 6bITb HerrpI1XOTJIITBbIMI1. OHIT oxem, 3HeprITQHbI, rro,n;BI1.IKHbI 11 BbIHOCJIITBbI. 3'1'0 CMeJIble 11 OTBa.IKHbIe c06aKI1, OQeHb JIOBKITe 11 sepr­ KI1e. 11 QYTbe y HITX OTMeHHoe, a «QYTbeM» OXOTHITKIT­ JIaeQHI1KI1 BCe pa30M Ha3bIBaIOT: IT 060HRHITe, IT CJIyx, 11 3peHI1e. Kopove rosopa, 3'1'0 - pa60THI1II;bI, C06aKIT He TOJIbKO OXOTHI1KOB-JII06I1TeJIeM:, HO, B nepsyro oxepezn., OXOTHI1KOB-rrpOMbICJIOBI1KOB. 4 Sanaiinocutiupctcasc naiuca
  • 20.
    20 C06AK~ OXOTHTCH C JIaHKaMH na rrTHIJ;y, na 6eJIKy, na c060­ JIH. JIaHKa mner ,n;06hIqy He TOJIhKO 060HHHHeM, oxeas Ba./KHhI CJIyx H apemre. 3a ,n;eCHTKH, a TO H COTHH MeT­ pOB CJIhIIIIHT JIaHKa IllOpOX asepsxa B rcponax nepeasen. R: nonoaparerrsnosry MecTy 6emHT, ,n;06hIqy BhICMaTpH­ saer H BhIHlOXHBaeT. A BOT rcorna yBH,n;HT ee, aa-maae-r 06JIaHBaTh, - OTClO,n;a H Ha3BaHHe «JIaHKa », - OXOT­ HHKa npnasraaer H BHHMaHHe asepsxa aa ceria OTBJIe­ rcaer. OTCTpeJIeHHylO ,n;06hlqy X03HHHY rronaer, He nos­ pezma nncypxn. Be3 JIaHKH B raiire OXOTHHKy ,n;eJIaTh neuero. BOJIhIlle 90 % 6eJIKH H C060JIH ,n;06hIBaeTcH C rrOMO:W;hlO JIaeK, nezn, ycrrex OXOTHHKa 3aBHCHT OT pa­ 60ThI ero nepnoii rrOMO:W;HHIJ;hI JIaHKH. Oxorosezrsr ro­ BOpHT, QTO OXOTHHK ztaxce CJIaHKoH-«TpOeQHHIJ;eH » zro­ 6hIBaeT rrYIIIHHHhI B 10-15 paa 60JIhIlle, QeM 6e3 c06aKH. A C rrepBOKJIaCCHOH JIaHKOH - B 50! pYCClw-e6poneUCILYIO U sanaintoctuiupciono naeic ucnos unpom OJl.fl oxomu na Me08eOJt
  • 21.
    llAHK~ 21 ,IJ;oMa JIaHKa - CTopom, B JIecy - Ha,n;emHa.H rro­ Moru;HllIJ;a II BepHbIH ztpvr. CKOJIbKO paa, xceprnya m1l3HblO, cnacana JIaHKa cnoero X03.HllHa OT aanazre­ Hll.H paa-sapeaaoro Me,n;Be,n;.H. C JIaHKOH OXOT.HTC.H II na xpyrraor-o 3Bep.H - JIOC.H, xatiaaa II zraace Me,n;Be,n;.H. OHa B COCTO.HHllll OCTaHO­ BllTb 3Bep.H II aanepaca n, ero na MeCTe zto nonxozra OXOTHliKa . Tarcnx JIaeK Ha3bIBalOT 3BepOBbIMll, II IJ;e­ H.HTC.H onn OqeHb BbICOKO.
  • 22.
    H eMeu,KUU eonup-uinuu (iceecxonii ) U nOMepaHCKUU (cnpaea ) iunuu OXOTHHQhH JIaHKH - 3TO .necrrsre, raeacasre co6a­ KIf. A BOT B rynnpe, TaM, r.n;e pa3BHTO OJIeHeBo.n;CTBO, CJIOmHJIHCh nacryun,a JIaHKH. ,IJ,o CHX nop HeHelI,KHH H en eu tcue OJleHeZOHHble tunuu»t
  • 23.
    J1AHK~ 23 OJIeHerOHHbln: IIIII11:U: 1I0MoraeT lIaCT11 crana CeBepHbIX OJIeHen:, KOt.IyR 110 TyHp;pe BMeCTe C nacryxaran. Y OJIeHeBO,IJ;OB CaMOe nazreacaoe 11 P;OCTYIIHOe TpaHC­ 1I0pTHOe Cpep;CTBO - OJIeHbR yrrpaacxa. A BOT ,IJ;JIR ce­ BepHbIX HapOp;OB, )I{11Byrn;11X na notiepeacse CeBepHOrO JIep;OB11TOrO oxeaaa, B JIeCaX Cesepnoii AMep11K11 11 He pa3BOp;11BIII11X OJIeHen:, ynpaacxa e3p;OBbIX JIaeK 6bIJIa He TOJIbKO ep;11HCTBeHHbIM rpancnop-msrra cpep;CTBOM, HO 11 soofirne rrepBbIM rpanonoprosr qeJIOBeqeCTBa. 311­ MOn: C06aqb11 yrrp.H)I{K11, aarrpaacernrsre B CaHK11-Hap­ TbI, rrepeB0311JI11 JIIOp;eH 11 rpyasr, JIeTOM xce 3ap;OJIrO zro 11306peTeHll.H KOJIeCa C06aK11 lIepeHOC11JI11 rrOKJIa)I{y B rrp11TOpOQeHHbIX K Crr11He BbIOKax, T.HHyJIll Cp;eJIaH­ mae 113 )I{epp;en: BOJIOKyiliM. C06aKa 6bIJIa e,IJ;MHCTBeHHbIM p;OMaIIIHMM )I{11BOT­ HbIM MHorMX cesepasrx napoztos. Ha Cenepe 11 cen:qac
  • 24.
    24 C06AK~ M anasujm U CU6 UpC K UU XaC KU ( na nepeonen nnane) I npono.nacaror paoora-n, .nae-n,a yrrpRJKKH. A BO MHorHX crpanax MHpa see norry.napaee CT a H OB R T CR copenaoaa­ HHR e3,n;OBhIX cofiarc H B T OM qHCJIe MHOrO,n;HeBHhle crrop­ THBHhle rOHKH na cotia-rs- HX ynpaxcrcax . BOJIhIIIHHCTBO e3,n;OBhIX nopon rrpOHCXO,n;HT C rep­ pHTOpHH aamea CTpaHhI. 3TO qyKoTcKHe H KaM"tJaTC­ KHe eanonsre JIaifKH, 6e­ JIOCHeJKHhle caxroezrsr (ca­
  • 25.
    H K~ 25 .w e,n;aMH paasure Ha3bIBaJIH HeHI.I;eB), cH6HpCKHe xac­ KH C rOJIy6bIMH rJIa3aMH, sezryurae CBOIO HCTOpHIO OT rrp a xoc n , BbIBe3eHHOM H3 CH6HpH. A ecrs erne Mac­ CHBHbl e aJIHCKHHCKHe MaJIaMyTbI, rpeHJIaH,n;CKHe ea­ onsre JIaMKH. A BOT B TeX CTpaHaX Bananaoii Enpom,r, rne yxee B cpezraae sexa asipyfiannc» JIeCa rrozr nauraa H nacr­ 6Hru;a , He06xo,n;HMOCTb B yHHBepCaJIbHOM OXOTHWlbeM n p OCTOHap O,n;HOM C06aKe nporrana. Ho ocrpoyxne OXOT­ HIP-IbH c06aKH He HC"lle3JIH, OHH rrpOCTO CMeHHJIH crre­ D;HaJIbHOCTb . TaK rrOHB11JI11Cb secerrsre ummrsr, npo­ m en m n e ny'rr, OT ,n;OMaIllHHX cropoacea ,n;o HapH,n;HbIX OaJIOBHeM, 11 ocrpoyxne eaponeactcne OB"llapK11. woein« U 'lyKomcKue esiioeue ( l -si, 3-Jl, 4-Jl cneea ) naiucu •
  • 27.
    60P3b1E, rOHLil1E, llErABblE B CeBepHhIX .necax 6e3 .lIaihnr - rrOMO~HIUIhI He 060H­ TIICh, erne ,n;peBHIIM OXOTHIIKaM OHII rrOMOraJIII ,n;06hI­ BaTh rrII~Y. A B IO.lKHhIX crenax? B rrYC'fhIHHX? TaM )];pyrIIe 3BepII - 6hICTpOHorIIe, - OHII BII)];RT OXOTHIIKa II3)];aJIeKa II MoryT 6ercTBoM cnacracs. KaK IIX ztor­ nart.? JIoWa,ZJ;eH sezn. o.n;OMaWHII.lIII «ncero. 5 ThICRq .ner Ha3a,ZJ;, a cofiaica II3)];aBHa PR)];OM C qe.lIOBeKOM. BOT 6hI TaKylO cofiaxy - rrOMO~HIIIJ;y, qT06hI aHTII.lIOrry, ra­ 3e.lIh II.lIII 3aHIIa MOr.lIa norna'n-, rroHMaTh II X03HIIHY rrpIIHecTII. 0'1' TaKoH .lIOBqeH c06aKII rpefiyrorca 60.lIh­ maa pe3BOCTh II BhIHOC.lIIIBOCTh B norone. :vI na tore, B 30He crerren II rrYCThIHh, C.lIO.IKII.lICH TIIrr c06aKII, aecs 0 6 .lI IIK KOTOpOH rOBopIIT 0 6hICTpOTe. "Y3KaH rO.lIOBa, .lIerKOe Y3Koe TY.lIOBII~e na )];.lIIIHHhIX norax, neo­ 6hIKHOBeHHO CII.lIhHhIe 3a,ZJ;­ HIIe HorII, ynpyraa cnnna, XopOWO pa3BIITaH r-pyzn, II CII.lIhHO rrO)];06paHH@H .lKIIBOT - TaK C.lIO.IKeHhI .lKIIBOTHhIe, cnocotiasre K 6hICTpOH cxasnce. Bce 8'1'0 eCTh y c06aK, KOTOphIX Ha3hIBalOT 60p­ 3hIMII. «BOP3hIH» 3HaqIIT 6hICTphIM. Bee B 8TIIX coria­ xax rrO)];qIIHeHO IJ;e.lIII: crpe­ MIITe.lIhHOCTh 6era He nos­ BO.lIReT TpaTIITh CII.lIhI na .lIaR, rr08TOMY 60p3hIe .lIOBHT MO.lIqa. "Y HIIX 0'1'.lIII"l{HOe CaJllOlCU
  • 28.
    28 C06AKH 3peHJIe, norosry qTO OHJI ,lI;OJDKHhI rrpec.nenoaa-n, ,lI;06hI­ qy, KOTOpylO BJI,lI;.HT.A qYTheM OHJI rrOqTJI He rrOJIh3Y­ IOTC.H. ECJIJI 60p3a.H 6Y,ll;eT JICKaTh 3Bep.H rro cnezry, TO HaBepH.HKa nporrycr-ar MOMeHT, xorzra TOT 06paTJITC.H B 6erCTBO, JI nponrpaer rroromo, llJIJI soofinte ,lI;ame He YBJI,lI;JIT 3Bep.H. Jlmm, aerco'ropsre nopoztsr BOCTOqHhIX 60p3hIX rrOJIh3YIOTC.H qyTheM, HO B aTOM cnvxae JIX aa­ zraxa He ,lI;06hITh 3Bep.H, a ncrryr-ny'rs ero ,lI;JI.H JIOBqerO fieprcyra. Tlpapona-re.nera rrOqTJI ncex COBpeMeHHhIX nopozt 60p3hIX c06aR CqJITalOT CJIlOrrJI, 60p3ylO apafion. Ha nepasrx rropax fiopasre CJI ymJIJIJI qeJIOBeKy ,lI;JI.H ,lI;06hI­ BaHJI.H mmm. IIOPOH finarono.nyvae u.eJIhIX ceMeHCTB JI zraace nneraen 3aBllCeJIO OT ,lI;06hlqJIllBOCTJI 60p3hIX. TaKJIe C06aKJI BO ace apexiena :o;eHllJIJICh oxens BhICO­ KO. Korna-ro B Ka3aXCTaHe, 6hIBaJIO, OTKa3hIBaJIJICh OT rpeuxayl-lo u yunnem (na nepeiiuest nnane )
  • 29.
    60P3b1E, rOH"IVlE, l1ErABblE 29 Aipeancxasi tiopsas. KaJIbIMa, BbIKyrra aa ztenymxy-nenec'ry, B nonycormo .nomazteri, HO 6paJIH xoponryro fiopayro cofiarcy - Ta3Y. Ho B 60p3bIX cotiaxax :o;eHHJIaCb He TOJIbKO ,n;06bI'I­ JIHBOCTb. CTpeMHTeJIbHOCTb H KpaCOTa CKa'IKH 60p30rr aa anepevr, ee CTpOMHOCTb H H3H~eCTBO rrpHBJIeKaJIH cepzma MHOI'HX OXOTHHKOB. II OXOTa C 60P3bIMH CTa­ HOBHTCH pa3BJIe'IeHHeM 3HaTH. Tlocrenenno 60p3bIe pacnpocrpaaanacs K cesepy. MHOI'O cotiax rrpHB03HJIH psrnapn H3 KpeCTOBbIX rroxo­ ,n;OB. Ho 60p3bIe - cooarcn OTKpbITbIX rrpOCTpaHCTB ­ crerreii H rrOJIeM. B Banannoit Espone ,n;JIH OXOT C 6op­ 3bIMH nonxozm.na JIHllIb 60JIbllIHe rrOMeCTbH aHI'JIHM­ CKHX JIOp,n;OB. Ho H B AHI'JIHH yxce ,n;aBHO HeT OXOTbI C 60p3bIMH. AHI'JIHMCKHe 60p3bIe - rpeaxavnzrsr H ynrme'rsr - CeM'IaC rpaaopm-sr C06a'IbHX 6eI'OB.
  • 30.
    30 C06AK~ A BOT CTeIIH H JIeCOCTeIIH POCCHH IIO,D;OIIIJIH ,D;JIJI IICOBOH OXOTbI C 60P3bIMH KaK HeJIb3JI JIy"tJIIIe. ,IJ;o HaIIIHX speraen ,D;OIIIJIO HeCKOJIbKO IIOpO,D; 60P3bIX cofiarc, H ,D;JIJI Ka)K,D;OH IIOpO,D;bI ecrs CBOH HaM60JIee IIO,D;­ XO,D;JIIIJ;He OXOTHH"tJbH yrO,D;bJI. B Ka3aXCTaHe H 'I'yprcrae­ HHH He3aMeHHMbI 6bICTpOHorHe Ta3bI, B IIpe,D;rOpbJIX KHprH3CKoro TJIHb-lliaHJI - TaHraH, B Adn-aaacrane v­ a60pHreHHaJI adiranorcaa 60p3aJI. Ta3bI H TaHraHbI OT­ JIH"tJHO YMelOT paoora'n, H BMeCTe C 6epKyTOM. B CTeIIJIX IIpHKaCIIHJI H Cesepaoro KaBKa3a - xop­ TaJI H roxcnopyccrcaa CTeIIHaJIfiopasre, a BOT JIeCOCTeIIH POCCHH H3,D;aBHa 6bIJIH «U;apCTBOM » pyCCKOH IICOBOH 60p30H. Pyccrcaa IICOBaJI 60p3aJI CTaJIa nanreii HaU;HOHaJIbHOH IIOpO,D;OH H nanreii rOp,D;OCTblO. 8TO O,D;Ha H3 KpaCHBeH­ IIIHX cotiarc B MHpe H 6e3yCJIOBHO CaMaJI 3JIeraHTHaJI H3
  • 31.
    60P3blE, rOHLfYlE, llErABblE 31 scex 60p3bIX. ITo CYlJIY:3TY PYCCKYlX rrCOBbIX He cnyra­ eun, HI1 C KeM. OHYl rcpynnsre, rrO'ITYl xsanparrrsre. Illepcn, y 60p3bIX Ha3bIBaeTCJI CTapbIM PYCCKI1M CJIOBOM « rrCOBYlHa » - OTCIO,n;a I1 Ha3BaHYle rropo,n;bI « rrCOBaJI » , r .e. ozreraa lIIepCTbIO, He rJIa.n;KOlIIepCTHaJI. II urepcrt, y HI1X JIerKaJI, BOJIHI1CTaJI I1JII1 B xpvrnrox 3aBI1TKe. OK­ pacsr rrO'ITI1 JII06ble, HO scerna O'IeHb napazrasie. rOJIOBa y 60P30M ,n;JIYlHHaJI I1 Y3KaJI. MaJIeHbKI1e BbI ­ COKO nocaxcennsre YUII13aJIOmeHbI aaaazr, I'pvzn, rrryoo­ KaJI.A BOT JII1HI1JI sepxa COBeplIIeHHO Heo6bI'IHaJI ­ nsrrnyra zryroii. 06bI'IHO :3TO O'IeHb cnoxoiinaa cofiarca I1 ,n;BI1raeTCJI JIerKOM rpaO;I103HOrr psrcuoa. Ho CTOYlT err yBYl,n;eTb 3Be­ pJI, KaK OHa npeotipaxcaercn, peaxo B036ym,n;aeTCJI Yl or ­ POMHbIMYl CKa'IKaMYl «JIeTYlT» B norone I1CKJIIO'IIiTeJIbHO 6bICTPbIM rcapsepoxr. Aipzanctcue 60p3bte 6 nOZOHe sa oo6bl'teu
  • 32.
