The passage from Luke describes Mary giving birth to Jesus while she and Joseph were in Bethlehem. It states that Mary gave birth to her firstborn son while they were in Bethlehem. The summary provides the key details that Mary gave birth to Jesus, her firstborn son, while in Bethlehem with Joseph.

1. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
(Filipino Psychology)
A Legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez, Ph.D
Elizabeth Protacio-De Castro, Ph.D
Department of Psychology
University of the Philippines

2. Brief Background /History
• 1960s Filipino intellectuals and scholars
already sensitive to the inadequacy and
unfairness of western approaches to
Psychology
• 1970 Virgilio Enriquez and Alfredo Lagmay
embarked on research on the historical and
cultural roots of Philippine Psychology
• 1975 Unang Pambansang Kumperensya sa
Sikolohiyang Pilipino, UP, Diliman

3. Background/History
• 1978 Sikolohiyang Pilipino as a subject
was instituted and offered at the
undergraduate level for the first time
• 1994 – 1998 first graduates to receive
their Ph.Ds in Philippine Psychology
- Elizabeth Protacio- Marcelino
- Sylvia Estrada Claudio
- Katrin De Guia

4. What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
- the psychology born out of the experience,
thought and orientation of the Filipinos
- based on the full use of Filipino culture and
language
- the approach is one of ‘‘indigenization from
within’’ whereby the theoretical framework
and methodology emerge from the
experiences of the people from the
indigenous culture

5. What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino
- based on assessing historical and socio-
cultural realities, understanding the local
language,
- unraveling Filipino characteristics, and
explaining them through the eyes of
the native Filipino

6. What are the Outcomes?
Body of knowledge including:
- indigenous concepts
- indigenous research methods
- indigenous personality tests
- new directions in teaching psychology
- participation in organisations among
Filipino psychologists and social scientists
both in the Philippines and overseas

7. Pagkataong Pilipino
A theory of Pilipino Personhood
• Personality - persona “mask” or like make-
up conceals the person from the other’s eyes;
“ity” words point to personalized or individual
domains
• Personhood – “hood” words point to the
state , quality or condition of the person or
thing
• Pagkatao – shared humanity of a people
• Personality – individual point of view

8. Indigenous Personality Measures
• Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (1975)
- Measure of Character and Personality
- One of the first, if not the first, instrument
that is culturally sensitive in its assesment of
Filipino personality
Other tests were developed in the areas of:
- creativity, self perception, vocational testing ,
religiosity, intelligence, etc…

9. Indigenous Pilipino Concepts
Value System of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• Core Value: Kapwa
• Pivotal Interpersonal Value: Pakiramdam
• Linking Social Personal Value:
Kagandahang-Loob
Confrontative Surface Values:
• Bahala na
• Lakas ng Loob
• Pakikibaka

10. Value System of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Colonial Accommodative Values
• Hiya
• Utang na Loob
• Pakikisama
Associated Behavioral Patterns
• Biro
• Lambing
• Tampo

11. Value System of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Associated Societal Values
• Karangalan
• Katarungan
• Kalayaan

12. Core Values
• Kapwa or kapuwa – shared self/identity;
unity of the self and the other
Pakikipagkapwa-tao – treating the other
person as kapwa or fellow human being
• Pakiramdam – shared inner perception;
feeling for/with the other; sensing subtle cues
• Kagandahang Loob – shared nobility; shared
humanity; genuine acts of kindness

13. Confrontative Surface Values
- are ideals, standards, beliefs and rules that
determine a people’s behavior in obvious
ways; readily observable but prone to
misrepresentation and prejudice.
• Bahala na – misrepresented as passivity;
fatalism, “whatever”; lack to planning, etc.
“Bathala na” – determination in the face of
uncertainty and leaving the rest to God.

14. Confrontative Surface Values
• Lakas ng Loob – “guts” bravery, courage,
fearlessness; inner strength; transcending
one’s limitations
• Pakikibaka – strength of will and
determination; resistance in the face of
injustice and exploitation

15. Accommodative Surface Values
- are values that conform or maintain the
statues quo; the myth of the compliant
Pilipino
• Hiya- shame or embarassment, shyness, lose
of face
- deference towards the other in order not to
offend; propriety, dignity

16. Accommodative Surface Value
• Utang na Loob – debt of gratitude; reciprocal
feeling of obligation
- expression of gratitude but not obligatory;
“karma”; solidarity
• Pakikisama – conformity; going along with the
group to maintain smooth interpersonal
relationships
- high level of interpersonal involvement as an
outsider as different from “pakikiisa” which is a
deeper level of involvement as an insider

17. Behavior Patterns Associated
with Surface Values
• Biro – tendency of teasing and joking which
acts as a psychological defusing mechanism
• Lambing – affectionate behavior; an
expression of fondness, love or tenderness
• Tampo – ill humor expressed in sullen,
withdrawn behavior, sulking, resentment

18. Associated Societal Values
- are convictions deeply rooted in ancestral
heritage; foundation of humanistic values
• Karangalan – honor, dignity and a good name
rooted in self respect and self worth
• Katarungan – justice, sound reason and
rightfulness;
Root word – tarong or tuwid – straight, upright
Related to katuwiran or katwiran

19. Associated Societal Values
• Kalayaan – freedom, emancipation; for
Filipinos “ a matter of life and death”; a non-
conformist but highly creative life style

20. Indigenous Research Methods
Methods that are not imported nor
invented but are natural and using
existing patterns of behavior, discovered
and further developed as research
methods
Guiding Principles
1)The level of interaction or relationship
between the researcher and researched
significantly determines the quality of the
data obtained in the research process.

21. Levels of Interaction
Ibang Tao – Outsider “not one of us”
• Pakikitungo – transaction with civility
• Pakikisalamuha – interaction with
• Pakikilahok – joining or participating
• Pakikibagay – in conformity with
• Pakikisama – being along with
Hindi Ibang Tao – insider “one of us”
• Pakikipagpalagayang loob - level of mutual trust,
understanding and rapport
• Pakikisangkot – getting involved
• Pakikiisa – being one with

22. Indigenous Research Methods
2) Participants should always be treated as
equal; a fellow human being not a “guinea
pig” or experimental subjects
3) Welfare of participants take precedence over
data obtained from them; ethical
responsibility to the people and not to the
funding agency

23. Indigenous Research Methods
4) Method to be used should be chosen on the
basis of appropriateness to the population
(not statistical sophistication) and adapted to
existing cultural norms
5) The language of the people should be the
language of research at all times

24. Indigenous Research Methods
• Pakapa-kapa – groping techniques
• Pagtatanong-tanong – improvised informal
unstructured interview
• Pakikipagkwentuhan – story telling or informal
conversations
• Ginabayang talakayan – collective indigenous
discussions
• Nakikiugaling pagmamasid – participant
observation

25. Indigenous Research Methods
• Pakikisama – getting along with
• Padalaw –dalaw – visiting
• Panunuluyan – residing in the research setting

26. SCRIPTURAL TEXTS
Luke 2:6-7
“The Birth of Jesus Christ”
And while they were there, the time came
for her to give birth. And she gave birth
to her firstborn.”