This document provides an overview of SQL Server concepts and techniques including: 1. Creating and modifying databases, tables, views, constraints, and data types. 2. Performing queries using SELECT statements, joins, subqueries, CTEs, aggregate functions, and ranking functions. 3. Inserting, updating, and deleting data. 4. Implementing stored procedures, user-defined functions, triggers, and error handling. The document includes examples for each concept to demonstrate how to implement them in SQL Server.

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MICROSOFT
SQL SERVER

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1. Implementing Tables and Views
a. Create and alter database,tables
b. Create and alter View
d. Create and Modify Constrains
e. Emplement Datatype
f. Implement Partitioning Solution
2. Working with Query Fundamentals
a. Query data by using CREATE, INSERT,SELECT,UPDATE, DELETE statement.
b. Return data by using the OUTPUT CLAUSE
c. Modify data by using MERGED statements
d. Implement aggregate queries
e. Combine Dataset
g. Apply built-in scalar function
3. Applying Additional Query Technique
a. Implement sub-querys
b. Implement CTE ( COMMON TABLE EXPRESSION )queries
c. Applying Rank Function
d. Control Expression Plans
e. Manage International Considerations
4. Inplementing Programming Objects
a. Create and Alter STORE PROCEDURE
b. Create and Alter User Definded Function
c. Create and Alter DML triggers
d. Create and deploy CLR-based Objects
e. Implement Error Handaling
g. Manage Transaction

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1.CREATING DATABASE
create table school -- ‘School’ is database Name
2.CREATING TABLE
i. Selecting database before execute create table
use school
ii. create table
create table student_info(student_code varchar(100),name varchar(10),age
int,address varchar(50))
iii. create table using PRIMARY KEY & FOREIGN KEY
CREATE TABLE Orders
(
O_Id identity(1,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Student_info(student_code)
)
3.ALTER TABLE ( Changes on Table )
i. Add New Column
alter table student_info add permanent_address varchar(30)
ii. Changes Column Datatype
alter table student_info alter column permanent_address varchar(50)
alter table student_info alter column permanent_address char(40)
iii. Change Column name
sp_rename 'student_info.permanent_address','p_address'
iV. Delete Column
alter table programmer drop column p_address

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4.INSERTING IN TABLE
#First Method For Inserting Data to Table
Insert into student_info values ('1','Ram',21,'ktm')
#Second Method For Inserting Data to Table
Insert into student_info(student_code, name, age, address) values
('2','Shyamam',22,'ktm')
5.SELECTING DATA FROM TABLE
# Select Data
Select * from student_info
Select stud_code,name from student_info
# Select Data With Condition and ordering selected data
select*from student_info where student_code='1'
select*from student_info where student_code='1'and age='21'
select*from student_info where student_code='1'or age='21'
select*from student_info orderby CONVERT(numeric, student_code)
select*from student_info where student_code<11
select*from student_info where CONVERT(numeric, student_code)<11
select*from student_info where address in('ktm','basantapur')
select*from student_info where address not in('ktm','basantapur')
select top 1 student_code,name from student_info order by
CONVERT(numeric,student_code)desc
Select top 6 student_code,name from student_info order by
CONVERT(numeric,student_code)desc
# Select Data from table Using LIKE
select*from student_info where name like'K%'
select*from student_info where name like'%k'
select*from student_info where name like'%K%'
select*from student_info where name like'_am_na'

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select*from student_info where name like'__lina'
select*from student_info where name like'[km]%'
select*from student_info where name like'[rm]%'
select*from student_info where name like'[a-d]%'
select*from student_info where name like'%[a-d]'
select*from student_info where name not like'%[a-d]'
select*from student_info where name not like'[rm]%'
6.UPDATE DATA OF TABLE
update student_info set name='aashish'where student_code='1'
update student_info set name='aashish',address='butwal' where
student_code='1'
7.DELETE DATA FROM TABLE
Delete from student_info
Delete from student_info where student_code='1'
Delete from student_info where name not like'am_sh'
8.ALTER AND DROP TABLE
droptable student_info
alter table student_info add class_code varchar(10)
alter table student_info alter column class_code varchar(20)
EXEC sp_rename 'student_info.name', 'name1'
9.JOIN
Table: Orders

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# Inner Join
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers
ON Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID
# Left Join
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName
# Right Join
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName
# Full Outer Join
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName
Table: Customers

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10.UNION
SELECT City FROM Customers
UNION
SELECT City FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
11.SUB QUERY
select student_code, name, class_code from student
select * from class
select student_code, name, class_code,(select class from class where
class_code= student.class_code)as class_name from student
12.CREATING VIEW
create view student_new as
select student_code, name, class_code,(select class from class where
class_code= student.class_code)as class_name from student
# Using isNull
select name,isnull(class_name,'No Class') class_name from student
select student_code, name, class_code,isnull((select class from class
where class_code= student.class_code),'No class')as class_name from
student

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13.USING IF...Else... and CASE Statement
1. Create Table : Marks
2. Using IF...Else
DECLARE @a as int -- Declearing Variable
Set @a = 2 –- Set Value to Variable
if @a = 1
begin
select * from marks where marks < 80
end
else if @a = 2
begin
select * from marks where marks < 60
end
else
begin
select * from marks where marks < 50
end
3. Using CASE Statement in SQL
select *,
(case when marks>=0 and marks<40 then 'Fail'
when marks>=40 and marks<50 then 'Third Division'
when marks>=50 and marks<60 then 'Second Division'
when marks>=60 and marks<80 then 'First Division'
when marks>=80 and marks<100 then 'Distinction'
else 'None'
end) as 'Division'
from marks
14.USING INBUID FUCNTION
select lower(name) from student_info
select upper(name) from student_info
select len(name) from student_info
select price,round(price,1) as round from sales
select price,round(price,0) as round from sales
For More InBuild Function
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~mitra/csFall2009/cs329/lectures/sqlFunc.html
Table Name: Marks