    32 C05AKH Mnor-ne CqHTaIOT, qTO pyCCKa.H IICOBa.H 60p3a.H ­ CaMa.H 6bICTpa.H cofi axa B Mllpe. Ho 3TO He TaK. CJIaBy pyCCKOll IICOBOll AOCTaBHJIll ee KpaCOTa, KpaCOT a ee cxa-ncn, JIOBKOCTb H MaCTepCTBO IIpH OXOTe. B crapnny B POCCHH na 60JIbIIIHX OXOTax A JI.H roro, qTo6bI nsrrnarr, anepeit H3 .neca na OTKpbIToe MeCTO, B IIOM0I.I.J;b 60P3bIM llCIIOJIb30BaJIH rOHqHX cotiax . Ho OXOTa C rOHqllMll ncerna c v m e c r n o s ana II caraa IIO ce6e. I'on-me cofiaxn CqHTaIOTC.H OAHHMH H3 ApeBHellIIIHX. Er.u;e HaIIIHM npanrypaxr OHH IIOMOraJIH Ao6bIBaTb IIH­ nry. Ho IIOA06HO OXOTe C 60P3bIMH B CTeIIH, IICOBa.H Pu ccicue ncoeue tiopsue npecneinpom. Jl Uc u4Y
  • 33.
    60P3blE, rOHli~E, nErABblE 33 OXOTa C rOH'IllMll B .necax Enponsr CTaJIa paaanexeanew JIIo,n;eH 6JIaropo,n;Horo npoacxoxcneaaa. Ton-rae cotiarcn no cpaaaeamo C 60P3bIMll Me,n;JIll­ TeJIbHbI, OHll 3BepH He JIOBRT, a rOHRT, npecnezryror no aanaxonosry cnezry C nosrra aenpepsmasne JIaeM. I1x yrozn.a - JIeca, ronxne peznco Bll,n;RT npecnezryereoro 3BepH, II08TOMY epenne y HllX xyxce, 'IeM y 60p3bIX, 3aTO 060HRHlle 3aMe'IaTeJIbHO ocrpoe. CKJIOHHOCTb rnars 3BepH ecrs no-rm y scex Co6aK ­ KaK ,n;llKllX, TaK II ,n;OMaIIIHllX. Ilopoii cooaxa a noramca ­ BaIOT npn 8TOM. Ho paaaana Mem,n;y HllMllll HaCTOHIII;llMll
  • 34.
    34 C06AK~ rOH~llMll B TOM, ~TO 06bI~HbIe, He roavne cofiarc« rrpec­ .nezryror 3BepH TOJIbKO no CBeJKllM CJIe,n;aM II JIalOT OT B036yJK,n;eHllH JIllIIIb npa anne ,n;06bI~ll. ECJIll llM He yzraerca nOHMaTb ee B nepasre MllHYTbI, TO norOHIO 6po­ caror. ReT y HllX cavroro rJIaBHOrO Ka~eCTBa rOH~eH CO­ 6aKll - HaCTOH~llBOCTllll yrropcrna B npecneztoaannn. rOH~aH cofiaxa Ha~llHaeT JIaHTb, KaK TOJIbKO B03b­ MeT CJIe,n;. OHa rorrar 3BepH ,n;o Tex nop, noxa llJIll He B03bMeT ero ll3MOpOM, llJIll He BbIrOHllT nozt 60p3bIX
  • 35.
    60P3blE, rOHLil-1E, nErABblE 35 l1JIl1 na OXOTHl1Ka, l1JIl1 He c06beTCH co crrezta, l1JIl1 no­ xa caraa He norepaer Cl1JIbI or YCTaJIOCTl1. Ha OXOTe B rOHlleH u;eHl1TCH xyrse, HaCTOH'Il1BOCTb, YMeHl1e pacnyrsraa-n, CJIe,n;bI aaeperi, 11, KOHellHO, 1'0­ JIOC. rOJIOC rOH'IeH OXOTHI1KY rOBOpl1T MHoroe. I1MeHHo no TeM6py rOJIOca, no TOMy, KaK ona JIaeT, OXOTHI1K orr­ peztenaer, xaxoro 3BepH nO,ll;HHJIa 11 npecnezryer cofiaxa. ITo ro.nocy OH 3HaeT, 'ITO npoacxozrar - C611JIaCb JIl1 CO­ fiaxa co c.nena 11 pacnvrsraaer asepnasre yJIOBKl1, rOHl1T JIl1 rro c.nezry l1JIl1 yxce yBl1,n;eJIa 3BepH. Oc06eHHO HPKl1H rOH 6bIBaeT rro BOJIKy. rOJIOC 11 sraaepa noztaxa rOJIOca PYCC1CM neeasteotocan
  • 36.
    36 C06AKlt1 y KaJK,n;oii rOH"lleii CBOR, II My3hIKa rona ,n;JIR c-rpacrnoro OXOTHIIKa, noacanyii, BaJKHee, "lleM ,n;o6hI"lla. B XVIII- XIX nercax B POCCIIII CYII.J;eCTBOBaJIO He Me­ nee ,n;eCRTKa nopozt rOH"llIIX, HO eII.J;e C KOHIJ;a XIX nerca MHorIIe 3aBo,n;"llIIKll BeJIII pafio-ry no BhIBe,n;eHIIIO e,n;IIHO­ ro TIIIIa pyccrcoii rOH"lleii. Ceirsac B POCCIIII zrse npeaoc­ xoznrsre nopozrsr rOH"llIIX cotiax - pyccrcaa II pyccrcaa rrer-aa roa-nre. OXOTHII"llhII yrozn.a COKpaII.J;aIOTCR, COKpaII.J;aeTCR II IIOrOJIOBhe rOH"llIIX, HO JII06IITeJIII coxpanaror MHorIIe IIOpO,n;bI KaK IIaMRTh 0 IIpoIIIJIOM, aezn, co6aKII - ::lTO xac'rs aanreii IICTOpIIII. Korzta-ro, cnyuras JIaM rOH"lleii Co6aKII, Ham IIpe,n;OK, noopyxcearrsrii IIaJIIIIJ;eii, KOIIbeM , 3aTeM II JIyKOM co CTpeJIaMII IIJIII C cersro, nepecexan zto­ pory npecnezryeraosry 3BepIO. Korna-ro IIO Bceii Espone BCJIe,n; aa CTaRMII rOH"llIIX CKaKaJIII KOpOJIII II eIIIICKonhI, rcasanepsr II ,n;aMbI, aezn, IICOBaR OXOTa6hIJIa IIpIIBIIJIerII­ eii JIIO,n;eii 6JIarOpo,n;Horo COCJIOBIIR. KaK IIfuV1RTh 0 IIpOIII­ JIOM, OCTaJIOCh 60JIee 70 nopozt rOH"llIIX cooax, II B cnIICKe CTpaH-po,n;OHa"llaJIbHIIIJ; IIOpO,n; - BCR Espona. BJWOzayHO
  • 37.
    BUZJt b u 6accem (cnpaea ) Hexoropsre rOH1.IfIe cofiarcn aaxonrrr ce6e HOBbIe nporpeccna. KOPOTKOHorfIe 6 acceTbI norr y.napasr KaK co6aKfI-KOMrraHbOHbI. KapJIfIKOBbl e rOH1.IfIe 6fIrJIfI fI C­ rrOJIb3 YIOTC.H rrO JIfI:O;fIeH fI TaMomeHHbIMfI CJIym6aMfI MHorfIX CTpaH MfIpa .n;JI.H oonapyaeeaas 3arrpeIJJ;eHHbIX K nponoay npozryrcron. A JIY1.IIIIfIM «HOCOM') MfIpa C1.IfI­ TaeTC.H a H r JI fI M CK fI H 6JIa.n;raYH.n; • Bnanraynn - He HaCTO.HIJJ;a.H rOH1.Ia.H, a rOH1.Ia.H rro KpOB.HHOMy c.nezry, TO ecrr, .n;JI.H noncxa rronpamcoa. OH paooraer MOJI1.Ia, crcopee KaK fIIJJ;eMKa, HO HaCTOM­ 1.IfIB, KaK nozina aaaa rOH1.Ia.H cofiarca. EIJJ;e HeCKOJIbKO PYCCIWJl ZOH l£a R
  • 38.
    illOmJlanOCKUU U UpJlanOCKUU (na nepeiinem nna u cemmepu CTOJIenrH naaan OH HCITOJIh30BaJIC.H ,n;JI.H P03hICKa npec­ TyrrHHKoB H yrcpazreanor-o CKOTa, aezn, OH MOJIWT H,n;TH ITO cnezry ,n;aBHOCThlO B HeCKOJIhKO ,n;HeH. COBpeMeHHhIH pexopzi 6JIa,n;rayH,n;a - B CIIIA npopafiorxa c.nena nan­ HOCThlO 105 TIaCOB, yBeHTIaBIIIa.HC.H rrOHMKOH sopa, ­ KOHeTIHO, 3TO He B ropozte, a B CeJlhCKOH MeCTHOCTH . AHZJlUUCKUU cemmep
  • 39.
    TaKca OT rOH'IHX npOH30IIIJIH erne HeCKOJIbKO rpynn OXOT­ HH'IbHX c06aK - 8TO KOpOTKOHOrHe TaKCbI, npncrro­ C06JIeHHbIe ,n:JIJI JIOBJIH asepeii B HOpaX, H .neraasre. Bopasre, rOH'IHe H TaKCbI CJIymHJIH H CJIymaT ,n:JIJI OXO­ TbI naanepeii, a .neraasre cotiarcn - ,n:JIJI OXOTbI aa rrTHII;Y. Korzta-ro nTHII; 6bIJIO MHoro H HX JIOBHJIH CeTJIMH. C06aKH Haxo,n:HJIH 3aTaHBIIIHXCJI rrepene.noa H rcyporra­ TOK, H TyT-TO HX scex H HaKpbIBaJIH 60JIbiliOH ce-n.io. Pozuma TaKHX «rrTH'IbHX» c06aK - I1cnaHHJI, n08TOMY HX H Ha3bIBaJIH 8rraHbOJIaMH HJIH CrraHHeJIJIMH, a B POC­ CHH - «IIIrraHKaMH » • Ho .ny-nne scero ,n:JIJI TaKOH OXOTbI nozrxozrana coria­ KH, xoropsre He TOJIbKO He rryrana 3aTaHBIIIYIOCJI nTH­ II;y, HO ew;e H JIOJRHJIHCb nepezr HaH,n:eHHbIMH rrTHII;aMH H He IIIeBeJIHJIHCb, naace eCJIH HX HaKpbIBaJIH BMeCTe C rrTHII;eH - '1To6bI ceTb He aanyrsmar's. OTCIO,n:a H Ha3­ BaHHe «JIeraBaJI », OT CJIOBa «JIer », «JIe'lb » • AHaJIOrH'I­ Hoe aHrJIHHCKOe Ha3BaHHe - «setter». TaK B03HHKJIa HOBaJI rpynna c06aK. C pa3BHTHeM pyJReHHOH OXOTbI BMeCTO yKJIMKH ,n:06HJIHCb Toro, '1T06bI cotiaxa CTOJIJIa nepezt HaH,n:eHHOH nTHII;eH. 8TH BbICOKOHorHe ce'rrepsr HCKaJIH ,n:H'Ib rro aanaxy, KOTOpbIH ,n:OHOCHTCJI no B03­ zryxy OT caMOH rrTHII;bI, TO ec'rs BepXHHM '1yTbeM, H 06­ CJIe,n:OBaJIH OXOTHH'IbH yrozn.a aa 6bICTpOM ranorre. TaK B03HHKJIH 3HaMeHHTble anrJIHHCKHe neraasre ­ nrJIHHCKHH, HpJIaH,n:cKHH H IIIOTJIaH,n:cKHH cer-repsr, r JIa,n:KOIIIepCTHble noinrrepsr.
  • 40.
    40 C05AK~ A B KOHTIIHeHTaJIhHOll Banazmoa Espone - CBOIf nopozrsr rrer-anr,rx cotiarc, TaK naasmaesrsre KOHTIfH eH­ ram.asre .neraasre, If3 K OT Op b I X ocotiermo xoponm He­ MeIJ;KIfe .neransre: mecTKoIIIepcTHbIll zrparxaap, rJIa.,LJ; ­ KOIIIepcTHbIll KYPIJ;Xaap. E CTb erne If )l;JIIfHHOIIIepCTHRH pa3HOBIf)l;HOCTb - JIaHrxaap. HeMIJ;bI - aapon, If3BecTHbIll c n o e ii nparc-mv­ HOCTblO, rrOTOMY If .neraasre If X MOrJIIf pafio'rart, B ca­ MhIX pa3HhIX yrozn.ax, CaMIf )l;IfTJh IfCKaJIIf, CRMIf If nozt­ 6IfTylO OXOTHIfKY IIO)l;aBaJIIf. A aHrJIIfllCKIfe OXOTHIfKIf nee YBeJIIfTJIfBaJIIf CKO­ POCTh noncxa CBOIfX JIeraBbIX, a 3HaTJIfT If If X asapr­ HOCTh. Ii QTo6bI TeMrr epaMeHTHhle cofiaxn He npnnsr­ [JOUHm ep
  • 41.
    60P3b1E, rOH~HE, J1ErABbIE 41 Jleeaeue Kypu,xaap u iJpamxaap KaJIM cpsmar sca co CTOMKM M aa paHeHOM ,n;MqbIO ro­ HHTbCH, aHrJIMqaHe CTaJIM fipa n, na OXOTy C JIeraBOM ern;e ozray cofiarcy, qTo6bI IIo,n;cTpeJIeHHyIO IITMU;y HaM.­ TM M IIpMHeCTM. TaKMX cofiax Ha3bIBaJIM perpnsepa­ MM, qTO 3HaqMT «BHOBb naxozra-n, M noztanarr. ,n;Mqb».
  • 42.
    42 COEiAK~ LJepuuii natipaoop pempueep PeTpIIBep p;OJIjKeH 6hIJI: • HaXOp;IIThC.H y nor OXOTHIIKa, • 6hITh rrOCJIyIIIeH, IIOH.HTJIIIB, • IIMeTh xopornee qyThe, • IICKaTh panenyro IIJIII yfirrryro P;IIqh, HO na zrpyr-ax IITIIU; He OTBJIeKaThC.H, • IIMeTh xopornee apenne, qTo6hI BIIp;eTh, xyzta yrra­ JIa IITIIu;a, • OXOTHO IIP;TII aa HeH B XOJIOp;Hyro BOP;y II B r-ycrsre 3apOCJIII, • IIMeTh XOpOIIIIIH POCT II p;OCTaTOqHYro CIIJIy, • He M.HTh P;IIqII, qTo6hI IIpIIHeCTII P;06hIl.J:Y 6e3 IIOB­ pejKp;eHIIH. Kopone rOBOp.H, Tpe6oBaRII.H rrOqTII KaK K 30JIyIIIKe ­ yMeTh p;eJIaTh ace, TYT «Tpe6oBaJIIiCh l.J:YThe cer-repa IIJIII CIIaHIIeJI.H, yM II 30pKOCTh KOJIJIII, JIro60Bh K nozre BOP;O­ JIa3a, IIOH.HTJIIiBOCTh II JIro60Bh K IIOHOCKe IIyp;eJI.H ». Ho perpnaepsr 6hIJIli see jKe MaJIOqIICJIeHHhI. «3Be3p;HhIH xac » IIX HacTyIIIIJI co BTOPOH rrOJIOBIIHhI
  • 43.
    60P3b1E, rOH"IHE, llErABblE 43 XX nexa. Tlororay qTO cpezm rneCT11 nopozt peTp11BepOB ecrr. 11 .nafipanop-pe-rpmsep, rcoroporo IIlI1pOKaH rry6JI11­ xa xame Ha3bIBaeT rrpOCTO «.naopanop». YH11KaJIbHble xepr-sr xaparcrepa ST11X cotiax OKa3aJI11Cb BOCTpe6oBaHbI COBceM aa zrpyror« rronpmne, 11 nama «30JIyIIIKa» CTaJIa npanneccoii. JIa6pa.n;op - JIyqlIIaH B M11pe cofiaxa-rto­ aoznaps, OTJI11qHbIM: rrOMOIIJ,H11K 11HBaJI11.n;OB, cotiaxa-re­ panear. Oxem, xoponro 3apeKOMeH.n;OBaJI OH ceoa 11 KaK cnacarern., na rr011CKe M11H I1 HapKOT11KOB. JIatipaiiop - .ny'lWa.R. 6 uupe cotiatca-noeooup« ;0
  • 44.
    44 C06AK~ Ho H3 OXOTHWlhHX rrTH"LIhHX cotiarc He TOJIhKO per­ pasepsr rrOJIy"LIHJIH ztpyr-ae crreD;HaJIhHOCTH. ,IJ;JIH rrOHC­ tea MHH H HapKOTHKOB HCrrOJIh3YlOT H CrraHHeJIeH. Crra­ HHeJIH, rrpeznca JIeraBhIX, TOJKe He CTOHJIH na MeCTe. 8TH KOpOTKoHorHe, He60JIhIIIHe C06a"LIKH C ,n;JIHHHhIMH BHCH"LIHMH yIIIaMH O"LIeHh nony.napasa H KaK OXOTHH­ KH. IICrrOJIh3YlOTCH OHH TaM, r,n;e Tpy,n;HO patiorart, BhI­ COKOHorHM JIeraBhIM - B BhICOKOH TpaBe, B ryc'rsrx KOJIIO"LIHX xycrapnnxax, na OXOTe rro nononnanarourea ,n;H"LIH. CrraHHeJIH OTJIH"LIHO pa36HpalOTCH B CJIe,n;ax rrTHD;, pa60TalOT 6e3 CTOHKH H rro,n;HHMaIOT nTHD;yna KphIJIO pe3KHM nphIJKKOM co B3JIaHBaHHeM. Flopozt CrraHHeJIeH HeMaJIO. O"LIeHh xopour pyCCKHH cnaa aem., rrpercpacnaa pa60"LIaH cofiarca, rrOTOMOK 3aBe3eHHhIX B PoeCHIO CrraHHeJIeH pa3HhIX nopozt. A BOT MHorHe ztpvrne, crapsre nopozrsr CrraHHeJIeH CTaJIH norrvnapasmn cotiaaaxra-rcorerraasorraxra - 3TO PyCCKUU cna u uen s
  • 45.
    60P3b1E, rOHliHE, J1ErABbIE 45 l1: l1:HTeJIJIl1:reH THellllIl1:ll anrJIl1:ll CKl1:ll rcoxep-cn a­ Hl1: eJIb l1: aMepl1:KaHCKl1:ll xoxep-cnanaens, KOTOpO­ ro Tpy,n;HO rrpe,n;CTaBl1:Tb ce6e rne-ro KpOMe KaK n a naprcere BbICTaBO'IHOrO panra, l1: ztpyr-ae yace ,n;aB ­ HO 'Il1:CTO nercoparnnasre rrOpO,n;bI CrraHl1:eJIell • Bce 3 T l1: C06aKl1: .nainca, rOH'Il1:e, fiopaste , JIeraBble, CrraHl1:eJIl1: - l1: CerO,n;H.H COnpOBOJR,n;aIOT OXOTHl1:KOB -JII06l1:TeJIell . A inepUKan CKUU «otcep-cnanuen» K CrrOpTl1:BHOll OXOTe MOJR­ HO OTHOCl1:TbC.H rro- pa3HOMY. Ho HeJIb3.H 3a6bIBaTb, 'ITO 'IeJIOBe'IeCTBO 06R3aHO 3Tl1:M C06aKaM O'IeHb MHOrl1:M. Bezu., noraoraa ,n;06bIBaTb mmry, 3Tl1: C06aKl1: rrOMOraJIl1: BbIJRl1:Tb aauraxr npezncara, a 3Ha'Il1:T MbI C BaMl1: B rca­ KOll -TO crenemr 06R3aHbI llM JRl1:3HblO. 8TO npercpac­ m.re C06aKl1: , resmepanearmae, aaaprnsre , xpacnasre, rrpezranusre l1: 'IeJIOBeKY-X03.Hl1:HY , II cnoeii OXOTHl1:'Ibell crpacra. OHl1:, KaK II ,n;l1:Kl1:e Bll,n;bI JRl1:BOTHbIX, ,n;OCTO.H­ nne 'IeJIOBe'IeCTBa. AnZJlUUCKUe tcotcep-cnauu eiui
  • 47.
    Aor~ OXOTa II 3eMJIe,n;eJIlle - BOT npenaemune 3aHHTllH qeJIOBeKa, OXOTHllK II CTOpO)K - BOT casrsre rrepnsre rrpO~eCCllll C06aKll. 3aTeM y qeJIOBeKa rrOHBllJIaCb HOBaH nporpeccna - nac'ryx , II noracurs nacrvxa a CTaJIa HOBOll: CJIy)K60ll: C06aKll. Pa60Ta npn crane cna-rana 6bIJIa npononxcenaera pa60TbI CTOpO)Ka. CO­ 6aKa npezrynpeaczrana 0 rrpll6JIll)KeHllll xnnraoro 3Be­ pa He TOJIbKO K neniepe llJIll CTOH61l~y, HO II K crany, a TO II nsrranacs oror-aarr, 3BepH. Ilepnsnan ,n;OMaIII­ HllMll )KllBOTHbIMll 6bIJIll OBIJ;bI II K03bI. 8'1'0 )KllBOT­ nsre crazrasre. Ho II nacryx c.nezra-r aa TeM, qT06bI OHll zrepxcanacs BMeCTe, a OT61lBIIIllXCH 0'1' crazra B03Bpa­ rnaer aaaazt. 11 BOT yxce xarcne-ro C06aKll, rrOH.RB, qTO rpetiyer 0'1' )KllBOTHbIX qeJIOBeK-BO)KaK, caran 3arOHHIOT OT61lBIIIy­ lOCH OBIJ;y B orapy. ,IJ;JIH a'rnx c06aK OBIJ;bI yxce He ,n;06bI­ qa, onn BXO,n;HT B CTaIO «JIIO,n;1l-c06aKll-0BIJ;bI», TOJIbKO panr y anx caMbIH H1l3Kllll:, II C06aKll He TOJIbKO aarrm­ ~aIOT ax, HO 1l1lMeIOT npaso KOMaH,n;OBaTb llMll. HeKO­ ropsre C06aKll OTHOC.RTC.R K «CBOllM» )KllBOTHbIM rro­ M.Rrqe: He nanaztator, He rryraro'r, a JIllilib CJIerKa norcy­ CbIBaIOT aa aannne aorn - rrOCJIyIIIaHllH ,n;06llBaIOTCH, HO He xanexar. BOT TaKllX-TO c06aK II nepacann ,n;JI.R pa­ 60TbI CO cranora, 0'1' unx II OCTaBJI.RJIll ~eHHT. ,IJ;JIH aanrar sr 0'1' Xll~HllKOB HY)KHbI 6bIJIll orpoxr­ HbIe, Moryqlle, 6eCCTpaIIIHbIe II 3JI06HbIe C06aKll. Onn crreztana aa IJ;eJIOCTbIO II 6e30rracHocTbIO CBOllX nozro­ nes asrx. 8'1'0 6bIJIll nacryursn oxpaansre C06aKll. Csrn­ TaeTC.R, qTO poztona qaJIbHllKaMll aToll: rpyrrm.r CTaJIll rracrynn,n C06aKll T1l6eTa - Moryqlle T1l6eTCKlle no­ I'll. Iloaroray nx MHOrOqllCJIeHHbIX IIOTOMKOB, pacce­ JIllBIIIllXCH rro nceray MllPY, Ha3bIBaIOT ztoroofipaama­ Mll cofiaxars a, llJIll ,n;oraMll. 11 zro cnx rrop ouem, noxoxcae naztpennnx c06aK II CXO)Klle Me)K,n;y C060H cyponsre II aenpnxor rmasre ncsr T u6em CKUU iioz
  • 48.
    Cpedneasuamctcois oesap« nocunau odonems BOJlIW
  • 49.
    or~ 49 corrpoaoacnaror OBelIbH orapsr B Hpane, na cese­ pe HH,n;HH H IIaKHcTaHa, B A<t>raHHCTaHe H B CTpaHaX Cpezraeji A3HH. Eaxcnaa crpana CBOIO nopony TaKHX C06aK Ha3bIBaeT rrO-CBOeMY. CO­ 6aK pO,n;OM H3 6bIBllIHX Cpe,n;Hea3HaTCKHX pee­ rry6JIHK CCCP rrpHHJITO Ha3bIBaTb cpezmeaanar­ CK11M11 OBlIapKaMH. XOTJI BCe xame 11 -raure HX Terrepb HMeHyIOT TypKMeHcKHMH aJIa6aJIMH, no ­ TOMy lITO JIylIllIHe ariopnrennsre OBlIapKH COX­ paHHJIHCb HMeHHO B TypKMeHHH. 8TH Heo6bIK­ HOBeHHO BbIHOCJIHBbIe C06aKH BMeCTe C orapoii JIerKO COBepllIaIOT rrepexozrsr B ,n;eCJITKH KHJIO­ MeTpOB, JIerKO rrepeHOCJIT H xcapy, 11 XOJIO,n;. OHH KpyrJIOcyTolIHO mHByT npn orapax , oxem. npn­ BJI3bIBaIOTCJI K CBOHM nonorrexm.ne H OXpaHJIIOT HX OT BOJIKOB. Heo6xo,n;11MOCTb rrpOTHBOCTOJITb BOJIKaM orrpe­ ,n;eJI11JIa BHellIHOCTb scex ,n;or006pa3HbIX C06aK, H Cpe,n;Hea311aTCKOrr OBlIapKH Tome. 8TO rcpyrrasre c06aKH. Crannapr aaziaer TOJIbKO HllmHIOIO rpa­ H11US pOCTa. Bepxnero rrpezte.na HeT. "Iacro 3TO 70-75 CM B XOJIKe. XOTJI, rOBOpJIT, lITO B orapax BCTpelIaIOTCJI H c06aKH pOCTOM B XOJIKe OKOJIO 1 xrerpa. 8TO HaCTOJIru;He rHraHTbI. Illepcrr. y 3THX c06aK He,n;JIHHHaJI, HO rpyfiaa, K TeJIy rrpaneraer OlIeHb rrJIOTHO, npaxpsraaer rycTorr noznnep­ CTOK. TaKaJI nrepcrr, - OTJIHlIHaJI aamnra OT rra­ .narnero COJIHu;a H OT cryzrenoro aerpa. rOJIOBa MaCCHBHaJI C Tyrrorr Mop,n;orr. Y IlIH 11 XBOCT KOpOTKO otipeaaasr. TIa6a­ HbI ClIHTaIOT, lITO B 60IO BOJIKH XBaTaIOT c06aK aa caxrsre lIyBCTBll­ TeJIbHbIe MeCTa - YIlIH H XBOCT ­ H norosry 06pe3aIOT 11X ru;eHJITaM eru;e npn poxcnenaa. C06aKH 3TH KamyTCJI aeropon­ JIHBbIMH, ztaxce Me,n;JIHTeJIbHbIMll
  • 50.
    50 C06AK~ II o-rens CrrOKOHHhIMll. Ho OHll 06JIa.n;a1OT B3phIBHhIM xapaxrepoxr, oxeas l.J:yTKll II CrrOC06HhI K MOJIHlleHOC­ HOMy 6pOCKy. Heztaposr nx llCrrOJIh3YlOT enie II .n;JIR OXOThI na Ka6aHOB, a B He CTOJIh .n;aJIeKOM rrpOIllJIOM ­ .n;JIR OXOThI na 6apCOB II zraace TllrpOB. A eczm rrpllHRTh BO BHllMaHlle nx orpovrayro qnI3lll.J:ecKylO CllJIY, TO CTaHeT rrOHRTHO, no-reray cpezm .ny-mmx oxpaansrx c06aK BO acex pecrrytinnrcax 6hIBillero COBeTCKoro Co­ 103a BaM 06R3aTeJIhHO Ha30ByT cpenneaaaarcrcyro OB­ xaprcy, llJIll TypKMeHcKoro aJIa6aR. Ilepnoe naanaane 60JIee npnasrrnoe, nropoe - 60­ nee npanam.aoe. Bem, C TOl.J:Kll apenna npoacxoxcne­ HllR nopozr ecperraeaaaa'r r - COBceM He «OBl.J:apKa». ,IJ;eJIO B TOM,l.J:TO B Poccna ncex c06aK, pafiorannrax npn «oauax », Ha3hIBaJIll onvaprcasnr . BOT npn COCTaB­ JIeHllll cTaH,n;apTa Ha rropo,n;y II Ha3BaJIll ee «oBl.J:ap­ KOH». Ho CeHl.J:aC nacrvun,n nopozrsr paarpamoraaaror na nac'rynrsnx oxpamrsrx coriax - STO Moryl.J:lle II CBO­ enpaaasre rrOTOMKll Tll6eTCKllx ztoron, II co6CTBeHHO OBl.J:apOK - 6hICTpOHorllx, JIerKO ynpaanaerasrx rro­ TOMKOB OCTpOyXllX cesepasrx c06aK. Ho KaBKa3CKllX OBl.J:apOK on-rapxaxra Ha3bIBalOT rro ­ rrpe.iKHeMy, XOTR STll cotiarcn - pO,n;HR cpezmeaaaar ­ CKllM OBl.J:apKaM, II zraace OTJIlll.J:llTh xoporrcornepcrno­ ro «rcaaxaana . OT «aaaara . non CllJIY TOJIhKO cnenna­ JIllCTy . Ho ,n;JIllHHOIllepcTHylO KaBKa3cKYlO omraprcy He crryraenrs Hll CKeM. OrpOMHhIe, Moryl.J:lle, ae.mr-raasre , STll cofiaxn BhI3hIBalOT yaaacenne C nepnoro B3rJIR.n;a. MaCCllBHaR rOJIOBa C He60JIhIllllMll 06pe3aHHhIMll ymaxra rranosraaaer Me.n;Be.iKhlO. A no-rm l.J:TO JIhBll ­ HaR rpasa npnnaer erne 60JIhille MOII.J;ll STOH cotiarce. XBOCThI y KaBKa3CKllX OBl.J:apOK He 06pe3a1OT. CaMll cofiaxn 60JIee rrozmaacasre, 60JIee arerannsre II B3PhIB­ asre, qeM cpemreaanarcxae. OrpOMHaR epll3llqeCKaR ca.na, 3JIo6HOCTh, qyTKOCTh, ornat-a, - aa STll xanecr­ na KaBKa3CKYlO oaxaprcy Ha3hIBalOT nopoii JIyl.J:IlleH KapayJIhHOH c06aKOH Mllpa. 0 fiecc'rpanntn KaBKa3C­
  • 51.
    AOrl1 51 KI1X OBQapOK B 60ph6e C XI1m;HI1KaMI1 CJIara1OT, - HeT, He JIereH,[J;hI, - npaazransre paCCKa3hI, rcoropsre tea­ iKyTCR JIereH,[J;aMI1. CaMhIM 3HaMeHMThIM M3 scex «KaBKa3u;eB » 6hIJI cepsrfi Torryur. Kpaca aen-rrec, 6JII1CTaBlllMM: na rpY311HCKI1X BhICTaBKax B npezmoea­ nsre rO,[J;hI, 6hIJI K TOMy xce TpYiKeHI1KOM M pe,[J;KOCT­ HhIM 60llIIOM, rr06e,[J;I1BIllI1M, oxparraa pO,[J;HY1O orapy, 60JIee CTa BOJIKOB. IIoTOMKI1 TM6eTCKI1X ztoroa iKMByT 11 pa60Ta1OT He TOJIhKO B A31111. BMeCTe C rrJIeMeHaMI1 KOQeBHI1­ KOB, C opnax a aaaoeaareneii OHM rrpO,[J;BI1HyJIMCh na Cp eOliea3uam/ -88-llaP Ka
  • 52.
    52 C06AKH aanazr, CTaB nacrynrs asra C06aKaMlI rOpHbIX paHOHOB BOCTO"LlHOH II Bananaoii Enponsr II OTJIII"LlHbIMII CTO­ pOmaMII. nopoztaxra, OHII 06pa30­ CKpeII.:J;IIBaHCb C MeCTHbIMII BaJIII r-narncomepcr max MOJIOCCOB, TO ec'rs C06aK 1I3 rpe-recrcon MOJIOCCIIII, xoropsre, conposoacnaa PIIMC­ KlIe JIerIIOHbI, rrpOHIIKJIII BO BCe CTpaHbI Eaporrsr II OC­ TaJIlICb TaM nancerna. Ho II MOJIOCCOB rrOBCIO,n;y crepe­ II.:J;IIBaJIlI C MeCTHbIMII cofiarcavnr pa3JIII"LlHbIX rropozr, '-­-- - - ­-­ KaBKa3CIWfl oeuapna
  • 53.
    Aor~ 53 11 1I0TOMKI1 I1X yxce CI1JIbHO pa3JII1'IaJIl1Cb 11 110 BHeW­ HOCTI1, 11 110 xapaxrepara. Ho 06r.u;I1M OCTaJII1Cb onpe­ p;eJIeHHaJI He3aBHCHMOCTb xapatcrepon, CIiOKOMHbIM, «Cpep;HHM » TeMlIepaMeHT, 6p;HTeJIbHOCTb, IIJIOTHOe CJIOmeHHe, MaCCHBHble rOJIOBbI C 'I'YIIOM MOpP;OM H He­ 60JIbWHMH BHCJIqHMH vtnaxra. B Enpone cnaxana HX 11CIIOJIb30BaJIH na OXOTaX na Ka6aHOB, na Mep;Bep;eH, aa P;11KHX 6bIKOB B xa-recr-se TpaBHJIbHbIX c06aK, 3aTeM KaK CTOpOmeBbIX.
  • 54.
    / 54 C05AK~ TaKOBbI H aHrJIHllCKHe M a CTHepbI. C ell"LIaC ST O rcpyrr­ nsre, M0:W;HbIe, O"LIeHb ypaBHOBeJlIeHHbIe C06aKH ­ H,D;eaJIbHbIe H THIIH"LIHellJlIHe IIpe,D;CTaBHTeJIH r-pyrrrrsr MOJIOCCOB. Ho XOTR 110 BOJIe KOHaH ,D;ollJIa 3HaMeHH­ TaR cofiarca, na cepa I'enpn Bacxep­ 1I0KYJlIaBJlIaRCR BHJIR, 6bIJIa KaK paa 1I0MeCblO MaCTHepa, casra MaCTH­ <pbI MaJIO H3BeCTHbI JlIHpOKOll lIy6JIHKe. A BOT 06 HX 3eMJIRKe, aHrJIHllCKOM 6yJIb,D;Ore , Hero «MepTBOll XBaTKe ,) CJIbIJlIaJI KaJK,D;bIll. XBaTKa y aHrJIHllCKOro 6 YJIb,D;Ora ,D;ellCTBHTeJIbHO «MepTBaR '). ,D;eJIO B TOM, t.ITO STHX c06aK HCIIOJIb30BaJIH ,D;JIR JKeCTOKOll 3a6aBbI - ,D;JIR TpaBJIH 6bIKOB. OHa He TOJIbKO ,D;aJIa Ha3BaHHe 1I0pO,D;e: «6yJIb ') - «,D;or », TO ecrr, (,6bIt.IbR cofiaxa », HO H Ollpe,D;eJIHJIa He06bIKHoBeHHylO BHeJlIHOCTb 1I0pO,D;bI. 3TO c06aKH oxem, CHJIbHbIe, JlIH- Anz.nUUCKUU nacmiup
  • 55.
    AorH 55 poaorpyzrsre M rrpM3eMMCThIe, netiom.nrae - TaKMM 6hIJIO nerve rrpOCK01.£MTh Mem,n;y porasra rrpMrOTOBMB­ IIIerOCJI K araxe 6hIKa. rOJIOBa MaCCMBHaJl B CKJIa,n;Kax. HMmHJIJI 1.£eJIIOCTh BhI,n;aeTCJI anepezr, - TaK 6hIJIO yztotiace ynepacaaa'rs 6hIKa aa HOC M caMoMy ,n;bIIIIaTh rrpa 8TOM. Ho 6hI1.£hM TpaBJIM ,n;aBHhIM-,n;aBHO aanperne­ HbI, M npas y COBpeMeHHOrO 6YJIh,n;Ora 01.£eHh cnotcoii­ HhIll M ,n;pymeJII06HhIll. Ho 8TO XOTh M MMpOJII06MBaJl, HO 01.£eHh peIIIMTeJIhHaJl, OTBamHaJl M ynopnaa C06aKa, C1.£MTalOI..IJ;aJlCJI OJIM:u;eTBOpeHMe MCTMHHO 6pMTaHCKOrO xaparcrepa M Ha:U;MOHaJIhHOll C06aKOll AHrJIMM. HeMe:U;KMe porneanepsr TOme MMeJIM ,n;eJIO C 6hIKa­ MM, HO, B OTJIM1.£Ue OT aHrJIUllCKOro 6yJIh,n;ora, y HMX 1.£eCTHOe Tpy,n;OBoe rrpOIIIJIOe. AnZJLUllCKue 6yJl-bOOZU
  • 56.