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15.CREATING FUCNTION
#Example 1
# Creating Function
CREATE FUNCTION RETURNSITE(@SITE_ID INT)
RETURNS VARCHAR(50)
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @SITE_NAME VARCHAR(50);
IF @SITE_ID<10
begin
SET @SITE_NAME='WWW.ABC.COM';
end
ELSE
begin
SET @SITE_NAME='WWW.XYZ.COM';
end
RETURN @SITE_NAME;
END
# Select Data From Function
SELECT DBO.RETURNSITE(1)
#Example 2
# Creating Function
CREATE FUNCTION RETURNSTUDENT(@STD_CODE INT)
RETURNS VARCHAR(50)
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @RETURN_STUD_NAME VARCHAR(50)
SELECT @RETURN_STUD_NAME =NAME FROM STUDENT_INFO WHERE
STUD_CODE=@STD_CODE
RETURN @RETURN_STUD_NAME
END
# Using Function
SELECT DBO.RETURNSTUDENT(1)

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#Example 3
i. Creating Eample Table
create table grading_table (code int, value int,grade varchar (30),fyear int)
ii. Inserting Data in Grading_ Table
create function getGrading(@value as decimal(18,2))
returns varchar(30)
as
begin
declare @grade as varchar(30)
declare @currentvalue as int
declare @currentgrade as varchar (10)
set @grade=''
Declare abc CURSOR fast_forward FOR
select value,grade from grading_table order by value asc
OPEN abc;
FETCH NEXT FROM abc INTO @currentvalue,@currentgrade
WHILE (@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
begin
if @value>=@currentvalue
begin
set @grade=@currentgrade
end
FETCH NEXT FROM abc INTO @currentvalue,@currentgrade
end
close abc;
DEALLOCATE abc;
return @grade
end
ii. Selecting Data from getGrading Function
select dbo.getGrading(30)

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16.USING CAST
Create table ExamResult(name varchar(50),Subject varchar (50), marks int)
Select*,
(Select sum(marks) from ExamResult a where a.name=b.name group by name) as
Total_marks,cast(((Select sum(marks) from ExamResult a where a.name=b.name
group by name)/3) as varchar (30))+ '%' as Percentage from ExamResult b
17.USING RANK
Select name,subject,marks, Rank() over(order by marks desc) as Rank from
ExamResult order by Rank
Select name,subject,marks, dense_Rank() over(order by marks desc) as Rank
from ExamResult order by Rank
Select name,subject,marks, dense_Rank() over(order by marks desc) as
Rank,ROW_NUMBER() over(order by marks asc) from ExamResult order by Rank
18.USING STORE PROCEDURE
i. Creating Store Procedure
create procedure insert_result
@name varchar(10),
@subject_name varchar(10),
@marks int
as
begin
INSERT into ExamResult(name,Subject,marks)
values(@name,@subject_name,@marks)
end
ii. Using Store Procedure
execute insert_result 'rita','maths',70

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19.USING COMMON TABLE EXPRESSION (CTE)
with Table1 (name,subject,marks) as
(
Select name,subject,marks from ExamResult
)
,Table2(student_code,name,age,address) as
(
Select student_code,name,age,address from student_info
)
,
Table3(student_code,name,subject,marks) as
(
Select student_code,Table1.name,[subject],marks From table1
INNER JOIN Table2 on Table1.name=Table2.name
)
Select *from Table3
20.ERROR HANDALING
i. Example 1
Begin try
DECLARE @X INT
SET @X=1/10
SELECT @X
PRINT 'PASS'
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
PRINT 'FAIL'
END CATCH
ii. Example 2
Begin try
DECLARE @X INT
SET @X=10/2
SELECT @X
PRINT 'PASS'
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
PRINT 'FAIL'
END CATCH

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iii. Example 3
Begin try
DECLARE @X INT
SET @X=1/0
SELECT @X
PRINT 'PASS'
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
SELECT ERROR_NUMBER() AS [ERROR NUMBER]
SELECT ERROR_MESSAGE() AS [ERROR MESSAGE]
SELECT ERROR_STATE() AS [ERROR STATE]
END CATCH
21.USING TRANSACTION
Begin try
BEGIN TRANSACTION
DECLARE @X INT
SET @X=1/0
SELECT @X
PRINT 'PASS'
COMMIT TRANSACTION
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
SELECT ERROR_NUMBER() AS [ERROR NUMBER], ERROR_MESSAGE() AS
[ERROR MESSAGE], ERROR_STATE() AS [ERROR STATE]
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
END CATCH
22.TRIGGER
i. Create ACCOUNT & ACCOUNT1 Table
CREATE TABLE ACCOUNT (ACC_NUM INT, AMOUNT DECIMAL(18,2))
CREATE TABLE ACCOUNT1 (ACC_NUM INT, AMOUNT DECIMAL(18,2))
ii. Insert value on table
INSERT INTO ACCOUNT(ACC_NUM,AMOUNT) VALUES(4,8000.76)
INSERT INTO ACCOUNT(ACC_NUM,AMOUNT) VALUES(5,9000.76)
INSERT INTO ACCOUNT(ACC_NUM,AMOUNT) VALUES(6,10000.76)
iii. Creating Trigger
CREATE TRIGGER TRIGGER_ACCOUNT_INSERT
ON ACCOUNT
FOR INSERT
AS
DELETE FROM ACCOUNT1
INSERT INTO ACCOUNT1(ACC_NUM,AMOUNT)(SELECT ACC_NUM,AMOUNT FROM ACCOUNT)