    56 C05AK~ HeMeIJ;KMll ropozt POTBallJIb, JIemaW;Mll B npezrrops­ RX Ansn, 6bIJI 3HaMeHMT CBOMMM RpMapKaMM xpyrmo­ ro poraror-o CKOTa. II cronaer-rsre Ty,n;a ryp'rsr CKOTa rrOCTORHHO corrponoacziann nnornsre xopenacr sre xep­ HO-KOplI1.IHeBble cotiarcn, KOTOpbIX CTaJIli Ha3bIBaTb po-raefi.neparaa. IIx Tpy,n; 6bIJI HeJIerKHM - ,n;HeM aa neperone oan CJIe,n;MJIM aa nopazncore B crane, nonro­ HRJIM orcraaurax mMBOTHbIX, CJIY1.IaJIOCb M YCMMPRTb pa36yIIIeBaBIIIlIXCR 6bIKOB. A rro H01.IaM OXpaHRJIM crane OT ztnynor-ax M xerueponor-ax pa36ollHlIKOB. IIocJIe RpMapKM - npyraa aafiora. Tlponan CKOT, ryp- Pomeeanepu
  • 57.
    Aor~ 57 T OB I1J; II K II - CK OT OB O,n; b I «rrpa3,n;HOBaJIII » OKOH'laHIIe C,n;eJIKI1. Ho BblpyqKY Kam,n;bIM CKJIa,n;bIBaJI B CrreIJ,II­ aJIbHbIM KOIIIeJIb na OllIeMHIIKe CBOerO pOTBeMJIepa. 11 rrO,n;rYJIRBllIIIM X03RIIH 3HaJI - TyT ,n;eHbrii 6y,n;yT B 6e30rraCHOCTI1. MRCHI1KII POTBaMJIR pa3B0311JIII He­ 60JIbllIIIe rpyasr aa aanpaxcenrrsrx B He60JIbIIIIIe no­ B03KII pOTBeMJIepaX, - IIX ztaxce CTaJIII Ha3bIBaTb «MRCHI1IJ,KI1MI1 C06aKaMII» . POTBeMJIep 6bIJI Ha,n;emHbIM OXpaHHI1KOM, HO rrepezr nporpeccora OKa3aJICR 6e33aI1J;I1TeH. Espona pa3BI1Ba ­
  • 58.
    58 C06AK~ naCb -- CKOPO OHa BCR 6blna orryrana cer sro JKene3HbIX nopor'. OKa ­ aanocs, 'LITO CKOT ropaa­ no asrrozmee nepeB0311Tb no JKene3HOll zropore . II Tor,n;a por-aeii.nepsr no ­ TepRnl1 patiory. K KOHIJ;y XIX nerca l1X ocrananacs nO'LITl1 e,n;l1Hl1IJ;bI. Ho BOT B O,n;l1H npex ­ pacn sra (,n;nR HbIHeIlI­ H eu euicuii tioxcep Hl1X nro611Tenell pOTBell­ .nepon) aexep 1901 rona B nopTOBOM TpaKTl1pe raM6ypra cny'LIl1naCb ,n;paKa MeJK,n;y no,n;BbIIIl1BIlIl1Ml1 MaTpOCaMl1. IIPOXO,n;l1BIlIl1ll Ml1MO nOnl1IJ;ellCKl1ll C co6aKoll BMeIlIaflCR, 11, xorna rrsanaa KOMnaHl1R, 06'be,n;l1Hl1BIlIl1Cb, fipocunact, na He­ ro, B zterro ncryrrana cooaxa. C 6yRHaMl1 por-seanep - ­ a 'LIl1TaTenb yxce KOHe'LIHO JKe zrorananca, 'LITO C rrorm­ IJ;ellCKl1M 6bIfl l1MeHHO pornennep, -- pacrrpana.nca aa C'LIl1TaHble Ml1HYTbI. I1CTOpl1R ::ITa no.nv-rana urapoxyro or.nacxy. Por aeit.ncp BOCCTaHaBnl1BaeT CBOro rrorryrrap ­ HOCTb, HO reneps yxce KaK cnyJKe6HaR cotiarca. A BCKO­ pe 11 nOnl1IJ;l1R npl1CBal1BaeT rropo,n;e cTaTyc ~nonl1­ IJ;ellCKOll C06aKl1 ». C Tex rrop y pornerinepon scerzra 6bIfll1 11 paoora, 11 CBOl1 nro611Tenl1, -- nro6HTenl1 na­ ,n;eJKHbIX paoounx cooax. Poraenzrepsr -- MaCCl1BHble, mapoxcrensre, neroporcmasre C06aKl1 C MaCCHBHbIMl1 ro.nouaraa.Oxpac y Hl1X 'LIepHo-no,n;rraJIbIll, TO ecrs xep­ HbIH C pJKaBO-KpaCHbIMl1 OTMeTl1HaMl1 na ro.none, aa rpyna H na .nanax, CaM l1X BHeIlIH:H:H Bl1,n; rOBOpl1T 0 na ­ ,n;eJKHOCTl1 11 OCHOBaTeJIbHOCTl1. A BOT HeMeIJ;Kl1ll tioxcep, XOTR ero npeznca TOJKe 6bIfll1 CKOTOrOHaMl1 11 TpaBl1nbHbIMl1 C06aKaMl1, OTnl1 ­ 'LIaeTCR cnOpTl1BHbIM CnOJKeHl1eM 11 cpe,n;Hl1M pOCTOM. Cell'LIaC ::ITO 'LIl1CTO rnofiarenscrcaa rropozra, HO xorzta-
  • 59.
    AorH 59 TO 6bIJIa npnanannoii CJIYJKe6HOrr 11 zraxce rrOJIHI.I:err­ CKorr cofiaxoii. Ho H3-3a caoen c s o e o tip a a n o n rOJIOBbI, KOTOp ylO MHOI'He C'fI1TaJIH YPO~JIHBOrr, fiorccep BbI3bI­ BaJI MHOI'O crropos. A eJIo B TOM, 'f'ro OT ozmoro H3 CBO­ HX npezixon, aHI'JIHrrCKOI'O 6 y JIb,n;OI'a, 60Kcep norry­ 'fI1JI asnepa vryro MOP~y 11 asrztarorrrytoca arrepezr HHJKHlOlO 'feJIIOCTb. Ho B I.I:eJIOM KOpOTKOIIIepCTHble pbIJKHe 11 TI1I'pOBble (pbIJKHe B TeMHylO rrOJIOCO'fKy) Xapatcm epnue npu31WKU HeMeu,KOZO tknccepa - 630 epHymM Mopoa U 6bloa lOUJ, aJU:R HllJ/(HRR «eiuocm»
  • 60.
    60 C06AKH fiorcccpr.r OLJeHh rapMOHHLJHhl H KpaCHBhI. 3Ta ypaaao­ semeaaaa , cpezmero pOCTa cotiaxa. T'pyzmo npezrc'ra­ BHTh cotiarcy, 60JIee y,n;06HyIO ,n;JI.H cczrepacaaaa B ro­ pO,n:CKHX yCJIOBH.HX.
  • 61.
    AorH 61 A BOT HeMe:O;KHe ,ll;OrH scerna OTJUI1.J:aJIHCb 8JIeraHT­ HOM rrpe,ll;CTaBHTeJIbHOM BHelliHOCTblO. «ArrOJIJIOH cpe­ ,ll;H C06aK » - 8TO 0 HHX. Ha3BaHHe HX OT anrJIHMCKOrO CJIOBa «dog» - cotiarca. Flpczncn ,n;orOB - 8TO rrOMeCH anrJIHMCKHX MacTHCpoB H orpOMHbIX HpJIaH,ll;CKHX 60p­ 3bIX-BOJIKo,n;aBOB. Ern;e BO nperserra Cpe,ll;HeBeKOBbJI aa rcpynnr.rii pOCT, CIIJIy II ornary IIX BbICOKO IIeHIIJIH en­ poneiicrcne rpeoztam.t. Casrsre rcpynrrsre H JIy1.J:IIIHe H3 HIIX 6bIJIII «KOMHaTHbIMII') c06aKaMII. "YKpaIIIeHHbIe 30JIOTbIMH oIIIeMHHKaMH, OHH mHJIH BO zrsopnax B rro­ KOJIX napcrnyronrax ocof II CJIymIIJIH HM aerrozncyn­ HbIMH TeJIOXpaHHTeJIJIMH. COBpeMeHHbIe ztorn no-rrpeacaeray O,ll;HH H3 casn,rx tcpyrrasrx c06aK B MHpe, POCT HX ,ll;OXO,ll;HT no 90 CM B XOJIKe. MYCKYJIHCTbIe, CTpoMHbIe, aTJIeTH1.J:HbIe. I I OKpaCbI y HHX 01.J:eHb KpaCHBbIe - r JIJIH:o;eBO -rep­ nsre, MpaMopHbIe, TO ecrt, 6eJIbIe C 1.J:epHbIMII rrJITHa­ MH, rOJIy6bIe, rraneasre H TIIrpOBbIe. IIpaKTH1.J:ecKH ace xpyrrasre ,ll;or006pa3HbIe c06aKH OTJIH1.J:HbIe oxpaHHHKH. Ho eCTb cpenn HHX H HCKJIIO­ 1.J:eHIIJI - cofiarcn , C03,ll;aHHbIe ,ll;JIJI noraonm JIIO,ll;JIM. Caxrsre 113BeCTHble 113 HllX cenfiepnapsr. C06aKll 113 MOHaCTbIpJI na nepenarre BOJIbIIIOM Cen-Bep aap B Illucauapcrcax Am.nax, rcorna-ro e,ll;IlHCTBeHHoH nopore Mem,ll;y IITaJIIIeM II Illnerinapaeii. B Te1.J:eHlle CTOJIeTllH orposrasre cofiaxn corrpoaoacnann MOHaXOB B ofixonax ropa srx Tporr ,ll;JIJI noncrca aaraepaaromnx nyraaxon. CHa1.J:aJIa cotiarcn JIllIIIb noreorana rrp0611­ BaTb TporrllHKll B rJIy60KoM cnery, HO 3aTeM MOHaXll rrOHJIJIll, 1.J:TO cofiarcn C nx He06bI1.J:aMHbIM 1.J:YTbeM MO­ rYT 6bITb JIY1.J:IIIllMll crraCaTeJIJIMH, 1.J:eM JIIO,ll;II. B MO­ nacrsrpe 6bIJI C03,n;aH rrarorannrc, II Kam,ll;bIl1: ,ll;eHb MOHaXll rrOCbIJIaJIll HeCKOJIbKO c06aK na caMOCTOJITeJIb­ HbIH ofixozt. ECJIll aaxozrana aasrepaaromero rryrnn­ rca, TO ozma 113 c06aK TyT me aoaspanranacs B MOHac­ TbIPb aa noraomsro, OCTaJIbHbIe rrsrranncr. oror-pers naitztennoro. Cenoepnapsr cnac.nn HeCKOJIbKO TbICJI1.J:
  • 62.
    62 C06AK~ ~eJIOBe~eCKHx mH3Heil. CaMbIM 3HaMeHHTbIM H3 BCeX 6bIJIBappn (1800 -1814), cnacumii 60JIee 40 qeJIO­ BeK. B 2000 rozry B Il.lnemtapn.a, CqHTaIOII.J;ell cenriep­ napa caoeit Ha:O;HoHaJIbHOll cofiarcoii, IIIHpOKO OTMe­ ~aJIOCb 200-JIeTHe co .n;H.H poacnerraa Bappn. Bappn H zrpyr-ae cenfiepnapr,r, pafiorannrne B ro­ pax, 6bIJIH KOpOTKOIllepCTHbIMH coriaxasra. Ho ecr-s Cenrie uap p
  • 63.
    ,lJ,OrH 63 H ,ll;JIHHHOIIIepCTHhle centiepnapsi. I10JIYl:J:eHhI OHH 6hI ­ JIH OT CKpern;HBaHHeM C HhlOepayH,ll;JIeH,ll;aMH. MCTOPl:IH m.rorpayaztnennoa HHTepeCHa. Cl:J:l:ITaeTCH, l:J:TO na OCTpOB Hsrotpaynztneazt, JIemarn;HH y fieper-on Kaaazn,r, OHH rrorramr euie ThICHl:J:Y JIeT Ha3a,LJ; BMeCTe C BHKHHraMH . I10TOMKH 3THX cotiarc HCrrOJIh30BaJIHCh 3HMOH KaK eazroasre C06aKl:I, rro 3HaKOMhIM MapIIIpy­
  • 64.
    64 C06AK~ TaM napr sr C rpyaore OHll B03llJIlI caMOCTOHTeJIbHO. JIeToM nestor-ana psrtiaxar« BbITHrllBaTb ceTII. OHII OT­ JIIIl..IHble rrJIOBIJ;bI. Ha .nanax y nux zraace nepenomcn Mem.n;y narn.navra - na BCIO .n;JIIIHY rtanstta. I1x ztaace rrOHal..IaJIY II Ha3bIBaJIlI Bo.n;OJIa3aMII. I13BecTHbI MHO­ meCTBO CJIyl..IaeB, xorna 8Tll cotiaxn npaxoztnrra na rro­ MOrn;b yronarounrre JIIO.n;HM. Onn npnoopemr ll3BeCT­ HOCTb II CTaJIlI IIorryJIHpHbI B Anr.aa a, a 3aTeM II B Espone. Co6aK -repaoro II KOplll..IHeBOrO OKpaCOB CTa­ JIll Ha3bIBaTb HblO¢aYH.n;JIeH.n;aMII, a l..IepHo-6eJIbIX ­ JIeH.n;ClIpaMII, rro ¢aMIIJIlllI aHrJIllHCKOro xyztoacmnca, .mofinaurer-o pncosari, nx. Ozma aa KapTIIH naofipaxca­ er MOKpylO 1I3Myl..IeHHylO l..IepHo-6eJIylO cofiaxy, JIema­ uryro na 6epery, aa .nanax - pe6eHOK. Kap'rnua Ha3bI­ BaeTCH «,I:(OCTOHHbIH l..IJIeH l..IeJIOBel..IeCKOrO 06rn;eCTBa». ,I:(YMalO, C 8TlIM COrJIaCIITCH Kam.n;bIH.
  • 65.
    OBlfAPK" IIepBoHaqaJIbHO nacryun,a C06aKM 3a~MI.lJ;aJIM zro­ MaIIIHMH: CKOT OT XM~HMKOB. A .n;JI.H arcro, B nepsyro oxepens, HymHbI <pM3MqeCKa.H CMJIa, 3JI06HOCTb, 6ec­ crpanrae. 3a~MTa OT XM~HMKOB 6bIJIa HaCTOJIbKO naxcaa, qTO JIIO.n;M MMpMJIMCb M C 060POTHOH: CTOpOHOH: TaKMX xapaKTepOB - He3aBMCMMOCTblO, yrrp.HMCTBOM, nopoii C rrOBbIIIIeHHOH: ar-peccnanoc-n.ro. KOHeqHO, nacrynrsn oxpaaasre c06aKil nOMOraJIM nacryxy il B vnpaanenna CTa.n;OM, HO He STO 6bIJIO nx rJIaBHOH: aa­ .n;aqeH:. Co apexrenera, TaM, rne XM~HMKOB MCTpe6JI.HJIil, M npeacne scero B rycToHaCeJIeHHbIX paH:OHaX EBPO­ rrst, npenno-rrenae CTaJIil OT,n;aBaTb ,n;pyrOH: cotiaxe. Terrepr, naacaee 6bIJIO He zrorrycra'n, norpansr rroce­ BOB, 6bICTpO nepernarr, crano C onnoro nacrfimna na ztpyroe, aarna-n, ero B YKpbITMe, nonor-aa'rs nyxcaoe
  • 66.
    66 C06AK~ jIUIBOTHoe K nacryxy . ,IJ;JIH STOrO CTaJIH He HymHhI 3JI06a H He3aBHCHMhlM xaparcrep - TyT naacnee yMe­ HHe COTpY~HH~aTh C ~eJIOBeKOM. TaKaH coriarca, C ozr­ HOM CTOpOHhl, ~OJImHa CJIyIIIaThcH ~eJIOBeKa-rracTyxa, H, C ~pyroll CTOpOHhI, yMeTh yrrpanna'rs crazror«, ~06H­ BaHCh rrOBHHOBeHHH OT mHBoTHhlX, ~a H cropoxorn, crane Bce-TaKH HymHO. TYT yme He nyxcna MOr.u;h H CHJIa, BhIHOCJIHBOCTh naxcaee. ,IJ;a H e~hl He60JIhIIIOM H 60JIee .ner-xoii cofiarce MeHhIIIe rpcriycrca - 3Ha~HT MeHhIIIe pacxozi. TaK rrOHBHJIHCh HaCTOHr.u;He nacrvnn.a c06aKH - c06aKH­ nacrvxa. Haute ncero OHH rraCJIH oneu, noaror-ry 60JIh­ IIIHHCTBO TaKHX c06aK Ha3hIBaIOT «OB~apKaMH» - CO­ K OJlJlU XOp OUlO noddaem csi apeccupo8Ke
  • 67.
    OB'iAPK~ 67 r x ainco uiepc m u u ii U 60pooambiU KO.n.nU 6aKaMl1 npa onuax. 11 poznma 60JIbllIl1HCTBa OB~a­ PO~bl1X rropo.n; - Espona. BeJIl1K06pl1TaHl1H - crpaaa netio.asuraa, a rro cpan­ HeHl1IO C POCCl1eH COBceM MaJIeHbKaH, HO OHa CTaJIa PO.n;l1HOH BOCbMl1 rropoz OB~apOK. Carasre 113BeCTHble 113 Hl1X - KOJIJIl1: KOJIJIl1 .n;JIl1H­ nomepc'msre 11 KOJIJIl1 KOpOTKOllIepCTHble, fiopoztam.re KOJIJIl1 11 fiopziep- KOJIJIl1. Ho xorna rOBopHT «KOJIJIl1», aecs Ml1p nonasraer ­ 3TO .n;JIl1HHOllIepCTHble KOJIJIl1, TaKl1e KaK JI3CCl1. 113Y­ Ml1TeJIbHOH xpacorsr C06aKl1. Ho TaKl1Ml1 OHl1 6blJIl1 He scerna. Ilpoacxoacneane KOJIJIl1 He113BeCTHO, Herro- HHTHO zraxce, ~TO 03Ha~aeT carao CJIOBO «KOJIJIl1» • Ho npeznca KOJIJIl1 .n;aBHbIM .n;aBHO .ml1JIl1 11 naczrn osen B ropax IIIoTJIaH.n;l1l1. 3TO 6blJIl1 npexczte scero pafio-ra­ r'n. Hac ro Kpl1BOHOrl1e 11 KOpOTKOHOrl1e. C 1lI11POKl1M JI60M 11 Y3KOH MOp.n;OH. Il.lepcr-s xepno-fierroro oxpaca 6blJIa ropaano xopoxe, ~eM ceH~ac, rpytiaa, .meCTKaH C oxem, rYCTblM rroznnepc'ncox. B CypOBOM KJIl1MaTe
  • 68.
    68 COEiAKH IIIOTJIaH,lI;IIH rpy6bIll: norcpoansrit BOJIOC ztanan 3aW;HTY OT ,n;O.iK,n;.H, cnera H serpa, a rro,n;IIIepCTOK 3aW;HIIJ;aJI OT XOJIo,n;a. Ho CaMa.H r JIaBHa.H HX :o;eHHOCTh 6hIJIa B HX xaparcrepax - HaCTO.HW;He nacrymsn cotiaxn, 3a6oT­ JIHBhle rro OTHOIIIeHHIO K OB:o;aM, IIOCJIyIIIHhle H npe­ ztanm.re X03.HHHy-rraCTYXY. IIorryJI.HpHoCTh K rropone rrpHIIIJIa rrOCJIe roro, KaK aHrJIHll:CKa.H KOpOJIeBa BHKTOpH.H (1837-1901) noana­ KOMHJIaCh C KOJIJIH B CBoeM IIIOTJIaH,n;CKOM nosrecrr,e BaJIMOpaJI, rroJII06HJIa HX H CTaJIa ,n;ep.iKaTh KaK CBOHX ,n;OMaIIIHHX cotiax. KOJIJIH BOIIIJIH B MO,n;y, HMeTh HX CTaJIO rrpH3HaKOM apHCTOKpaTH3­ Ma, H caMH OHH CTaJIH Cl.J:HTaThC.H apHCTOKpaTaMH B C06al.J:heM MHpe. A nec-apncrorcpar ,n;OJI.iKeH ace xce BhlrJI.H,n;eTh nnaue, l.J:eM pafiorar'a­ rraCTYX. II KOJIJIH CTaJIH ofinaropa­ .iKHBaTh - rrpHJIHBaTh KpOBh ,n;py­ rHX rropo,n; - r JIa,n;KoIIIepcTHoro 6 anzmora , cer-repa, 60P30ll:. CTaJIH poacnar sca H KOpOTKOIIIepCTHhle w;eHKH, KOTOphIX BhI,n;eJIHJIH B OT­ zterrsrrvro nopozry KOpOTKOIlIepCTHhIX KOJIJIH. KOJIJIH rrpeapa'rnrracs B ,n;ell:CTBH­ TeJIhHO 3JIeraHTHhlX cofiax, rOJIOBa yTOHl.J:eHHa.H, 6JIaropo,n;HhIX JIHHHll:, yIIIH BhICOKO rrOCTaBJIeHHhle, rro­ JIycTO.Hl.J:He C l.J:yTh 3arHYThIMH KOH­ l.J:HKaMH - H OTKphIThIll:, BHHMa­ TeJIhHhIll: B3rJI.H,n; pa6ol.J:ell: OBl.J:apKH. Y JIyl.J:IIIHJIC.H rrOCTaB nor. IIIepcTh CTaJIa oxem, 60raTOll: - na IIIee OHa ofipaayer xpacnayro rpHBY H BOpOT­ HHK, na aorax - «Ol.J:eChI » H «IIITa­ HhI », a aa Mop,n;e, rOJIOBe H rranax
  • 69.
    OBfAPK~ 69 mepcrs KopOTKaH, rJIa,z:I;KaH. Oxpac O'IeHb HapH)l;HbIll: ­ PbDKI1ll: 11:JII1 'IepHbIll:, a na rpyztn 11: wee - 6eJIbIll: BO­ pOTHI1K, na rranax - fierrsre «HOCKM », 11: KOH'II1K XBOC­ Ta Tome 6eJIbIM:, rOJIOBy yxpanraer 6eJIaH rrpOTO'I11:Ha. A erne MomeT 6bITb oicpac 6mO-MepJIb - MpaMOpHbIll:: ua cepe6p11:CTO-roJIy6oM qlOHe He60JIbWMe xepn sre na-rna 11: rcpan. KOJIJI11: Terrepb O'IeHb KpaCI1BbI. Ho COXpaH11:JIOCb JIM TO, 'ITO :u;eH11:JIOCb B H11:X 11:3.n;peBJIe - MHTeJIJIeKT M nacrynrecrcaii 11:HCT11:HKT? KOHe'IHO, MaJIO KOMy 11:3 KOJlJlU 6bl8alOm pasnuoai no otcpacu
  • 70.
    70 C06AK~ COBpeMeHHbIX KOJIJIH ynanocs XOT.H 6bI paa B iKH3HH YBH.n;eTb OBIJ;Y. Ho nee iKe ec-n, H TaKHe, xoropsre pa6o­ TalOT KaK nacrvnrsn cooarcn. B AMepHKe OHH ztaxce aa­ nnrmaro'r OBeIJ; OT xonoron. COBeprneHHO yHHKaJIbHylO CrreIJ;HaJIbHOCTb OHH rro­ JIyqHJIH B COBeTCKoil POCCHH - B Y ccvpa iicrcoxr xpae OHH nacrrn rraHTOBbIX o.neaeri. H XOT.H rr.HTHHCTbIe OJIe­ HH TaK H OCTaBaJIHCb .n;HKHMH iKHBOTHbIMH, nac-ry­
  • 71.
    OB~APKH 71 IIIeCKIIM: IIHCTIIHKT, IIHTeJIJIeKT II M.HI'KOCTh xapaxrepa KOJIJIII, YM H OJK e H H h Ie ua MaCTepCTBO II re p nenae zrpec­ ClipOBIlJ,IIKOB, cnenann CBOe ,n;eJIO - KOJIJIIi MHOI'O JIeT CJIYJKIIJIIi na OJI e H e BO,IJ;'I e CK Ii X rp e p ja a x. Y 8TlIX co fiarc rrO JI Y'I aJI OCh MHOI'Oe . ,1J;eC.HT h C rrOJIO­ BIiHOM: ThIC.H'I MIiH aarne,n K OJIJIIi ,1J;IIK aa I'O ,n;hI B e JI II ­ KOM: O T e 'l e CT BeH H OM: BOM:HhI. ,1J;IIK 6hIJI cpezra TeX, KTO crrac OT B3phIBa 3HaMeHIIThIM: IIaBJI OBCKIIM: ,n; BOpeIJ, nozt JIeHIIHI'pa,n;OM - B rr onnane ,n;BOpIJ,a OH 0 6 H a p YJK lIJI 60M6y C '1aCOBbIM MeXaHII3M OM . IIocJIe BOM:HbI ,1J;IIK 6hIJI rrOXOpOHeH C BOIlHCKIiMIi rrO'leCT.HMII . KOJI JIIi pa60TaJIH II KaK I'eOJIOI'Ii - rro aanaxy HaXO ­ ,n;IIJIH rrO JIe3HbIe IICKOnaeMbIe . KOJIJIU - npe60CXOaHblU nacmyx
  • 72.
    72 C06AK~ Ceti-rac onn BeCeJIbIe II pe3YJIbTaTllBHbIe CrrOpTCMe­ HbI - ycnexn B parte COBpeMeHHbIX Bll,D;OB cotia-rsero cnopra rrO,D;TBepm,D;aIOT STO. A BOT CJIaBa O,D;HOH aa JIY~llIllX nacryun.ax C06aK Mllpa renepr, npananneacar 3eMJIRKy KOJIJIll - rro-rra Te3Ke II nepoarnoery npezncy - 60p,D;ep-KOJIJIII. «Bop­ ztep : rro-aarJIIIHCKll «r-paaana», nonyxaerca «rrorpa­ Hll~HbIH» KOJIJIll. PO,D;llHa STOH cotiarcn aa rpaaane AHrJillII II IIIoT.nanzraa, OTCIO,D;a II naasaaae. A «KOJI­ Jill »? qTO m, CJIOBOM «KOJIJIll » pansme Ha3bIBaJIll no-r­ Tll scex rrac'ryrrrsnx c06aK . KOpOJIeBCKlle OC06ll 060llI­ Jill CBOllM BHllMaHlleM 60p,D;ep-KOJIJIll. OH 6bIJI, ecrs II 6Y,D;eT c06aKoH epepMepoB II nacryxoa . H cnoeii HbI­ neumeit rpoMKoH CJIaBOH OH 06R3aH He 3HaMeHllTbIM BJIa,D;eJIbIJ;aM, He SJIeraHTHOCTll nnemaer-o nazra ­ a careosry ce6e, caoeray llHTeJIJIeKTy, caoeii crpacrn
  • 73.
    OBliAPKH 73 K pafiore - I1, KOHeqHO me, erne TeM ThICR:qaM epepMe­ POB, xoropsre C03,ZJ;aJII1 3TY nopozry. Bop,ZJ;ep-KOJIJII1 ovens paaasre, nexoropsre II3 HI1X noxoacn TOJIbKO ca­ MI1 na cefia. OHI1 MoryT 6hITb ,ZJ;JII1HHOllIepCTHhIMI1 I1 KO­ pOTKOllIepCTHhIMI1, nO'tlTI1 nrofioro OKpaca, ynnr ­ CTOR:'tlI1e I1JII1 nOJIycTOR:'tlI1e, POCT - He60JIhIlIOH, OKO­ JIO 50 CM. ,IJ;BI1meHI1R: - 6hICTphle, HO nrranasre, CTe­ JIlOrn;I1eCR:, rrOqTI1 6e3 OTpbIBa .narr OT 3eMJIH. Ho 06­ tnee y scex 3TH X c06aK - O,ZJ;HO: yM, TeMnepaMeHT H COBepllIeHHhIH nacryurecroni HHCTIIHKT. YTBepm,ZJ;a­ lOT, qTO 60p,ZJ;ep-KOJIJII1 nacer nee, qTO ,ZJ;BHmeTCR:: onen II KOIlIeK, ,ZJ;eTeH H aBTOM06IIJII1. 3TO C06a'tlHH «Tpy,ZJ;O­ rOJIHK », I1 OH He MomeT mHTh 6e3 pa60ThI. A OCTaJIhHhle aHrJIHHCKHe OBqapKH? OHH nparcrn­ 'tleCKI1 OCTaJIHCh 6e3 ,ZJ;eJIa, npeBpaTHJII1Cb B c06aK­ Bopoep-icon nu
  • 74.
    74 C06AKH KOMrraHbOHOB H oxem, JIl06HMbI BO BCeM MHpe - 3TO 60pO,n;aTbIll KOJIJIH, CTapOaHrJIHllCKaR oaxapxa 606­ TallJIb, lIleTJIaH,n;CKaR onnaprca lIleJITH. IIIeJITH anent­ He - xporne-maa rcorraa KOJIJIH, HO onxapxa JIH OHa? I1pHBepmeHII;bI nopozrsr no CHX nop cnopar, rrac.na JIH OHa XOTb KorO-TO aa pO,n;HbIX ell IIIeTJIaH,n;cKHx OCTpO­ sax. Ho BOT caxrsre MaJIeHbKHe OBqapKH B MHpe ­ BeJIblIl-KOprH - Kap,n;HraH H rreM6pOK - HaCTORIII;He nacrvnn,n c06aKH, H CrreII;HaJIbHOCTb Y HHX B nponr­ JIOM 6bIJIa caxsaa cepseaaaa - OHH neperOHRJIH rvp'rsr ztaxce xpyrmoro pora'ror-o CKOTa. 06a BeJIblIl-KOprH COBceM MaJIeHbKOro pOCTa - 25-30 CM, BeCOM OKOJIO Boomeiin Illenmu.
  • 75.
    OBliAPKH 75 10 KllJIOI'paMMOB. CJIOBO «rcopr-n : rrO-KeJIbTC KI1 TaK II 3HR4:llT (,MaJI eHbKaR cofiaxa». Hoxocn xopo-rem.xne, ynrn CTORT. B3I'JIR,n; aece.nsra . 8Tll ovens rrozraaacnsre, BhIHOCJIllBhle cofiaxxrr finar-oztaprr csoeii JIOBKOCTll II BHllM aTeJIbHOCTll amcorna He nonanann nozt xonsrra rreperonaesror-o CKOTa. Ceiivac 3TO casraa JIl06I1MaR nopozra aHI'JIllllCKOll KOpOJIeBCKOll cesrsu. AHa KOHTI1HeHTe, B Banaznrofi Enpone, nacryursn CO­ 6aKll 60JIee rcpynasre II MO~Hble, qeM aHI'JIllllCKlle. Tarcae, qTo6bI MOI'JIll aaurarn'n, ,n;OM II CKOT OT xnuran­ KOB II nenponrensrx I'OCTe rr. 8TO 6bIJIll ocrposropzrsre cofiaicn C BbICOKOrrOCa.iKeHHhIMll yuraxra, xaazrparmae II ,n;JIllHHble, Oq eHh paaasre rro oxpacax II urepcrn ­ B eJlbUl -KOpZU n e.M6pOK B eJlbUl-KOpZU «apiiuean.
  • 76.
    Bpuap M npareonrepcr-asre, M,ll;JIMHHOllIepCTHble, M C rnepcrsro .lKeCTKOH M rpy6oH, rroxoxceii na rrpOBOJIOKy. B Ka.IK,ll;Oll crpaae, B Ka.IK,ll;Oll MeCTHOCTM epOPMMPO­ BaJIMCb CBOM nopozn,i, M nexoropsre ,ll;OllIJIM zro HaC. H3 eppaHIJ;Y3CKMX OBLIapOK MbI 3HaeM fiooepona - KO­ pOTKOllIepcTHyIO os-raprcy M3 rrpOBMHIJ;MM Boc, M fipaa­ pa, ,ll;JIMHHOllIepCTHoro nacryxa M3 rrpOBMHIJ;MM BpM. Y 06eMx nopozt ecrt, ozma MHTepeCHaR xepra - C,ll;BO­ eansre rrpnfisr.nsre nam.usr na 3a,ll;HMX .nanax. «IIpn­ 6bIJIble » narn.nsr - 8TOJIMllIHMe IIaJIbIJ;bI. IIpM ,ll;BM.lKe­ HMM B rJIy6oKoM cner-y, rro CHe.IKHOMY aacry cofiarcn paHRT MX, M Y 60JIbllIMHCTBa nopozt OHM He.IKeJIaTeJIb­ HbI. 06bILIHO npntistm.re rransrn,r, eCJIM OHM ecrr., yna­ JIRIOT cpaay npn pO.IK,ll;eHMM II.J;eHKOB. Ho fipnapara M fioceponara CHe.IKHbIll HaCT He crpamen - na MX PO,ll;M­ He cner-a rrOLITM HeT. H ,ll;JIR HMX rrpatisr.nsre nansnsr ­ 06R3aTeJIbHbIll rropoznnaa npnaaax. Boceponsr M cell ­ LIac pa60TaIOT nacryxasrn. KpOMe roro, 8TO OTJIMLIHaR IIOJIMIJ;ellCKaR M CIIopTMBHaR cofiatca. Bocepoa HarrOMM­ traer OLIeHb rcpymroro, rpy6oro, XBOCTaToro ,ll;06epMa­ aa, aenapom ero CLIMTaIOT O,ll;HMM M3 rrpezncon 8TMX 3HaMeHMTbIX CbIII.J;MKOB.
  • 77.
    OB'iAPK~ 77 y q>paH~llll eCTb erne ozraa 3HaMeHllTaH cofiarca, HO « nanononara : C BeJIbrlleH - 3TO <pJIaH,n;pCKaH OB­ xapxa, liJIll ¢JIaH,n;pCKllH 6YBbe. BYBbe - rcpyrmaa (zto 68 CM), Cli JIbHaH II MO~HaH cotiaxa caMbIX paaasrx Bocepon.
  • 78.
    OKpaCOB - psrxcero , xepnoro, TJiIrpOBOrO , «rrepen C COJIbIO ». YIIlJiI BHC.H'-lJiIe, paasnre KyrrJiIpOBaJIJiICb. BYBbe ncerna 6bIJI BepHbIM rrOMOIIJ;HHKOM qirranzrp­ CKHX diepmepoa JiI 6IOprepOB. fP03HbIH CTOpOm XO­ 3.HMCKOrO zrotipa JiI CKOTa. OHJiI JiICrrOJIb30BaJIJiICb KaK CKOTOrOHHble C06aKJiI, aanparanacs B TeJIemKJiI ,n;JI.H rrepeaoaxn He60JIbIIlJiIX rpyaoa, aanpnvrep 6JiI,n;OHOB C MOJIOKOM. B CrreU;JiIaJIbHbIX KOJIeCaX BepTeJIJiI xcepno­ aa na MaJIeHbKHX MeJIbHJiIu;aX JiI rrpJiIBO,n;JiIJIJiI B ,n;eHCTBJiIe MacJI060HKJiI. CeH'-laC TeXHJiIKa BbIIIOJIH.HeT STY pafio­ Ty, HO ,n;JI.H OXpaHbI <pePM KaK C06aKa-TeJIOXpaHJiITeJIb JiI ,n;JI.H CJIym6bI B rrOJIJiIU;JiIJiI 6YBbe BOCTpe60BaH rro­ npeacaevry. B BeJIbrJiIJiI rrOMJiIMO STOH ec'rs JiI CBOJiI C06CTBeHHble 6eJIbrJiIHCKJiIe OB'-lapKJiI. Hx xer srpe nopozrsr: MaJIHHya, TIOpBepeH, rpronenztans H naxeaya.
  • 79.
    OBliAPKH 79 q TO 06II~erO Me.IK.n;y 6eJIbrIiHCKOrr OB'lapKOH Ii KO­ JIOKOJIbHbIM 3BOHOM? 06'be.n;IiHHeT l1X 6eJIbrIiHCKIiH ropo.n; MeXeJIeH, nO-<ppaHIJ;Y3CKIi - MaJIIiH. Bnarozta­ pa He06bIKHOBeHHOH KpaCOTe 3BY'laHIiH KOJIOKOJIOB Ii3 MaJIl1Ha B POCCIiIi CTaJIIi Ha3bIBaTb «MaJIIiHOBbI­ MIi » carasre xpacnasre KOJIOKOJIbHbIe 3BOHbI. A caraaa 3HaMeHl1TaH Ii3 6eJIbrIiHCKIix OB'lapOK, pbI.lKIirr Ma­ JIIiHya, rrponcxozrar TO.IKe Ii3 MaJIIiHa. MaJIIiHya ceri­ 'lac B rpasope, - 6bICTpbIH, JIerKIiH, rrpbIryqIirr (c rrer­ KOCTbIO npeononesae-r TpeXMeTpOBbIe 3a60pbI), - OH ycneunro npnraenaerca BO rppannycxon aprana, 6JIec­ r anre asrc'ryrraer aa CnOp'l'IiBHbIX copeBHOBaHIiHX. IIoKJIOHHIiKIi MaJIIiHya BO scere Ml1pe see 'la~e Ii xame Ma JLUHya /
  • 80.
    80 C06AK~ Ha"tumaIOT CpaBHHBaTb ero C 3TaJIOHOM CJIyJKe6HOH c06aKH - C HeMeI.:I;KOH onsapxon. ECJIH BO <t>paHI.:I;HH H BeJIbrHH rro HeCKOJIbKY OB­ "tlapO"tlbHX rropozi - H ,n;JIHHHOIIIepCTHbIX, H JKeCTKO­ IIIeCTHbIX, H KOTOpOTKOIIIepCTHbIX, - TO HeMI.:I;bI H3 HeMeHbIIIero pa3Ho06pa3HR KpeCTbRHCKHX rraCTYIIIb­ HX c06aK C03,n;aJIH ncer'o oznry nopozry - HO 3aTO rca­ KYIO! EIIJ;e B KOHI.:I;e XIX serca HeMeI.:I;KaR cnxaprca C"tlHTa­ JIaCb rrJIe6eHCKoH c06aKoH . BOJIbIIIe roro , MHorHe JII06HTeJIH HMrropTHbIX anrJIHHCKHX nopozt C"tlHTaJIH, "tlTO paaaozrm-s «c06aK BOJI"tlberO THrra npermo » . Ho HaIIIeJICR "tleJIOBeK, rroJII06HBIIIHH 3THX c06aK H C03­ ,n;aBIIIHH na HX OCHOBe JIy"tlIIIyIO CJIyJKe6HyIO cofiarcy MHpa. 3BaJIH ero Marco epOH IIITecpaHHI.:I; . CBOIO JKH3Hb OH rrOCBRTHJI C03,n;aHHIO H COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHHIO He­ MeI.:I;KHX OB"tlapOK . Pa3 H HaBcer,n;a OH yCTaHOBHJI: HeMeI.:I;KaR oaxaprca - 3TO npexcne ncero pafiouaa co­ 6aKa. IT HHTeJIJIeKT, H KpaCOTa, H rrpaBHJIbHOCTb CJIOJKeHHR oaxapxa - ace ,n;OJIJKHO ooecrre-maa-n, ee pario-rocnocotiaocr-s. KpOMe nacrvnn.en CJIyJK6bI IIITeepaHHI.:I; CTpeMHJICR HaHTH ,n;JIR HeMeI.:I;KHx oaxapox H zrpvr-yro paeory, TaKyIO, KOTopaR pacxpsr.na 6bI see B03MOJKHOCTH 3THX c06aK H cne.nana HX rrOJIe3HbIMH ,n;JIR scex . HeMeI.:I;KHX oanapox B3RJIH aa scopyace­ HHe rrOJIHI.:I;HR H apMHR, HCKaBIIIaR aJIbTepHaTHBy zro­ porHM aHrJIHHCKHM nopozraxr . IT oavaprcn He nozrsena. OHH OKa3aJIHCb rrepBOKJIaCCHbIMH rrOJIHI.:I;eHCKHMH H BoeHHbIMH c06aKaMH. Bo BpeMR nepnoii MHpOBOH BOHHbI OHH rrpOKJIa,n;bIBaJIH TeJIeepOHHbIe Ka6eJIH, non­ ,n;epJKHBaJIH CBR3b, HCKaJIH panensrx , HCrrOJIb30Ba­ JIHCb B rraTpyJIHpOBaHHH H B xapay.nax. IIocJIe nepnoii MHpOBOH BOHHbI Ha"tlaJICR HaCTOR­ IIJ;HH OB"tlapO"tlHH 6yM . APMHH H rrOJIHI.:I;HH no-rm scex CTpaH B3RJIH na CJIyJK6y HeMeI.:I;KHX onxapcrc. OHH 06JIa,n;aIOT XOpOIIIHM "tlyTbeM H MYJKeC'I'BeHHbIM xaparcrepoxr, OHH BbIHOCJIHBbI H HerrpHXOTJIHBbI, OHH
  • 81.
    H eMe 4/Ca.R.0811a p 1 W
  • 82.
    82 C06AK~ pano HaqHHaIOT H JII06HT pafiorarr., OHH YMHbI H crpe­ MHTCH COTpy,n;HHqaTb C qeJIOBeKOM. A qTO erne nazro OT CJIy.iKe6HOH: cofiarcn? HeMeU;KaH oaxaprca 3 a M e q a T e JI b H O KpaCHBa. Moxc­ HO rrOHHTb Tex, xoro OHa BOCXHrn;aeT rapMOHHeH: CJIO­ .iKeHHH H Heo6bIqaH:HOH: KpaCOTOH: ,n;BH.iKeHHH:. 3TO H CTpOH:HaH H ztoc'raromro MOrn;HaH cofiaxa. 3aOCT­ peunaa Mop,n;a C qepHOH: MaCKOH:. Crpor-ne CTOHqHe yIIIH. fapMOHHqHble, n.nanasre JIHHHH xoprryca. Yrr­ pyraa cmraa, CHJIbHble ynpyr-ae KOHeqHOCTH. Oxpac ,n;OJI.iKeH 6bITb HpKHM - qepHO-pbI.iKHM C qepHOH: Mac­ KOH: aa Mop,n;e H qepHOH: CrrHHOH:, aonapno-cepsrra, qepHbIM. H eueu icasi oeuaptca sa patiomoii
  • 83.
    OBiAPKH 83 Osrem, KpaCHBaH cotiaxa. If MHOrHX JIl06HTeJIerr OHa npHBJIeKaeT He TOJIbKO KaK pafioxaa cofiarca, HO H KaK c06aKa-KOMnaHboH. Ho OCTaJIaCb JIH onxaprcon HeMeIJ,KaH onnapxa? ­ OTBeT MomHO ,n;aTb BnOJIHe orrpenerremrsrri: OCTaJIaCb. B I'epraanna exceronao npOBo,n;HTCH qeMnHOHaT He­ MeIJ,KHX OBqapOK no nacr-sfie. ,Il;JIH rrparcr-a-recrcn patio­ TaIOIIJ,Hx no nacrynn.ek cJIym6e HeMeIJ,KHX OBqapOK ecrr- naace ornensnsre pHHrH na caMOM rJIaBHOM KOH­ rcypce «on-rapovseri rcpaco'rsn - aa rJIaBHOrr BbICTaBKe HeMeIJ,KHX OBqapOK I'epraauan. Maorne Be,n;yIIJ,He rrn­ TOMHHKI1 I'epraaaaa BbICTaBJIHIOT CBOHX c06aK B 3TOM KJIaCce. Ho Bce-TaKH OCHOBHaH paoora COBpeMeHHbIx HeMeIJ,­ KHX OBqapOK He nacrsoa, OHH - P03bICKHbIe c06aKH
  • 84.
    84 C06AK~ H nor-paaanmae, canepsr If TaMOJKeHHHKH, rrOH CKOBH­ KH-crraCaTeJIH, noaozrsrpa cnerrsrx H oxpaHHHKH. BpeMR OT BpeMeHH npoxomrr CJIyx , "lITO KaKaR-TO nopozta patioraer JIy"lIIIIe, "lITO HeMeIJ;KylO oa-rapxy BOT ­ BOT caepr-ayr C rrsenecrana CJIyme6Holl cofiarcn « HO­ Mep O.n;HH ». TaK 6hIBaJIO yme He pas. O.n;HaKO 3TH BHe­ aamro BOIIIe.n;IIIHe B MO.n;y nopoztsr rrpaxozrar H YX O.n;R T . A HeMeIJ;KaR onnapxa OCTaeTCR. Ho ecrr, y Hee H MJIa.n;IIIHe po.n;CTBeHHHKH. Bcerzta CYI.I.J;eCTBOBaJIH HeMeIJ;KHe OB"lIapKH C "lIyTh 60JIee .n;JIHH­ HOll IIIepCThlO, .n;JIHHHOIIIepCTHhle. 3a yIIIaMH H na ThlJIhHOll CTopOHe KOHe"lIHOCTell - « ouecsre , rro KOp­ rrycy IIIepCTh TOJKe "lIyTh .n;JIHHHee. TaKHe I.I.J;eHKH pOJK­ .n;aIOTCR H y CT a H .n;a p T H h I X HeMeIJ;KHX OB"lIapOK. Cell"lIaC rropozry. B Eapone OHH HX Bhl.n;eJIHJIH B OT.n;eJIhHYIO oxeas JII06HMhl KaK cotiarca-rcoranansoma sa yM H xpa­ COTY· HeMeIJ;KaR onxapxa - cofiarca, "lITO HaShIBaeTCR, «BhlIIIe cpezmero pOCTa », ee POCT 58-65 CM. Ilpaaaa, scerna Haxo.n;HJIHCh JII06HTeJIH, KOTOphlM KaSaJIOCh, qTO « xopoureii cotiaxa .n;OJIJKHO 6hlTh MHOI'O». OHH rrsr­ TaJIHCh paasozra'n, o-rens xpynnsrx OBqapOK - nycrs XOTh sa 75 CM. TaKHe rcpynasre OBqapKH Tep.HJIH rrozt­ BHJKHOCTh H BhIHOCJIHBOCTh, H HeMeIJ;KylO onxaprcy sa B CIO ee IfCTOpHIO He pas «BOSBpaI.I.J;aJIH » B paMKH CTaH ­ zrapra. Ho B COBeTcKoM Coroae 6hlJI paapatioran HOBhlll craaztapr (pOCT zto 70 CM), H TaKHX 60JIhIIIHX OB"lIapOK CTaJIH HaShIBaTh BOCTO"lIHOeBpOrrellCKHMH. Ceiiuac B crpaaax 6hIBlIIeI'O COBeTCKOI'O Coroaa paaaozia-r B OC­ HOBHOM HaCTORI.I.J;HX HeMeIJ;KHX OB"lIapOK, HO CBOH JIIO­ 6HTeJIH COXpaHHJIHCh H y BOCTOqHOeBpOrrell CKHX. Oc­ HOBHOll oxpac y 3TOll nopozrsr - q errpa"lIHhlll (x epaaa cnaua) C cepetipncro-cepsna nonrranom. ,I.I;JIR HeMeIJ;­ KHX OB"lIapOK 3TOT orcpac He paapeuren. KpOMe BOCTO"lIHOeBpOrrellCKOll OBqapKH e c 'rs y H a c H CBOR CTapHHHaR nacryun,a nopona - roacaop yccxaa oaxaprca.
  • 85.
    OB~APK~ 85 o rrpOHCXOJK,n;eHIHI IOJKHOpyCCKOH: OBL£apKH MHoro cnopar. OTHOCHTCH JIH OHa K rpynne (, HaCTOHI.JJ;HX'> OBL£apOK, HJIH B L£HCJIe ee npemcon 6bIJIH ztoroofipaa­ asre c06aKH? 8TO He TaK yJK BaJKHO. Ho B eI.JJ;e B rro­ 3arrpOIlIJIOM aerce 3TH c06aKH, «OBL£apbI», 6bIJIH XOpO­ IlIO H3BeCTHbI rro scesry tor-y POCCHH - OT KpbIMa zto CTaBpOrrOJIbH. Macr-ae tcpvrmsre onneaozrsr ,n;epJKaJIH B CTerrHX crrerraarn.asre nHTOMHHKH ,n;JIH « pyCCKHX OBL£apOK», rzte c06aK pa3Bo,n;HJIH H OTnpaBJIHJIH aa­ TeM B orapsr. Hexoropsre 60raL£H, XBaCTaHCb CBOHMH OBo;aMH, rOBOpHJIH, CKOJIbKO y HHX TbICHL£ c06aK. A orapy H3 TbICHL£H-rrOJIyTopa TbICHL£ oaeu OXpaHHJIH 3-4 OBl.IapKH. IOJKHOpyccKHe OBL£apKH pa60TaJIH COBceM B npyrnx yCJIOBHHX, L£eM HX 3ana,n;HoeBporreHcKHe c06paTbH. BeCKpaH:HHe crenn, 60JIbIlIHe orapsr H MHOJKeCTBO XHI.JJ;HHKOB, - BOT C L£eM npaxozranocr, HM CTaJIKH­ BaTbCH KaJK,n;bIH ,n;eHb. 8TO H Cq)OPMHpOBaJIO rropo,n;y­ ,n;JIH 3aI.JJ;HTbI OT BOJIKOB H rpa6HTeJIeH: Tpe60BaJIHCb icpyrmsre, OL£eHb CHJIbHble H 3JI06Hble c06aKH. IIlepcTb y HHX ,n;JIHHHaH, rpyfiaa, KOCMaTaH H JIerKO c6HBaeTCH B BOHJIOK. 8TOT BOH:JIOK ztaer cofiarce nazrexcrryro 3aI.JJ;HTY OT CTerrHbIX fiypanon, nenorozn,i, OT BOJIL£bHX 3y60B H OT yztapon HaraH:KoH. ,II;JIHHHaH «L£eJIKa ,>, «YCbI» H «fiopo­ zta» , COBepIlIeHHO 3aKpblBalOI.JJ;He rOJIOBy, 3aI.IJ;HI.IJ;aIOT r-naaa OT rrbIJIH H HaceKOMbIX. Oxpac 6eJIbIH:, cepr.ni MJIH CBeTJIO- naneasrrr. Tlocrerrenno crerm OCBaHBaJIHCb, YMeHbIlIHJIOCb L£HCJIO BOJIKOB, CTaJIO COKpaI.IJ;aTbCH H rrOrOJIOBbe OBL£a­ pOK. Carasre JIyL£IlIHe c06aKH COXpaHHJIHCb B HMeHHH <t>aJIbo;-<t>eHHOB. B 3HaMeHMTOH ACKaHHH-HoBa ,n;JIH oxpansr CBOHX cran OH nepxca,n no ,n;BYX TbICHL£ OT60p­ HbIX «pyCCKHX OBL£apOB». Ho HCTOpHH 3TOH nopozrsr TparHL£eCKaH. T'paxcnaa­ CKaH BOH:Ha, Tpy,n;HOCTH COBeTCKoro zroaoemroro nepn­ ozra: MaCCOBaH 3arOTOBKa c06aK na rmcypsr, 3aTeM peKBH3HIJ,HH c06aK ,n;JIH apMHM, a nOTOM H BeJIHKaH
  • 86.
    86 C06AK~ OTe'IeCTBeHHaJI aoirna IIOCTaBIIJHI IOmHOpYCCKIIX OB­ 'I apOK na Kpaii llC'Ie3HOBeHllJI. Tlopozta ceii'Iac BOCCTaHOBJIeHa , HO MHOrO'IIICJIeH­ Hoii OHa yxce, BepOJITHO, He 6y,n;eT. TeM He MeHee, 3TO OT JIll'IHaJI cofiaxa ,n;JIJI aaropoznrsrx KOTTe,n;meii, ,ll;JIJI rpepxrepos. O'IeHh IIOXOmaJI na roxcnopyccrcyro OB'IapKY cofiarca ec-n, B Benrpnn. 8TO KOMOH,n;Op. Crpcro rOBopJI, KO- JOJlCHOpyCCKaR oesapiea
  • 87.
    OBl.iAPKH 87 MOH~OP cxopee OTHOCI1TCR K ~or006pa3HhIM C06aKaM, "lleM K ouxaprcare. 8TO cotiaxa C ThICR"lleJIeTHei1: I1CTOpl1­ err, MO./KeT 6hITh, OHa 6hIJIa B "llI1CJIe ITpe~KOB HaIIII1X IO./KHOPYCCKl1X onxapox. KaK 11 OHI1, KOMOH~OPhI OX­ paHRJIl1 onen, HO B BeHrepCKl1X CTeITRX - B rrYIIITe. KOMOH,n;OphI - OqeHh xpyrnrsre C06aKl1, MO./KHO CKa­ aart., orpoerasre. Cpeznrait pOCT y Hl1X 70 -80 CM. IJ;BeT IIIepCTI1 - "llI1CTO 6eJIhIll:. Illepcrr, y HI1X o6R3aTeJIhHO ,n;OJI./KHa CBaJIl1BaThCR B BOll:JIOK, I1JII1 B Bl1,n;e BOll:JIO"ll­ HhIX IIIHypOB, I1JII1 ofipaayer ITO ncevry TeJIy o,n;I1HaKO­ nsre KOJITyHhI, TaK aaasmaesrsre «CBaJIhI'). KOMOH~OPOB
  • 88.
    K O HOp He nodnucmum MO O 80JlIW K omape
  • 89.
    OB~APKH 89 HeJIb3H pacaecsrsarr., qTo6bI He napynrart- crpyrcrvpy wepCTI:I. Korna KOMOH,n;Op JIllHHeT, TO BbIJIllHllBaIO­ nraa nrepcrs OCTaeTCH B KOJITyHe. II C B03paCTOM KO­ MaH,n;op nee 60JIbWe II 60JIbWe onenaerca B «6POHIO » ll3 KOJITyHOB, rrpe,n;CTaBJIHH C060H neaatisraaeraoe 3pe­ rrmne. Hnorna, CJIyqaeTCH, KOMOH,n;Op repaer mepcr's , HO CKOPO «onea aer ca. CHOBa. KOMOH,n;op - :3TO cotiaxa ,n;JIH oxpaasr crazra , II CTO­ poxc OH BeJIllKOJIerrHbIH, y Hero naace B cranzrapre npo­ nacano - «HOqbIO zmar-aerca HeCJIbIWHO» . Ho B Bear­ pan ec'rs II nacroaume osuapxa - BeJIllKOJIerrHaH «TpOHKa»: rrymr, rrYMll II My,n;ll. 8TO MaJIeHbKlle CO­ 6aqKll pOCTOM 35-45 CM. Bee OHll OTJIllqHbIe cropoxca II KPbICOJIOBbI, n, KOHeqHO rrepBOKJIaCCHbIe nacryxn, Kam,n;bIH co CBoeH cneuaanaaauaeii. 8TO KaK Tpll 6pa­ Ta - crapnraa , cpezraaii II MJIa,n;wllH. Crapmaa - :3TO rry.n a, llCTOPllH ero TaKaH me ,n;peBHHH, KaK II y KOMOH­ ,n;opa, OH II BbIrJIH,n;IlT KaK «MllHll»-KOMOH,n;Op. TOJIbKO rrynn MomeT 6bITb He TOJIbKO 6eJIoro, HO II qepHOrO llJIll ceporo oxpaca. CneU;llaJIIl3aU;IlH ero - OBU;bI. Cpezmait fipar , nyxrrr, o6pa30BaJICH B XVII-XVIII Be­ xax OT cxpenraaanaii nYJI11 C OCTpOyXllM11 aarrazmoea­ ponericrcnraa oauapxaraa. Aaaprnoro 11 JIOBKOrO nYM11 JII0611JI11 llCnOJIb30BaTb ,n;JIH pa60TbI co CBllHbHMll 11 KpynHbIM poraTbIM CKOTOM. A rpernfi fipar , My,n;ll, no cpaBHeH11IO C ,n;pyrllM11 6paTbHM11 COBceM MaJIbIW - OH C<pOPMllPO­ BaJICH « cax C060IO» na pyfiexce XIX II XX BeKOB OT CMeWeH11H pa3HbIX rropo,n;. My,n;11 - BeJIllKOJIerrHbIH CKOTorOH II ero CneU;llaJIIl3aU;IlH ­ KpyrrHbIH poraTbIH CKOT. IIYMll II My,n;11 BHeWHe noxoacn na BeCeJIbIX 3a,LJ;OpHbIX zraopnaxcex. A BOT no xaparcrepy nx C ,n;BopHHmKOH He cnyTaewb - cepbe3Hble patio-me nacryrm.n cotiarca.
  • 90.
    >KH3HEPAAOCTHOE nllEMSI ­ TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, nHHLiEPbl BpI1TaHI.J;hI - BeJII1KaR C06aKOBO,n;qeCKaR HaI.J;I1R. HaI.J;I1R CrrOpTCMeHOB, MeXaHI1KOB 11 CTOpOHHI1KOB paa­ ,n;eJIeHI1R Tpy,n;a. 11 3Ta I1X qepTa HaIIIJIa orpaacenne He TOJIhKO B rrpOMhIIIIJIeHHOCTI1, HO 11 B mI1BOTHOBo,n;CTBe, 11 B co6aKOBo,n;CTBe B qaCTHOCTI1. Cy,n;I1Te CaMI1 - 6op­ asre xpynasre, MeJIKI1e, rOHQI1e na 3aHI.J;a, rOHQI1e na JII1CY, na asrzrpy, na OJIeHR, CKOpOCTHhle rJIa,n;KOIIIep­ CTHhIe rrOHHTephI, ,n;JII1HHOIIIepCTHhle cer-repsr ,n;JIR pa3HhIX yro,n;I1H, CrraHI1eJII1 ,n;JIR yro,n;I1H, nerronxozra­ II.J;I1X ,n;JIR JIeraBhIX, aonansre CrraHI1eJII1, perpn sepsr, QTo6hI rronaaarr, ,n;06hIQy, OBQapKI1 ,n;JIR nac'r sfisr, ztor-n ,n;JIR OXpaHhI. B .necax , B rrOJIRX, B nozte 11 rrOQTI1 QTO B soazryxe - BCIO,n;y C06aKI1 rrOMOraJII1 QeJIOBeKy. Ka­ meTCR, He OCTaJIOCh CTI1XI1l'I, rzie 6hI cooaxa He cJIymI1­ JIa QeJIOBeKy. A nozt 3eMJIeH? 11 nozr 3eMJIeH Tome. 11 Ha3BaHI1e TaKl'IX cotiarc - TepbephI - rrpol'ICxo,n;I1T OT JIaTI1HCKOrO CJIOBa e reppa : - 3eMJIR .
  • 92.
    92 C06AK~ Boo6ru;e-TO , CHa"tIaJIa STO 6hIJIli 06hI"tIHhIe He60JIhIlllIe aarJIlIrrCKlie ,n;BOpH.HmKlI. B Kam,n;Orr MeCTHOCTli CBOli. Ho npax-norasre epepMephI crapanacs OCTaBJI.HTh ce6e ru;eHKOB OT rrOJIe3HhIX ,n;JI.H cetia cofiarc. Kaxne npofine­ MhI 6hIJIli Y rpepraepon? liM ClIJIhHO ,n;OKy-qaJIli KphIChI 1I npo-me MeJIKlIe If cpezra a e XlIru;HIfKlI, OC06eHHO paa ­ MHOmliBIlllIeC.H rrOCJIe IfCTpe6JIeHlI.HB XVI nexe BOJIKOB. KPhIChI yHlI"tITOmaJIli aanacsr. JIIfChI 1I XOphKlI rae­ Bapcyrcn, CTpO.H CBOli pa3BeTBJIeHHhIe HO­ KaJIIf rrTlI:U;Y. psr, nozrpsmana nocrponxn If zropor-a. BOT 60ph6y C HIfMlI 1I B03JIOmliJIli na ,n;BOpOBhIX co6a­ "tIOHOK. "tlTO liM napor« xJIe6 ecrr.? QTo6hI BhIIIOJIHIfTh STY aanasy, KaKOrr ,n;OJImHa 6hITh C06aKa? B nepsyro oxepezn, OTBamHOrr, JIOBKOrr, ClIJIhHOrr 1I nerionsnron. OTBamHOrr, norosry qTO ,n;OJImHa 6hIJIa npec.nezto­ sar-s 1I acrynarr, B cXBaTKy rrycrr, C He6oJIhlliliMlI, HO ace me C XIfru;HlIKaMIf. LTIoBKorr If ClIJIhHOrr, qTo6hI rro­ 6e,n;lITh, a He nor-afiny-n. . ,I.(JI.H aroro me HymHhI 6hIJIli xperncne qeJIIOCTIf 1I 3y6hI. A He6oJIhillOrr - rrororay, m ecmK OUlepcm HblU tpox cm epiep ( na nepeiineu n.nane) u een uu mepsep
  • 93.
    TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, m1HLfEPbl 93 qTO AOCTaTOqHO JIOBKOA AJIH 60Pb6~ C MeJIK11M11 3BepbKaM11 MOmeT 6bITb TOJIbKO nefio.nr-rrraa cotiaxa, a KpOMe roro, TOJIbKO He60JIblliOA nee craoacer 3aJIe3Tb B JI11CbIO 11JI11 fiapcyasro nopy. Maoro repsepos nor-nfiano B 8TOA 60pb6e. Bsrxoraa­ JI11carasre yMHble, caxtsre JIOBK11e, casrsre OTBamHble, care sre C11JIbHble. Ha BHelliHOCTb 8TMX c06aK npaKTI1QeCKM He ofipa­ ~aJIM BHMMaHMH. Ho 06~I1e 3aAaQM CepOpMMpOBaJIM c06aK, BO MHorOM noxoxcnx zrpyr C APyrOM. 8TOMy nocnoc06CTBOBaJIO M npMJIMTMe KpOBeA carasrx YAaq­ HbIX M3 HMX - 6eJIoro I1 qepHO-nOAnaJIOrO repsepoa. A CKpe~MBaHMH C OXOTHMqbI1MM c06aKaMI1 AaJIM HO­ asre pa3HOBI1AHOCTM, xoropsre nOJIyqaJI11 Ha3BaHI1,H, KaK npaBMJIO, no MeCTHOCTI1, rne MX pa3BOAI1JIM. Bce rnaiiicoiuepcmneie tpoiccmepiepu.
  • 94.
    94 C06AK~ 3TIf repsepsr CJIO.iKeHbI no-rm Op;IfHaKOBO - IfMelOT KBap;paTHbIll: epOpMaT, .iKeCTKylO rrpOBOJIOKOo6pa3HylO nrepc n., BbITHHYTbIe rOJIOBbI C MO~HbIMIf "lleJIIOCTHMIf If KpyrrHbIMIf, KaK y 60JIbIllOll: cofiarcn, 3y6aMIf. "YIllIf nefio.nsrrme, norrycroaxae. Terra cyxne, CIfJIbHble, MYC­ KYJIIfCTble, KOHe"llHOCTIf - KaK npyacnaxa. Bee o-rem, aaaprnsre, TeMrrepaMeHTHbIe, rrozranacnsre, KaK p'ryrs, ysepennsre B ce6e, npaaansnee ztaxce CKa3aTb - o6JIa­ zraror Heo6bFIall:HO BbICOKIfM caMOMHeHlfeM. Bee repsepsr - OTJIIf"llHbIe KPbICOJIOBbI. CXBaTIfB xpsrcy 11 BCTpHXHyB, repsep MrHOBeHHO JIOMaeT ell:
  • 95.
    TEPbEPbl, WHAYLEPbl, n~H~EPbl 95 IIleIO. Co CTaeH B COTHIO KphIC xopomnii . ep s ep pacrrpas ­ r JIJIJICJI aa ,n;eCJITh MllHyT, IIO"lITll He IIOJIyqaJI paaenmi. Erne B XIX sexe 6hIJIll IIOIIyJIJIpHhI copennosaana IIO TpaBJIe KphIC. 113BecTHhIH percopzr - CTO KphIC aa IIJITh C He60JIhIIlllM MllHyT. Ho B OCTaJIhHOM Y repsepon 6hIJIa see me HeKOTOpaJI CIIe:U;llaJIll3a:U;llJI - JIeHKJIeH,n;hI OXOTllJIllCh na JIllC ca­ MOCTOJITeJIhHO, a 3a,n;a"lIeH IIJITHllCThIX rpoxcrepsepoa II xepuo-psixcax BeJIhIIl repsepoa 6hIJIO llJIll BhlrHaTh JIllCY II fiapcyxa ll3 HOphI, IiJIIi naotiopor, aanepxcarr, IIO,n; 3eMJIerr na O,n;HOM MeCTe Ii JIaeM ,n;aTh 3HaTh OXOT­ HIiKaM, rzte ayxcao paCKaIIhIBaTh HOPY. A repsepoa ll3 ,n;OJIllHhI pexn 8Hp, apne.m.repsepoa, BhIBeJIll ,n;JIJI OXOThI na BhI,n;p II BO,n;JIHhIX KphIC. Tloaro­ My OHIi 3Ha"lIllTeJIhHO xpyrmee, HO ovens noxcxca na yBeJIIi"lIeHHyIO KOIIllIO ne.nsm repsepa. 8p,n;eJIIi co spe­ MeHeM OKa3aJIllCh OTJIll"lIHhIMll BoeHHhIMIi II c.nyxceti ­ HhIMll cotiarcasm. I1pJIaH,n;CKlie TephephI, n nx 3eMJIJIKll, 3HaMeHllThle rceppn 6JIIO TephephI, IIO CIiJIY8TY noxoxca na repsepon na Aarvran. Ho pOCTOM OHIi rcpyrnree. I1pJIaH,n;cKllM rpep­ MepaM paapenranocs ,n;epmaTh TOJIhKO TephepOB - 3aru;IiTHIi ­ KOB OT npezrareaen. I1pJIaH,n;:U;hI CKperu;llBaJIll CBOliX TephepOB HpJtaHiJCKUU mepuep, epoexemepeep U tceppu 6JllO mepsep ( c.neea nanpaeo )
  • 96.
    96 COEiAK~ C rcpyrmsnan cofiaxaxrn, rrpHHa,n;JIemaBIIIIIMII 6ora­ xawr , H IICrrOJIhSOBaJIII TOJIhKO KaK cropoacea. B IIIoTJIaH,ll;HII CJIOmHJICR COBceM ,n;pyroH THrr repse­ POB - KOpOTKOHorHe, C ,ll;JIIIHHhIM TyJIOBH:W;eM H C MOIIJ;­ HbIMH rOJIOBaMH. meCTKOIIIepCTHhIe cxorn-repsep, BeCT XaHJIeH,n; yaHT Tephep - OHH Tome B rrpOIIIJIOM pa60TaJIH B nopax. A crcari-repsep OXOTIIJICR na BbI,n;p y 6eperoB OCTpOBa CKaH. ::lTO e,n;HHcTBeHHhIH ,n;JIHHHO­ IIIepCTHhIH Tephep HS rrJIeMeHH «HacToRIIJ;HX » repse­ pOB, nezn, y OCTaJIbHhIX IIIepCTh HJIH rrpOBOJIOKOo6pas­ HaR, IIJIH r .nazncaa. Becm xaiin enii yaum meps ep, UO KUlUp CKUU p m epsep, UlOm.lWHiJcKUU ctcom u-mepiep U cxau-mepuep ( cneea nanpaeo )
  • 97.
    TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, nl-1Hl.fEPbl 97 BOT TOJIbKO Y KpOIIleqHOrO HOpKIIll1pCKOrO repsepa OC06aH mepc'rs - TO)Ke .n;JIIIHHaH, HO IIleJIKOBIICTaH II He JIIIHHeT. Illepcm, y «HopKa» pacrer BCIO )KII3Hb, 11 JII0611TeJIII rropo,n;bI Ha3bIBalOT ee «BOJIOCbI » • 113 TpII,n;.o;aTII C JIIIIIlHIIM OCPII.o;IIaJIbHO rrpII3HaHHbIX rropozr TepbepOB .n;Ba,n;.o;aTb - PO,n;OM II3 BeJIIIK06pIITa­ HIIII, qeTBepO - IIpJIaH,n;.o;bI. 8TIIX repsepon JII06HT BO BceM Mllpe. OHR OXOTHIIKII, CJIy)Ke6HbIe II cnop-mn­ asre c06aKII II, KOHeqHO, sece.m-re KOMrraHbOHbI. Brraroztapa OTBa)KHbIM xaparcrepara repsepoa IIC­ rrOJIb30BaJIII II ,n;JIH BbIBe,n;eHIIH zrpyr-nx rropozr, 11 CJIOBO «repsep: B l1X Ha3BaHIIII roaoprtr TOJIbKO 0 TOM, qTO OH 6bIJI B qIICJIe IIX npezncos. ,IJ;a)Ke B caMOH AHrJIIIII, CKpern;IIBaH 6yJIb,n;orOB C repsepawa , rrOJIyqIIJIII c06aK, KOTOpbIX IICrrOJIb30Ba­ JIll ,n;JIH ,n;aBHO yxce aarrpeurennsrx HbIHe C06aqbIIX 60­ ea. Hx Ha3bIBaJIR «6YJIb-II-Tepbep», a rrOCJIe nOJIyqII­ JIOCb «6YJIbTepbep». OT 6yJIb,n;oroB OHII yHaCJIe,n;OBaJIII CIIJIy, 3a,n;IIpIICTOCTb II yrropc'rao, OT repsepon JIOB­
  • 98.
    AMepUlWHCKUU cnuuptpopinuupctcuic 6yJlbmepbep KOCTh, rro,n;BllmHOCTh II CHOBa ynopcrno. TaK B03HIIK­ JIll rpa nopozrsr 6YJIhTephepOB - 6yJIhTephep, MHHlla­ TIOPHhIll 6YJIhTephep II oratpdiopzmraporcnii 6YJIhTeph­ ep. BHernHOCTh y 6y.m.repr.epa II y «MIIHIl6yJIell » o-rens cnoeotipaanaa. rJIa,JJ;KaJI urepc-rs , BeJIIIKOJIerr­ HaJI MycKyJIaTypa, xopnyc aTJIeTa, nmporcaa rpyzn., scpemcne nor-a. TaKyIO cofiarcy C611Th C nor HeJIerKO. Oxem, csoeoopaaaaa rOJIOBa CCllJIhHhIMIl -qeJIIOCTJIMIl. 8TO CMeJIaJI, o-rens CllJIhHaJI, XOTJI rro pOCTy He6oJIh­ nraa cofiarca. Ho npexczte acero «6yJIh » - STO xapax ­ rep. II xaparcrep cnoeotipaaasra, MomeT 6hITh zraxce npor aaope-raasra. C O,n;HOll CTOpOHhI, 6e3YCJIOBHO rrpe,n;aH X03JIIIHY II ero cerase, a, C ,n;pyroll CTOpOHhI, nexero H ,n;yMaTh 0 «CJIyme6HoM HCrrOJIh30­ BaHIIH » STOll cofiaxn. CJIyrnaThCJI OH He JII0611T. JII0611TeJIH 6yrrs-repsepoa rOBOpJIT 0 CBOIIX cofiarcax MHoro XO­ pornero, HO rrpn STOM 06JI3aTeJIhHO ,n;o6aBJIJIIOT - «rrpll rrpaBllJIhHOM BOC­ nrrranna ». IIoToMoK anrJIIIllCKOro cradidiopnnrapcxoro Tephepa - aMe-
  • 99.
    TEPbEPbl, WHAYLI,EPbl, m1H"IEPbl 99 paxancrcnfi C'l'aepcl>op.n;IIIHPCKHff 'l'epbep, HO xpyrmee, CIIJIbHee II 3JI06Hee CBOerO npeznca. OTHOllieHIIe K 8TIIM noponasr BO BCeM MIIpe .n;aJIeKO He 0.n;H03HaqHoe. Bo MHorIIX crpaaax paaaezrenne IIX aanpenreao. Ho caMbIff KpyrrHbIff H3 TepbepOB norryven B POC­ CIIII. 8'1'0 xepnsra, IIJIII pyCCKIIff, repsep. OH 6bIJI BbI­ senea B POCCIIII B rrOCJIeBOeHHbIe rozrsr KaK rcapay.ns­ Ha.H cotiaxa. B qIICJIe ero npezncon MHoro nopozr ­ II pII3eHIIIHay:u;epbI, II apne.ns-repsepi,r, II porserinepsr, II zrpyr-ne. COBpeMeHHbIe xepn sre TepbepbI 06JIa.n;aIOT He TOJIbKO «IJ,IIBIIJIII30BaHHbIMII » xaparcrepaera, HO II oxem, BbIpa3II'l'eJIbHOff BHeIliHOCThIO. Tlpencruat.re ce6e orporcayro xepayro cofiarcy CCIIJIy8TOM He TO reps­ epa, He TO unraynepa. Bpe.narne nrreuar.naroniee, - AMepUKaHCKUU cnuuptpopinuupctcuii mepsep, 6YJlbmepbep U uepnut: mepsep (cneea «anpaeo )
  • 100.
    100 C06AKH nOHHTHO, noxesry aepepeKTHbIe pyccrcne xepasre repse­ psi 3aBOeBaJIH nonyJIHpHOCTb BO ncesr MHpe. Ho eCJIH OrJIH,n;bIBaTbCH aa npemcoa, TO qepHbIll repsep, XOTb H Ha3bIBaeTCH repsepoa , 6JIaro,n;apH CBO­ eMy qepHoMy orcpacy H xpynaoray pOCTy 3aCTaBJIHeT BcnOMHHTb see me He apne.ns'repsepa, a pnaeanraay­ uepa, caxroro 60JIbIllOrO npe,n;CTaBHTeJIH ueJIOll rpyn­ rna HeMeUKHX nraayuepoa H nannepon . PU3enuuuujuep ( cneea ) , uumrnenuiunauuep (emopoii cneea ] u ueepeiunauuepu (nepeuii U emopoii cnpaea )
  • 101.
    TEPbEPbl, WHAY~EPbl, nHH"IEPbl 101 Bo06~e-TO, umayuepsr Ii narrsepr.r - 3'1'0 C06aKIi, BO MHOrOM aaanor-axasre 6pIiTaHCKIiM TepbepaM, aa IiCKJIlOqeHIIeM TOrO, qTO pa60TbI B HOpaX 0'1' HIiX He Tpe60BaJIIi. KaK II repsepon, IiX TO:>Ke ,n;Be pa3HOBIi,n;­ HOCTIi - r JIa,LI;KOllIepCTHble mrnaepsr Ii :>KeCTKOllIep­ CTHbIe umayuepsr, KOTOpbIX rcorzta-ro Ha3bIBaJIIi :>KeCT­ KOllIepCTHbIMIi mra-reparaa. IIIepCTb y HIiX na rOJIOBe ofipaayer 6POBIi, 60po,n;y Ii YCbI. fOJIOBbI Y nmaynepoa, Bo06~e, KpyIIHbIe, a Ii3-3a mepcrrr Ka:>KyTcH oc06eHHO 60JIbllIIIMIi. ,ll;a:>Ke Ha3BaHIie «uraaynep . oanauaer «Mop,n;allI» 0'1' HeMe:U;Koro CJIOBa «umayne : - Mop,n;a. A caMIi c06aKIi rcnaztpa'rnsre, II XOTb Ii He TH:>KeJIble, HO ace xce rrO-HeMe:U;KIi OCHOBaTeJIbHbIe, IIJIOTHbIe. OCHOB­ nsre OKpaCbI - qepHbIll Ii «rrepe:u; C COJIblO » - 3'1'0 'ra­ KOll caoeoopaansrii cepbIll orcpac. TOT, KTO He 3HaeT, KaK 3'1'0 BbIrJIH,n;IiT, MO:>KeT rrOCMOTpeTb y ceriana KYX­ He - nazro TOJIbKO cxreruarr, MOJIOTbIll nepen C COJIblO. Illrraynepon - rpoe. 'I'pn TOqHbIX KOIIIiIi zrpyr zrpy­ ra. Ho O,n;IiH COBceM rcponrevm-ui, KapJIIiKOBbIll. OH TaK Ii Ha3bIBaeTCH - naeprnraaynep. ,ll;pyroll, KaK Ii IIOJIO:>KeHO, cpezmaft, OH :>Ke TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIll craana­ PTHbIll nmayuep, IiJIIi zraace IIpOCTO umaynep. 8TaJIOH
  • 102.
    102 C05AK~ STOll rpYIIIIbI, sezn, zma ztpyrrrx p;OJDKHbI 6bITh ero KO­ IIH.HMH. A TpeTHll - pnaemnaayuep, caMhIll 60JIh­ IIIOll, carso Ha3BaHHe rOBopHT 06 ST OM , Bep;h CJIOBO «pH3eH » H oanaxaer « B e JI H K a H» . Crapsre Ha3BaHH.H mnaynepon « K o H IO IIIe H H h I ll IIHH­ nep : H «KPbICOJIOB » rOBOp.HT 0 HX Ha3Ha-qeHHH . KOHe-q­ HO, paaeanraaynepsr KpbIC He JIOBHJIH. Ho BC.H rponna ­ BeJIHKOJIeIIHhle oxpaHHHKH, naace rcpome-msre «rrs ep ­ rH » eIIJ;e He TaK p;aBHO C ycnexore Cp;aBaJIH HCIIbITaHH.H IIO 3aIIJ;HTHOll c.nyactie. A yac pnaennmaynep c-nrrae'r ­ C.H O,LJ;HOll H3 JI y-qIIIHX CJIyme6Hblx c06aK. IIHH-qepbI Tome HaIIOMHHaIOT nmaynepon, HO TOJIb ­ KO 6e3 HX IIIepCTH. OHH rJIa,LJ;KOIIIepCTHble. Oxpac y HHX KopH-qHeBbIll HJIH -qepHbIll C KopH-qHeBbIMH OTMeTHHa­ MH. IIHH-qephI Tome 6hIJIH KpbICOJIOBaMH. A cell-qac STO p;OMaIIIHHe JII06HMU;bI. KaK H y rrraaynepoa, ec'rs IIpOCTO IIHH-qep H KapJIHKOBhIll IIHH-qep. Tl unu ep U nemeuxue KapJLUK08ble nunuepu
  • 103.
    TEPbEPbl, WHAYUEPbl, nlJlH~EPbl 103 Ilooepsuu: TaK M XO'-IeTCJI CIIpOCMTh: a rzre ace «pM3eHIIMH'-Iep »? OKa3bIBaeTCJI 6hIJI M TaKoH. TO'-IHee, OH ecrt, M ceH­ <rae, HO OH y,IKe He IIMH'-Iep. Ero nee 3HaIOT. Paasme STY cofiaxy Ha3hIBaJIM zro­ 6epMaH-IIMH'-Iep, TO eCTb IIMH'-Iep ,II;06epMaHa. JIIO.n;BMr ,II;06epMaH, ,lKMTeJIh HeMeI.J;KOrO ropozra AIIOJIb,n;hI, CMe­ IIIMBaJI pa3JIM'-IHbIe IIOpO.n;bI, B KOHI.J;e XIX sexa IIOJIy­ '-IMJI 3aMe'-IaTeJIhHeHIIIYIO 3aIIJ;MTHYIO cooarcy, 06JIMKOM HaIIOMMHaBIIIyIO crporaaoro IIMH'-Iepa, KOTOpyIO CHa­ '-IaJIa M IIpMIIMCaJIM K rpynne nMH'-IepOB M Ha3BaJIM B '-IeCTh C03,n;aTeJIJI. Ho co apexeaesr see ,IKe peIIIMJIM, '-ITO STO HMKaKOH He IIMH'-Iep , a COBepIIIeHHO caMOCTOJI­ Te JIhHaJI CJI y,IKe6HaJI nopozta, KOTOpaJI CeH'-IaC Ha3hIBa­ eTCJI IIpOCTO (',n;06epMaH ». ,II;06epMaHhI 6bIJIM JIy'-IIIIM­ MM IIOJIMI.J;eHCKMMI1 c06aKaMM Ha'-IaJIa XX nerca, r-aaer sr IIeCTpeJII1 C006IIJ;eHMJIMM 06 MX rrozraarax. Ha cxren y MM, KaK STO '-IaCTO 6hIBaeT, IIpMIIIJIM ztpyrne CJIY,IKe6HhIe c06aKM, HO ,n;06epMaHbI .n;o CI1X IIOp BXO,n;JIT B «30JIOTOH epOH.n; » JIy'-IIIlMX IIOpO,n; MMpa.
  • 104.
    50nbWASI Jl1050Bb KMAJ1EHbKHMC05AKAM Co6aKH CJIyJKaT JIlO,lVIM TbICfl"tlH JIeT. OHH nezrarcr ,ll;JIfl"tleJIOBeKa TaK MHOrO, "tlTO scero He rrepe-racna-n, ­ "tlTO-HH6Y,ll;b 06fl3aTeJIbHO 3a6Y,ll;eIIIb. Ce6e B rrOMOIIJ;b "tleJIOBeK C03,ll;aJI COTHH CrreIJ;HaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX rropozt cofiax. II cerorma npoztonacaer coaztaaar's HOBbIe H na­ XO,ll;HTb HOBoe npmeeneane CTapbIM . OXOTHHKH CJIy­ JKaT B IIOJIHIJ;HH H na TaMOJKHe, 6bIBIIIHe H HbIHeIIIHHe rroJIHIJ;eAcKHe rrOpO,ll;bI CTaHOBflTCfl co6aKaMH-KOM­ nansonaxa, rrpOCTO BepHbIMH crryTHHKaMH xenonexa . B rrepsyro o-repezrs STO OTHOCHTCfl K C06a"tlKaM He6oJIb­ moro paaxepa, y,ll;06HbIM ,ll;JIfl conepacaaaa B JKHJIHIIJ;e xe.nonexa, ocorienao B 60JIbIIIHX ropozrax. ::lTO MeJIKHe BUUlOH tppuse, uocxoecxuu OJlUHHOUlepcmHbtU moii-mep sep U moii nyoeJlb (c neea nanpaeo)
  • 105.
    6011bWASl 111060Bb KMAl1EHbKHM C06AKAM 105 KUH ZC q ap.nse cnanuenu U nanuiuon. ( cnpaea ) repsepsr IT CrraHIIeJIIT, MeJIKITe nrrrmrsr IT fiopat.re, MeJI­ KITe nnrayuepsr IT rraavepsr, MeJIKITe rrpe,n;CTaBITTeJIIT ztorootipaaaori rpyrrm,r, rryzterra. TOJIbKO nepe-nrcne­ HITe STIIX rropozr 3allMeT He O,n;HY CTpaHITU;Y. M eKCUlfa HCKaR zon asi cooaxa ( cn eea ) U KUm a UCKaR xoxnamasi cotiaica
  • 106.
    106 C06AKW JI nOHCICUU XUH U netcun ec ( cnpaea ) I10.n;aBJI.H1OII..J;ee 60JIhIlIIIHCTBO STIIX cotiax rrpOIlIJIO rryrt, II3 6e.n;Hhlx XIImIIH t.Iepe3 .n;BOpII,hI H mIIJIIIII..J;a ro­ poxcaa B HaIlIII cer-ozraannrae .n;OMa. B crapsre cyponsre II t.IaCTO rOJIo.n;H~e BpeMeHa CKy.n;OCTh rrporriiTaHII.H rr03BOJI.HJIa 6e.n;H.HKaM zrepzcarr, JIIIIlIh MaJIeHhKIIX co­ 6aK. Moxcer 6hITh, IIX 3aBo.n;IIJIII .n;JI.H rrpaKTIIt.IeCKIIX II,eJIeM, a MomeT, norosry, t.ITO zrynra t.IeJIOBet.IeCKa.H Tpe60BaJIa pa.n;OCTII, KOTOpylO B anoxy meCTOKOCTII II CypOBhIX yCJIOBIIM BhlmIIBaHII.H .n;ocTaBJI.HJIII .n;pym6a II 6e30rJI.H.n;Ha.H npenarraocrr, cofiarc, A ym nOTOM STII MaJIhIIlIII caMII, B CIIJIy cnoeii rrpnpozna, 6paJIII na cefia BhIITOJIHeHIIe rrOCIIJIhHhIX 06.H3aHHOCTeM - YHIIt.ITOma­ JIll Bpe.n;IITeJIeM, BhICJIemIIBaJIlI .n;II"tIh, CJIymIIJIII, rryc'rr, He oxpaHHIIKaMII, HO cropoacasra, 3BOHKIIM JIaeM rrpe­ zrynpeacnaa 0 npII6JIIImeHlIII nOCTopOHHIIX. Ho 6hIJIII II co6aKII, rrpaKTII"tIHOe IICrrOJIh30BaHIIe KOTOphIX Tpy.n;HO npencraaa'rs. TaKOB~ rcpornenasre MeKCIIKaHCKIIe C06a"tIKII .n;JIIIH­ HOIlIepCTHhle II KOpOTKOIlIepCTHhle t.IIIxyaxyeHo IIJIII
  • 107.
    60nbWASI nlO60Bb KMAnEHbKHM C06AKAM 107 Mane U tuu-muu (c npaea ) t.Illxyaxya. HCCJIe,n;oBaTeJIll naxoztar nx nsofipaacen aa ztaanoc'ra na KaMeHHhIX paaaammax ThICHt.IeJIeTHe:H: nperaen .nerenztapar.rx TOJIhTeKOB II aU;TeKOB . A ofina­ pyxcensr 3Tll cofia-nca 6hIJIll B XVIII serce B cexn.ax 6e,n;HhIx MeKCllKaHCKllX KpeCThHH . C paCCJIOeHlleM LIeJIOBet.IeCKOrO otimecrna MaJIeHh­ rene P;PY 3 h H 6e,n;HoThI CTaJIll BhI3hIBaTh mrrepec KaK co­ fiarcn-rrr'pynncn. A B nr-pynnce nemrrca II pezncaa xpa­ COTa, II Heo6hIt.IHhIe, BhILIypHhIe Q;>OPMhI. MaJIeHhKYIO C06at.IKy MOjRHO HOCllTh na pyxax llJIll B p;aMCKO:H: MYQ;>Te, B03llTh aa co6o:H: B rcapare. ,l];aMCKll:H: JII06llMeu; 6hIJI n arepecen llJIll K aK KpO­ IIIet.IHaH xonna 60JIhIIIO:H: « MYjRCKO:H: » cofiaxn , llJIll jRe, naotiopor , norosry LITO BhI3hIBaJI t.IyB CTBO HejRHOC­ Tll -repraraa anrpam-am.aocrn, «,n;eTCKOCTll ». Y rarcnx co6at.IeK BhIrr YKJIhI:H: JIo6, 60JIhilille pacnaxnyr-sre r JIa­ 3a, t.IaCTO y x o p o x e a n a a Mop,n;a. TaKOBhI OBeHHHhIe JIe­ raH,n;aMll, npaureznnne C BOCTOKa cofiaxn KllTa:H:CKllX llMrrepaTopOB nexaaecsr, cotiarcn KllTa:H:CKO:H: aaa'rn
  • 108.
    108 C06AKH r naincoiuepcmiuui u aJlunnowepcmn(l.fl 'luxyaxya MorrChI, nonexry-ro 3aCTaBJIHIOrn;lfe BcrrOMHIfTb cavry ­ paen HIIOHCKlfe XIfHbI If noxoacne na xplf3aHTeMbI CO­ 6aKIf T1f6eTa. Maorara C06aKaM rarcae me ¢OPMbI npnnarorca CTplfmKOll nrepcra, KOTopaH npenpanraer cofiaxy B nacroanree npoaaaezteane ncxyccraa . Ho nee me STO nacroaunre cooaxa - sepnsre, rrpe ­ ztaanr.re, YMHbIe. XOTH nopori, rJIH,n;H aa TaKylO «Ma­ JIHBKy», rpyzmo npenc-rana-n, ce6e, r,n;e If KaK B STOll rcpornexnofi rOJIOBKe YMern;aIOTCH yM, rrpeztannoc'rs If zraace naxozrarca MeCTO «KOMaH,n;aM ». KameTCH, 'ITO OT STIfX C06aqeK HIfKaKoll rrOJIb3bI. Ho 'IeJIOBeK - cymecrno srOIfCTIf'IeCKoe. 11 MaJIeHb­ rene C06a'IKIf yxpamaror naury mlf3Hb, pa3BJIeKa1OT, CHIfMalOT crpeccst, npa-ryror zrynry . 11 naace MaJIeHbKaH zrsopnaacxa, rroztofipannaa ne ­ CHTb JIeT naaazt If mlmyrn;aH B MoeM ,n;oMe BMeCTe CO CBOpOll OB'IapOK, aanmuraer MeHH OT 'IyBcTBa BIfHbI npa an zre TOCKYIOrn;IfX rJIa3 6e3,n;oMHbIX cotiax . OT Hee Tome 60JIbIIlaH norn.aa - ,n;JIH Moell zryura .
  • 109.
    COAEP>KAH~E q TO TaKOeC06aKa 2 T a K ~TO me 'raxoe cotiaxa? 11 JIaMKM 19 Bo p 3 ~ e , r o H ~ M e , n e r aB~ e 27 ,D;or M 47 OB~ ap K M 65 JKM3Hepa,n;ocTHoe rrneMJI - TepbepbI, IIIHayIJ,epbI, nmrsepsr 90 Bo.m.uraa mo6oBb K MaJIeHbKMM cofiaxaer 104 IIpe,1J,MeTHbIM yxaaare.m, 109